MIDTERM PREP FEB PDF

Amartya Sen: The work of Sen has led to the development of the multidimensional poverty index. The index highlights deprivations at the household level across the same three dimensions used within the human development index: education, standards of living, and health. → toilet, cook...

Amartya Sen: The work of Sen has led to the development of the multidimensional poverty index. The index highlights deprivations at the household level across the same three dimensions used within the human development index: education, standards of living, and health. → toilet, cooking fuel ○ Well-being: well-being should not be measured solely by wealth, income, or resources but by the actual capabilities people have to live the kind of life they value. It's about having real freedoms and opportunities, not just material wealth. person’s well being is defined by functioning  A person might have a high income but poor health, thus limiting their capability to live a healthy life. Conversely, a person with fewer resources but strong social support might have a higher level of well-being due to the opportunities available to them. Capabilities theory: ○ Functionings refer to the things a person achieves or does in their life, such as being healthy, having an education, or being well-nourished. These are the various states of being and doing that make up a person’s life. ○ Capabilities are the freedoms or opportunities people have to achieve functionings. It’s not just about what a person achieves, but what they are able to achieve. For example, having the capability to be well-fed means not just that a person is well-fed, but that they have the option or freedom to choose to be well-fed. 1. Grusky’s 8 ideal stratification types: Grusky's framework categorizes societies based on their stratification systems, emphasizing how different societies distribute resources and power. The eight ideal types include: Hunting and Gathering Society: Low inequality, characterized by communal sharing.  Horticultural and Agrarian Society: Higher inequality with political offices as key assets. Feudalism: High inequality based on land ownership and labor control. Slavery: Extreme inequality, with total ownership of individuals. Caste Society: High rigidity with social roles determined by cultural status. Class System: Economic assets play a crucial role, allowing for some mobility. State Socialism: Aims for reduced inequality through state control of resources. Advanced Industrialism: Focuses on education and expertise as key stratifying factors. Hunting and gathering → the inequality and rigidity are low, the social mobility is high → seleksi meritrokasi (mampu sesuai kemampuan, penyebab rigidity low) Horticultural and agrarian society → Horticulture means a culture of respect ○ Asiatic mode → political (incumbency of state office) as the assets → the inequality is high, while the rigidity is medium → tradition and religious doctrine to justify the system (it could be the tradition from the family. For example, if your parents were peasants, most likely you will be a peasant in the future) China → their system had an impact on other countries (Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, etc) → Ancient China Office holder → PNS, ikut ujian Tetep ada nepotisme, backgroundmu tetep ngaruh Cth: bapakmu PNS, anaknya pasti didorong jadi PNS ○ Feudalistic system → Economic (land & labour power) → had someone who works for them → the inequality is high while the rigidity sometimes gets medium or high → tradition and roman catholic doctrine justify this system → pengambilan keputusan masih diambil dari gereja untuk membenarkan eksploitasi gtgt  ○ Slavery → Economic assets and human property → Slave owners as social strata → the inequality is high, the rigidity is medium-high → doctrine of natural and social inferiority justify the ideology (doesn’t see slaves as human beings) ○ Caste → Bali Industrial society ○ Class system → economic assets means of production → capitalist and workers → the inequality is medium-high while the rigidity is medium, not quite high → class liberalism justifies this ideology ○ State socialism → political assets (party and workplace authority) => there is no competition party, basically all the things are controlled by the communist party (i think if this happens in a country that is communist idk i dont understand shit) → the social strata is managers and managed → the inequality is low-medium while the rigidity is low-medium → marxism and leninism justify this ideology Di Uni Soviet cuma dibolehin partai komunis, tapi rigiditynya low jadi fleksibel bisa naik posisi ○ “Advanced” industrialism → human asset (education, expertise) → social strata as skill-based occupational groupings → the inequality is medium, the rigidity is low-medium (the lecturer gave seminars to some students and somehow its kinda strict) → class liberalism justify this ideology Rothman's Insights (Chapter 2) Rothman inequality: how social stratification functions and how it is perpetuated across generations. While he acknowledges the functionality of inequality in motivating individuals to perform different societal roles, he also critiques the structural and institutional forces that maintain and reproduce inequality. Rothman’s perspective is valuable for understanding how inequality is not just an economic issue but one that is deeply embedded in the social, cultural, and political fabric of society. Rothman discusses the structural aspects of inequality, emphasizing the importance of social class as a lens to understand disparities in wealth and opportunity. Key points include: Social Class: Defined by economic position, education, and occupation, influencing individuals' life chances. Measurement of Inequality: Utilizes indicators such as income distribution, access to education, and employment opportunities to assess social divisions. Intersections of Inequality: Highlights how race, gender, and class intersect to create compounded disadvantages for certain groups. Key Concepts of Rothman on Inequality Inequality Definition: Rothman defines inequality as the uneven distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges within a society, emphasizing its impact on social divisions. Social Class: He highlights that social class is a critical factor in understanding inequality, as it influences access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Employment: Rothman discusses how employment status and job types contribute to social divisions, with disparities in job security, wages, and working conditions reflecting broader patterns of inequality. Warwick-Booth's Readings (Chapters 1-3) Warwick-Booth provides a comprehensive overview of social divisions and their implications for understanding inequality: Definition of Social Inequality: Explains it as a complex phenomenon shaped by various factors including class, gender, race, and employment status. Social Class Dynamics: Discusses how class affects access to resources and opportunities, reinforcing systemic inequalities. Employment Inequality: Examines how job market disparities are influenced by educational attainment and social networks, contributing to broader patterns of inequality. Summary of Social Inequality (Warwick) Definition: Social inequality refers to unequal access to resources, services, and opportunities based on income, power, status, and social characteristics. Types: Includes economic, political, and social inequalities. Impact: Leads to negative outcomes like health issues, social exclusion, and political instability. Measurement: Various methods exist, including income comparisons, poverty lines, and the Gini coefficient. Social Stratification: Individuals ranked based on characteristics; no classless society exists. Historical Context: Various systems (slavery, caste, estate, class) have evolved, with class-based systems dominating today. Social Mobility: Difficult to achieve; influenced by background and education. Theories: Marxism and Weberian perspectives explain class dynamics and inequalities. Contemporary Issues: Class remains significant, affecting economic resources, status, and health outcomes. 2. Pendapatan rumah tangga bervariasi dari satu rumah tangga ke rumah tangga lain, dan Gini coefficient mengukur penyebaran pendapatan rumah tangga di seluruh rumah tangga. Lorenz Curve: Rumah tangga pertama kali diatur menurut pendapatan rumah tangga masing-masing, dari yang terendah sampe yang tertinggi. Kalo pendapatan seluruh rumah tangga setara, bentukan kurvanya 45 derajat, membentuk Perfect Equality Line Kalo salah satu household megang semua pendapatan dan household dapet zero income, kurvanya bakal datar di bagian horizontal sebelum naik 100% dimana semua pendapatan dipegang satu household. Ini disebut Perfect Inequality Line Gimana cara ngitung Gini Coefficient pake Lorenz Curve? Nilai Gini Coefficient di antara 0 dan 1  ○ Nilai Gini coefficient 0 kalo dia bertepatan sama perfect equality line, yang menggambarkan perfect equality ○ Setiap kurva Lorenz bergerak menjauh dari perfect equality line, nilai Gini coefficient meningkat, menggambarkan penyebaran pendapatan rumah tangga yang tidak merata → greater income inequality ○ Nilai Gini coefficient 1 kalo dia bertepatan sama perfect inequality line, yang menggambarkan perfect inequality Perbandingan Gini coefficient secara internasional Different countries may use different equivalence scales, household income definitions, and household coverage.  0 3. Why No Economic Democracy in Sweden?