Midterm Exam Review - REC 105 PDF

**MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW** 1. **Motivation** 2. Why do people participate in\ recreational and play activities?\ } Recreation enthusiast derive different\ qualities from their activities\ } These qualities are what drives them\ to participate.\ } These driving factors are ca...

**MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW** 1. **Motivation** 2. Why do people participate in\ recreational and play activities?\ } Recreation enthusiast derive different\ qualities from their activities\ } These qualities are what drives them\ to participate.\ } These driving factors are called\ motivations.\ Motivation 3. Motivation can be defined as an\ internal or external element that\ moves people toward a behaviour\ (Maclean, Hurd & Rogers, 2011).\ } A recreation related motivator could\ be:\ } The desire to develop soccer skills, or\ } To learn about visual arts.\ Motivation a. 4. **Extrinsic motivators** b. Extrinsic motivators: Are those things that cause\ a behaviour but are controlled by an external\ force. Often referred to as rewards. 5. **Intrinsic motivators**. c. Intrinsic motivators: These are elements that\ drive a person to behave in a certain way, simply\ for the behaviour itself and how it feels to the\ individual. d. The rewards are internal to the person\ - The individual participates in his/her preferred\ activity for its own sake. 6. **Six types** of motivation for recreation participation that we discussed in class. 7. Motivation for recreation participation can fit into any\ one of the following categories.\ } Physical motivations: e.g., to control obesity, preserve\ cardiovascular health and for wellness.\ } Social motivations: need to be part of a group, to make\ friends.\ } Psychological motivations: e.g., for excitement and\ challenge, relaxation and escape, stress management\ and hedonistic motivations\ } Emotional: to reduce tension, boredom, stress and\ frustration.\ } Intellectual values and outcomes: for intellectual or\ cognitive development.\ } Spiritual values and outcomes\ Motivation for recreation participation e. 8. Assimilation and accommodation. 9. Piaget suggested that there are 2 mental\ processes to all mental development.\ } Assimilation: is the process of taking in-as\ in the case of receiving information in the\ form of visual or auditory stimuli.\ } Accommodation: is the process of adjusting\ to external circumstances of stimuli.\ Intellectual values and\ outcomes f. 10. **Gender-related stereotypes** in play contexts. 1. Gender factors influencing leisure\ Among children, play has served to reinforce gender\ related stereotypes.\ Little boys were given toy guns or cowboy ouftits and\ encouraged to play out in stereotypically masculine roles\ such as doctors, firefighters or airplane pilots.\ Girls are given dolls or play equipment designed to\ encourage stereotypically feminine roles, such as caring for\ babies, cooking, sewing or playing nurses or flight\ attendants.\ Only after the resurgence of the femininist movement after\ World War II did the stereotypical views of women reduce\ considerably. a. 2. **Four types** of childhood **play** suggested by Susanna Miller. b. Susanna Miller explained that children's play\ moves through different stages, namely:\ } Solitary play: carried out without others\ nearby.\ } Parallel play: in which children play side by\ side without meaningful inter-play.\ } Associative play: in which children share a\ common game or enterprise but concentrate\ on their own individual efforts rather than the\ group activity\ } Cooperative play.\ } Beginning at the age of 3 in which\ children actually join others in games,\ informal dramatics or constructive\ projects.\ } By the age of 6 or 7, children tend to\ be involved in loosely organized play\ groups.\ } By the age of 8-12, play is more\ tightly structured and organized.\ Cooperative play c. 3. **Leisure constraints**. 4. Constraints on women's leisure\ Occurs when an individual is:\ Unable to participate in a leisure\ activity.\ Unable to participate as much as they\ will like to.\ Or when the quality of the experience\ is diminished for some reason. d. 5. **Inter-personal** constraints. 6. Inter-personal constraints\ Are associated with the individual's relationships with\ others.\ The constraint occurs because of relationships with\ friends, family or co-workers. e. 7. **Intra-personal** constraints. 8. Intra-personal constraints\ Are factors that affect an individual's preference or\ interest in an activity. f. 9. **Structural** constraints. 10. Structural constraints\ Are factors that intervene between the\ desire to participate and actual participation\ in an activity.\ The common structural constraint is lack of\ time.\ Other examples include:\ Lack of transportation, money or\ opportunity. g. 11. **Socio-cultural** factors that influence leisure participation. 12. There has been tremendous progress in the field of recreation\ with respect to expanded recreational opportunities for girls\ and women in sport and outdoor recreation.\ Sexual orientation affects leisure pursuits in several ways-\ focus is changing from ignoring this group to seeing them as\ a viable market as the number of identified LGBTQ+ people\ increase.\ Racial and ethnic identity has also limited many individuals\ from full participation in organized recreation in the past.\ With continuing waves of immigration from other parts of\ the world, religion linked to ethnic identity will pose new\ policy questions. 13. Gender factors influencing leisure\ Throughout history, distinction between males\ and females have been made-that extends beyond\ procreation functions.\ These distinctions encompass family or marital\ roles, educational status, career opportunities,\ political influences and all other aspects of daily\ life.\ For the most part,women have been subordinated\ to men in many societies. 14. 15. **10 major areas** of recreation's **contribution** to **community life:** 1. Enriching the quality of life a. By providing pleasurablea and constructive leisure opportunities for residents of all ages, backgrounds and socio-economic classes For example, in swimming pools, zoos, playgrounds, and nature centers and sport facilities; residents enjoy vigorous and sociable forms of recreation 2. Contributing to personal development b. Contributing to a persons healthy, physical, social, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual development, as well as to family cohesion and well being c. For example, psychologists point out that many individuals have vivid memories of sports experiences in their childhood d. Such experiences often play a key role in developing positive self-concepts e. Beyond this help to strengthen the bonds between parents and their children 3. Making the community an attractive place to live f. By providing a network of parks and open spaces g. Incorporating leisure attractions in the re-design and rehabilitation of urban areas h. Fostering positive environmental attitudes and policies 4. Preventing anti-social vices, delinquency or substance abuse i. By providing challenging programs that offer young adults constructive and enjoyable recreational opportunities 5. Improving inter-group, intra-group, and intergenerational relations j. Improving relations among community residents of different racial-ethnic or religious backgrounds through shared recreational and cultural experiences 6. Strengthening neighbourhood and community ties k. By involving residents in volunteer projects or service program and events to enhance civic pride and morale 7. Meeting the needs of special populations l. Through therapeutic recreation services in treatment settings and community-based programs serving individuals with broad range of disabilities 8. Maintaining economic health and community stability m. By acting as a catalyst for business development and a source of community and regional income and employment by keeping neighbourhood's desirable places to live. 9. Enriching community cultural life n. By promoting fine and performing arts, special events and cultural programs and by supporting historic sites, folk heritage, customs and community art institution. 10. Promoting health and safety o. By offering needed services and programs, including leadership training and certification courses, and supervision and regulation of high-risk activities.