Biology 1260 Midterm Prep (PDF)

## BIOLOGY 1260 STUDY GUIDE ### Urinary System Anatomy and Histology - Identify the organs of the urinary system. - Describe the location, tissue composition, and function of the: - Renal capsule - Adipose capsule - Renal fascia - Identify, on the kidney, the location of the: - Ren...

## BIOLOGY 1260 STUDY GUIDE ### Urinary System Anatomy and Histology - Identify the organs of the urinary system. - Describe the location, tissue composition, and function of the: - Renal capsule - Adipose capsule - Renal fascia - Identify, on the kidney, the location of the: - Renal cortex - Renal medulla - Renal papilla - Renal column - Renal pelvis - Describe the location, tissue composition of the: - Ureters - Bladder - Urethra - Define transitional epithelium. - Define trigone. - Compare and contrast the male and female urethra. ### Nephron Anatomy and Histology - Briefly list the functions of the kidneys. - Identify the following blood vessels: - Renal artery/vein - Segmental arteries - Interlobar arteries/veins - Arcuate arteries/veins - Cortical radiate arteries/veins - Afferent arteriole - Glomerular capillaries - Efferent arteriole - Peritubular capillaries - Describe, in detail, the renal corpuscle, to include: - Components - Filtration membrane (endothelium + basement membrane + podocyte) - Define renin. - Compare and contrast glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. - Compare and contrast glomerular capillaries and the typical capillaries discussed in BIOL 1160. - Describe the process of glomerular filtration to include: - Structures involved - GBHP - CHP - BCOP - COP - The net direction of fluid flow ### Membrane Transport Review - Distinguish between active and passive transport. - Predict the permeability of the plasma membrane to the following molecules: - Small, non-polar gases (e.g., O2, CO2) - Ions - Large, polar molecules (e.g., glucose, amino acids) - Compare and contrast the following transporters: - Channels - Carrier proteins - Pumps - Symporters - Antiporters - Describe the typical arrangement of ions around the cell membrane, in particular, Na+, K+, etc. ### Reabsorptive Pathways in the Nephron - Distinguish between paracellular and transcellular transport. - Describe, in detail, the mechanism of reabsorption (including relevant molecule movements and transport proteins) of the following: - Na+/Glc pathway in PCT - H20 in the PCT - Lipid-soluble substances in the PCT - Cl-, Ca2+, K+ and urea in the PCT - Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ in the Ascending limb - Na+, Cl- and Ca2+ in the early DCT - Na+ and K+ in the late DCT/CD - Define aquaporin. - Clearly distinguish between obligatory and facultative water reabsorption, to include: - Location in nephron - Water permeability of cells involved in process - Hormones involved (if any) ## BIOLOGY 1260 - Week 3 Study Guide ### Part 1 - Spinal Cord Anatomy - For a spinal cord model, be able to identify the: - Spinal nerve, dorsal root ganglion, anterior root of spinal nerve - Lateral white column, anterior white column, posterior white column, posterior gray horn, anterior gray horn, anterior median fissure, gray commissure, central canal, posterior median sulcus, etc - Distinguish between sensory and motor tracts. - Describe a basic reflex arc and relate to the anatomical landmarks of the spinal cord. ### Part 2 - Brain Development - Define neurulation. - Define cerebrospinal fluid and describe its appearance and contents. - Be able to clearly identify each individual component of the ventricular system: lateral ventricles, intraventricular foramen, third ventricle, aqueduct of the midbrain, fourth ventricle, lateral aperture, central canal. - What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid? ### Part 3 - The Brainstem - Be able to physically identify the following structures/landmarks: - Cerebellum - Medulla Oblongata - Pons - Midbrain - In the medulla oblongata, identify the following structures/landmarks: - Olive - Pyramids - Decussation of pyramids - Inferior Olivary nuclei (include function in your description) - In the pons, describe the relevant structures. - In the midbrain, identify the following structures: - Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Cerebral peduncle - Superior colliculus (with function) - Inferior colliculus (with function) - Describe, in detail, the reticular activating system (RAS). ### Part 4 - The Cerebellum and Diencephalon - Locate the cerebellum. - Briefly describe the functions of the cerebellum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. - Identify the roles for the hypothalamus in human homeostatic regulation. - Describe/identify the pineal gland. What is its function? ### Part 5 - The Cerebrum - Where is the cerebrum? What is its function? Cerebral cortex? - Define gyrus and sulcus. - Clearly identify the following landmarks on the brain: - Frontal lobe - Parietal lobe - Occipital lobe - Temporal lobe - Longitudinal fissure - Central Sulcus - Precentral gyrus - Postcentral gyrus - Parieto-occipital sulcus - Insula - Lateral cerebral sulcus - Transverse fissure - Distinguish between projection tracts, commissural tracts, and projection tracts. - Define primary somatosensory area and primary motor area. - Define sensory and motor homunculus. - Locate the primary gustatory, auditory, and visual areas of the cerebral cortex. ### Part 6 - The Meninges, etc - Recall the overview of the organization of the nervous system to include: Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, and Enteric Nervous System. - Distinguish between the CNS and PNS. - Define the following structures of the spinal meninges: - Dura mater - Arachnoid mater - Pia Mater - Epidural space - Subarachnoid space - Distinguish between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the brain. - Define superior sagittal sinus. - Define/identify the following extensions of dura mater in the brain: - Falx cerebri - Superior sagittal sinus (dural venous sinuses) - Straight sinus - Tentorium - Falx cerebelli ## Week 4 Study Guide ### Part 1 - Introduction to Sensation - Distinguish between sensation and perception. - Briefly distinguish between the general and special senses. - Define somatic sense; define visceral sense. - Define first order neuron - and describe the 3 types of interactions between first order neurons and the associated sensory receptors. - Define interoceptor, exteroceptor, proprioceptor. - Distinguish between the stimuli detected by mechano-, thermos-, noci-, chemo-, photo-, and osmo-receptors. - Define adaptation. Distinguish between rapidly adapting receptors and slowly adapting receptors. - Describe a typical somatic sensory pathway to include: - First order neuron. - Second order neuron (+ decussation). - Third Order neuron. - Describe a typical somatic motor pathway to include the following definitions: - LMN. - Local Circuit Neuron. - Upper Motor Neuron. - Basal Nuclei. - Distinguish between a direct and indirect motor pathway. - Define corticospinal tract and distinguish between the anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts. - Describe the organization of the nervous system to include: PNS, ANS, Sympathetic Branch, Afferent division, efferent division. - Clearly distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. - Clearly distinguish between somatic and autonomic pathways. - Define the following terms and relate to the ANS: - Thoracolumbar division - Craniosacral division - For the sympathetic/thoracolumbar division, identify the following: - Ventral ramus - Gray ramus communicans - White ramus communicans - Describe the 3 typical pathways of sympathetic innervation. - Define visceral reflex. ## BIOL 1260 - Week 5 Study Guide - Identify the following structures on the eye's surface: palpebral fissure, lateral commissure, medial commissure, lacrimal caruncle, sclera, pupil. - Describe, in detail, the lacrimal apparatus. - List the components of a typical tear. - Identify the extrinsic eye muscles. - For the internal eye, be able to identify/describe in detail, the fibrous layer, vascular layer, and inner layer. Include the blindspot, anterior/posterior poles, iris, cornea, ciliary body, ciliary zonule, macula lutea. - Clearly distinguish between rods and cones. - Define bipolar cell; ganglion cell. - Define rhodopsin. - Define retinal. - Describe, in detail, the signalling pathway that results in phototransduction, starting with rhodopsin and ending with activation of the ganglion cell. - Distinguish between emmetropic, myopic, and hyperopic eyes. - Describe, in detail, the olfactory epithelium. - Describe, in detail, the signalling pathway that results in olfaction. - Describe the arrangement of a typical taste bud. - List the 5 flavours. - Describe the signalling pathway that results in taste. - Describe the anatomy of the ear and be able to identify: external auditory canal, lobule, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, cochlea. - Define the organ of corti (Spiral organ). - Distinguish between the semicircular canals and the otolith organs. - Describe the sensory pathways for each special sense as provided in the lecture video.