Fall Semester Study Guide PDF

Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever. Hebrews 13:8 Fall Semester Study Guide CH.1 Anatomy: study of the structure and shape of the human body. Physiology: study of the function of how the human body work. Know the levels of structure Chemical...

Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever. Hebrews 13:8 Fall Semester Study Guide CH.1 Anatomy: study of the structure and shape of the human body. Physiology: study of the function of how the human body work. Know the levels of structure Chemical or Molecular Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Which system eliminates metabolic waste? URINARY SYSTEM Which system eliminates Nitrogenous waste? URINARY SYSTEM Anatomical Position Regions of the body you need to know: Deltoid, curve of shoulder Umbilical, naval region Abdominal, anterior body trunk infer to ribs Tarsal, ankle region Fibular, Lateral part of a leg Orbital, Eye area Inguinal, an area where the thigh meets the body trunk Know the 3 body planes Know the Directional Terms Inferior- Toward the lower part of a structure (below). Posterior- Toward or at the backside of the body. Lateral- Away from the midline of the body Deep- Away from the body surface; more internal Distal- Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Know each systems main organs that relate Brain- Nervous system Blood vessels- cardiac system Kidneys- urinary system Skull- skelletal system Liver- Digestive system Uterus- Reproducktive system CH. 3 Examples of Connective tissues Dense CT Adipose- (Fat) Blood Where is Epithelial Tissue found in the body? It is found in the body coverings (skin), Body linings, Glandular tissue Which is the only tissue type that has an extracellular matrix? Dense CT Tendons are what type of tissue Connective tissue that attaches to the bone Subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin- Adipose What type of tissue is found in blood vessel Dense CT and blood Active and passive transport processes are similar how? They are simlimar becasuse they both transport molecules across a membrane. They are different because active requires energy while passive dies not require energy. Stages of Mitosis Prophase- Centrioles split and move toward opposite ends of cell Metaphase- Chromosomes cluster and align at the center of the spindle Anaphase-Chromosomes move slowly apart towards opposite ends of the cell Centromeres split Telophase- Chromosomes move slowly apart towards opposite ends of the cell Centromeres split Function of these tissues: Epithelial Tissue- Protect(physically), Absorb, Filtrate, Secretion (sweat/oil/mucus) - Avascular Connective Tissue- Connect body parts and is found everywhere in the body. - Most are well vascularized, but tendons and ligaments are poor. Nervous tissue- Irritability and Conductivity (the ability to response to stimulus in environment and convert it a nerve impulse)  - Sends impulses to all parts of the body Muscle tissue- Contraction to produce movement CH.4 Categories of Epithelial membranes are: Cutaneous Membrane- (Most external region (epidermis) stratified squamous epithelium) Mucous Membrane- (Lines all body cavities open to exterior) Serous Membrane- (Line body cavities that are closed to the exterior) - Double layer membrane - Parietal (Outer Layer) andVisceral ( Inner Layer) Cutaneous Membrane =Skin on the outside of your body Locations of Mucous membrane - The lining of the respiratory tract - The lining of the digestive tract Examples of Mucous membrane-wet membrane( lungs, mouth, nose, intestines) Know the vital functions of the skin - Converts cholesterol to Vit D with help of sunlight - Protection from mech, chem, thermal, UV, and bacteria - Tough protein (Keratin)within the skin’s outer layer which prevents water loss or absorption. (swim for hours) - Regulation of body temperature What is the water-resistant protein found in the Epidermis? - Tough protein (Keratin)within the skin’s outer layer which prevents water loss or absorption. (swim for hours) What type of cells make up the most external part of the skin? - Keratin ocytes What increases in the skin when a person is sun tanning, and why does this happen? - Melanin acts as a defense mechanism for skin cells trying to rebuild after dying. Which is the only layer of the skin that is Avascular? - Stratum corneum How do nutrients reach the epidermis layer? - Nutrients come from Dermis by diffusion What is acne a disorder of? It is a skin disorder that occurs in the dermis with the Sebaceous Gland secreting Oil Know all about the Papillary Layer of the Dermis It is a thin superficial layer of the dermis right directly underneath the epidermis and has a bloody supply that supplies nutrients to the epidermis Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis Where do we find Apocrine Glands? Open into the hair follicle, leading to the surface of the skin Function of the Sebaceous (Oil) Glands Secretes Oil What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? Dehydration – fluid loss Infection- dead cells can’t fight bacteria after 24 hrs How would a doctor estimate fluid loss in a burn victim They would use the rule of nines - Used to estimate the volume of fluid loss after severe burn What are the 2 most life-threatening concerns in a burn patient? - Infection and dehydration CH.5 (Diagram) Five main functions of bone 1. Support: Internal framework that supports and anchors all soft organs. 2. Protection: Bones protect soft body organs (i.e. the skull protects the brain). 3. Movement: Skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts. 4. Storage: Fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Also stores minerals (most abundant are calcium and phosphorus). 5. Blood cell formation (aka hematopoiesis): Occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones. Forms RBCs. Four main classifications of bone and examples of each (long, short, flat, irregular?) Long bone Short bone Flat bone Irregular bone Be ready to label the whole skeletal system Be able to match location of the joint Plane: wrist Pivot: between Ulna and Radius Hinge: elbow Condyloid: knuckles Saddle: thumb Ball–and–Socket: hip and shoulder Chapter 6 Functions of Muscle Produce movement Maintain posture Stabilize joints Maintaining body Temp Anatomy of a skeletal Muscle (Fascicle, Epimysium, muscle fiber etc.) Epimysium – covers the entire skeletal muscle Perimysium – around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle cells or fibers Endomysium – around a single muscle cell or fiber Connective Tissue Wrappings around Skeletal Muscle Epimysium – covers the entire skeletal muscle Perimysium – around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle cells or fibers Endomysium – around a single muscle cell or fiber Differentiate between Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac Muscle. Know all the characteristics for each 1. Skeletal Muscle – connected to bone 2. Cardiac Muscle – found only in heart 3. Smooth Muscle – digestive tract / blood vessels Know the muscle diagrams we went over in class. Posterior and Anterior Neuromuscular Junction Site where nerve meets the muscle Sarcomere Contractile unit of a muscle fiber or cell Sliding Filament Theory 1. Activation by nerve causes myosin heads (cross bridges) to attach to the binding sites on the thin filament (actin). Calcium binds to Troponin to open up this site on Actin. 2. While attached, it will perform a powerstroke 3. Crossbridges then detach from the actin filament and bind to the next site - Caused by the release of ATP 4. This continued action causes the sliding of the actin filament along the myosin filament 5. The result is the muscle is shortened in length (contracted) A nervous impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction, which causes a release of a chemical called Acetylcholine. The presence of Acetylcholine causes the depolarisation of the motor end plate which travels throughout the muscle by the transverse tubules, causing Calcium (Ca+) to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the presence of high concentrations of Ca+, the Ca+ binds to Troponin, changing its shape and so moving Tropomyosin from the active site of the Actin. The Myosin filaments can now attach to the Actin, forming a cross-bridge. The breakdown of ATP releases energy which enables the Myosin to pull the Actin filaments inwards and so shortening the muscle. This occurs along the entire length of every myofibril in the muscle cell. The Myosin detaches from the Actin and the cross-bridge is broken when an ATP molecule binds to the Myosin head. When the ATP is then broken down the Myosin head can again attach to an Actin binding site further along the Actin filament and repeat the 'power stroke'. This repeated pulling of the Actin over the myosin is often known as the ratchet mechanism. This process of muscular contraction can last for as long as there is adequate ATP and Ca+ stores. Once the impulse stops the Ca+ is pumped back to the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and the Actin returns to its resting position causing the muscle to lengthen and relax.