Motivation Science PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by MightyGyrolite
Tags
Summary
This document discusses motivation science, theory, and application. It covers the gaps in conventional wisdom around motivation, self-determination theory, and its role in motor learning. A systematic approach to optimizing athlete autonomy, competence, and relatedness is also detailed.
Full Transcript
© 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.1 MOTIVATION SCIENCE THEORY AND APPLICATION 2 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Identify and discuss the gaps in conventional wisdom around motivation Discuss self-determination theory and our basic psy chological needs Discuss the role that motivation plays on...
© 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.1 MOTIVATION SCIENCE THEORY AND APPLICATION 2 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Identify and discuss the gaps in conventional wisdom around motivation Discuss self-determination theory and our basic psy chological needs Discuss the role that motivation plays on motor learning Discuss a systematic approach to optimizing an athl etes autonomy, competence, and relatedness LEARNING OBJECTIVES © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.2 motivation : The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way What do we typically think about when we hear the word ‘Motivation’? © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.3 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.4 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.5 What do all these forms of motivation have in common? Externally Regulated Is Being Motivated the Same as Being Motivated? Probably Not © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.6 Gym Is Empty Motivator Is Gone… © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.7 Just Us… How sustainable and effective is this form of motivation? © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.8 What is missing? Role of Individual Role of Environment I Knew It! © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.9 Self Determination Theory MOTIVATION © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.10 Within social-cognitive theory, SDT proposes that intrinsic motivation emerges in accordance with the fulfillment of psychological needs SDT emphasizes the “role of the environment (i.e. c oach/trainer) in fueling people’s perceptions of self-determined autonomy, c ompetence, and relatedness” ( (( ( Deci DeciDeci Deci & Ryan, 1985; & Ryan, 1985; & Ryan, 1985; & Ryan, 1985; Mallett MallettMallett Mallett, 2005) , 2005), 2005) , 2005) SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY Autonomy (Control) Competence Relatedness TRANSFORMATION SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.11 Autonomy (Control) Competence Relatedness The opportunity to govern one’s self; freedom from unwanted external control and influence; self-directed The ability and belief in one’s ability to successf ully or efficiently perform a task; self-efficacy The connection one has with others; shared empathy and the ability to understand another person’s point of vie w SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY Intrinsic Motivation Integrated Regulation Identified Regulation Amotivation External Regulation Introjected Regulation Enjoyment, pleasure, and fun No rewards Integrated behaviors satisfying a psych-ological need Behaviors based on identified value to individual Lack of personal intention or causation Behaviors based on avoiding external punishment or gaining rewards Behaviors based on avoiding external disapproval or gaining approval Basic Psychological Needs Autonomy Relatedness Competence Extrinsic Motivation High (Control) Autonomy Low (Control) Autonomy Integrated High Low Internalization (Ryan & Deci, 2007) © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.12 Internal (Intrinsic) Partially Internal External (Extrinsic) Partially External I am losing weight because it is personally important to me and my values I am losing weight because I see the value in being healthy I am losing weight for a company challenge or to avoid increases in life insurance I am losing weight because I feel bad about myself Self-Determined Non Self-Determined High Internalization Low Internalization Amotivation There is no point trying as my success is unlikely or impossible Intrinsic I love to workout and train for fun events MOTIVATION: WEIGHT LOSS EXAMPLE How do I influence one’s Self-Determination as a coach? © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.13 Controlling Behaviors: “Pressure to think, feel, or behave in specified ways, thereby ignoring the person’s needs and feelings…Power- assertive…Pressure to comply.” Controlling Behaviors: “Pressure to think, feel, or behave in specified ways, thereby ignoring the person’s needs and feelings…Power- assertive…Pressure to comply.” ( (( (Mageau MageauMageau Mageau & & & & Vallerand VallerandVallerand Vallerand, 2003, p. 886) , 2003, p. 886), 2003, p. 886) , 2003, p. 886) Autonomy-Supportive Behaviors: “Takes the other’s perspective, acknowledges the other’s feelings, and provides the other with pertinent information and opportunities for choice, while minimizing the use of pressure and demands.” Autonomy-Supportive Behaviors: “Takes the other’s perspective, acknowledges the other’s feelings, and provides the other with pertinent information and opportunities for choice, while minimizing the use of pressure and demands.” ( (( (Mageau MageauMageau Mageau & & & & Vallerand VallerandVallerand Vallerand, 2003, p. 886) , 2003, p. 886), 2003, p. 886) , 2003, p. 886) © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.14 27 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Motivation emerges when the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are fulfilled Motivation is multidimensional and changes based on the task, situation, and environment Coaches can affect motivation through developing co ntrolling or autonomy- supportive environments IN SUMMARY 28 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. List the 3 basic psychological needs and any important characteristics of each List the 6 zones of motivation, important characteristics, and which zones are self- determined forms of motivation Reflect on your clients/athlete and list an example goal that falls into each on the 5 primary zones of motivation CHECK FOR LEARNING 01 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.15 Should motivation just … motivate … or is there something else? Self-Determination Theory MOTOR LEARNING © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.16 ( (( ( Mageau MageauMageau Mageau & & & & Vallerand VallerandVallerand Vallerand, 2003) , 2003), 2003) , 2003) More Effort and Persistence ( (( ( Mageau MageauMageau Mageau & & & & Vallerand VallerandVallerand Vallerand, 2003) , 2003), 2003) , 2003) Perform Better © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.17 ( (( ( Mageau MageauMageau Mageau & & & & Vallerand VallerandVallerand Vallerand, 2003) , 2003), 2003) , 2003) Concentration Providing clients with controlled choice over a specific practice variable has been shown to improve motor learning and skill acquisition ( (( (Sanli SanliSanli Sanli et al., 2013) et al., 2013)et al., 2013) et al., 2013) © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.18 When given the opportunity to control feedback, clients will request feedback less often the more they perform a task ( (( ( Chiviacowsky ChiviacowskyChiviacowsky Chiviacowsky et al., 2008) et al., 2008)et al., 2008) et al., 2008) When given the opportunity to control feedback, clients will request feedback <30% of the time (as low as 7%) ( (( ( Chiviacowsky ChiviacowskyChiviacowsky Chiviacowsky et al., 2008; Janell et al., 1995/1997) et al., 2008; Janell et al., 1995/1997)et al., 2008; Janell et al., 1995/1997) et al., 2008; Janell et al., 1995/1997) © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.19 Clients will request feedback after successful trials more often than they will request feedback after poor trials ( (( ( Chiviacowsky ChiviacowskyChiviacowsky Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2002/2007) & Wulf, 2002/2007)& Wulf, 2002/2007) & Wulf, 2002/2007) Providing clients with controlled choice over progressions and difficulty has been shown to improve motor learning and skill acquisition (Wulf &Toole, 1999; (Wulf &Toole, 1999; (Wulf &Toole, 1999; (Wulf &Toole, 1999; Keetch KeetchKeetch Keetch & Lee, 2007; & Lee, 2007; & Lee, 2007; & Lee, 2007; Andrieux AndrieuxAndrieux Andrieux et al., 2012 ) et al., 2012 )et al., 2012 ) et al., 2012 ) © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.20 39 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Practice is individualized to the client - (i.e. Feedback, Demonstrations, & Progressions) Clients can request feedback after ‘good reps’ Clients extract more information from model demonstrations Self-control leads to higher motivation, active involvement in the learning process, and ‘deeper’ information processing IN SUMMARY (Wulf, 2007) (Wulf, 2007) (Wulf, 2007) (Wulf, 2007) 40 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Write down the characteristics of those with higher levels of autonomy, competence, and relatedness Write down 3-5 sentences discussing the importance of choice within the context of the training environment CHECK FOR LEARNING 02 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.21 How do I apply this principle in my setting? Autonomy Competence Relatedness MOTIVATIONAL ENVIRONMENT © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.22 motivation; movement; monto: Share the Latin Root movere, meaning to move “Humans are more than neutral processors of information, and evidence suggests that learning is optimized by practice conditions that account for motivational factors.” (Lewthwaite & Wulf, 2012, p. 173) © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.23 MOTIVATION MOTOR LEARNING AUTONOMY © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.24 ( (( ( Mageau MageauMageau Mageau & & & & Vallerand VallerandVallerand Vallerand, 2003) , 2003), 2003) , 2003) Provide controlled choice as often as possible ( (( ( Mageau MageauMageau Mageau & & & & Vallerand VallerandVallerand Vallerand, 2003) , 2003), 2003) , 2003) Provide a rational for programming elements and any training limitations © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.25 Acknowledge the client’s feelings and perspectives relative to the training process ( (( ( Mageau MageauMageau Mageau & & & & Vallerand VallerandVallerand Vallerand, 2003) , 2003), 2003) , 2003) Empower clients to take initiative within and outside of the training process ( (( ( Mageau MageauMageau Mageau & & & & Vallerand VallerandVallerand Vallerand, 2003) , 2003), 2003) , 2003) © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.26 Avoid excessively controlling behaviors as the coach or trainer ( (( ( Mageau MageauMageau Mageau & & & & Vallerand VallerandVallerand Vallerand, 2003) , 2003), 2003) , 2003) COMPETENCE © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.27 Purposeful struggle engages the client while preserving their sense of competence ( (( ( Chiviacowsky ChiviacowskyChiviacowsky Chiviacowsky et al., 2012; Coyle, 2012) et al., 2012; Coyle, 2012)et al., 2012; Coyle, 2012) et al., 2012; Coyle, 2012) LOW Beginner Intermediate Skilled Expert POTENTIAL FOR LEARNING HIGH LOW HIGH TASK DIFFICULTY (PROGRESSION) = Optimal Task Difficulty CHALLENGE POINT HYPOTHESIS (Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004) © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.28 (Nieuwenhuis et al., 2005; West et al., 2005) Positive feedback drives motor learning and motivation 56 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. ( (( ( Chiviacowsky ChiviacowskyChiviacowsky Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2002/2007) & Wulf, 2002/2007)& Wulf, 2002/2007) & Wulf, 2002/2007) Reinforce the good more often than correcting the bad © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.29 Provide feedback on the ‘Process’ over the ‘Person’ “Great job getting under the bar John” VS. “Great job John” (Kamins & Dweck, 1999) 58 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Provide Rationale Provide Choice Ask Questions Non-Controlling Language (Mouratidis et al., 2008/2010) © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.30 RELATEDNESS Group training environments create the strongest opportunity for relatedness © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.31 Create individual challenge within the context of a unified group effort…create a common bond When possible create opportunities for individuals to PR and rally the team around their effort © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.32 Create a culture where individual and team success are one When possible provide clients with the opportunity to interact within the context of training © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.33 Client interaction will result in peer coaching and observational learning Create natural opportunities for clients to be social, share success, and discuss limitations © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.34 Give clients a stage to be heard…Start and finish every session with a message…”Who’s Got The Breakdown?” We will rise higher as a team than we will as individuals © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.35 69 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. List 3-5 strategies that you can employ to improve autonomy, competence, and relatedness within the context of training (Note: Try and come up with 2-3 additional strategies beyond what was presented) CHECK FOR LEARNING 03 CONCLUSION “Focus on the process to get to your goals, but focus on your goals to get through the process” © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.36 Optimizing the motivational climate involves a balance of contribution from the coach and the client/athlete Autonomy-supportive environments enrich athletes and help them to feel “self-determined” in their develo pment of competence and relatedness © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.37 Developing environments that drive relatedness act as a protective agent over an athlete’s competence and a ffirms their use of autonomy 74 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. In the end… “It is not about motivating the athlete/client, rat her, it is about creating an environment that allows the athlete/client to motivate themselves” © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.38 76 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Andrieux, M., Danna, J., & Thon, B. (2012). Self-control of task difficulty during training enhances moto r learning of a complex coincidence-anticipation task. Research quarterly for exercise and sport ,83 (1), 27-35. Chiviacowsky, S., & Wulf, G. (2002). Self-controlled feedback: Does it enhance learning because performers get feedback when they need it?. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport ,73 (4), 408-415. Chiviacowsky, S., & Wulf, G. (2007). Feedback after g ood trials enhances learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport ,78 (2), 40-47. Chiviacowsky, S., Wulf, G., de Medeiros, F. L., Kaef er, A., & Tani, G. (2008). Learning benefits of self-controlled knowledge of results in 10-year-old children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport ,79 (3), 405-410. Chiviacowsky, S., Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R. (2012). Self-controlled learning: the importance of protectin g perceptions of competence. Frontiers in psychology ,3. Coyle, D. (2012). The little book of talent: 52 tips for improving yo ur skills . Random House LLC. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior, 1985. Deci, E. L., & Flaste, R. (1995). Why we do what we do: The dynamics of personal auton omy . GP Putnam's Sons. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-dete rmination of behavior. Psychological inquiry ,11 (4), 227-268. Guadagnoli, M. A., & Lee, T. D. (2004). Challenge p oint: a framework for conceptualizing the effects of v arious practice conditions in motor learning. Journal of motor behavior ,36 (2), 212-224. APPENDIX © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.39 77 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Janelle, C. M., Kim, J., & Singer, R. N. (1995). Subject-controlled performance feedback and learning of a closed motor skill. Perceptual and motor skills ,81 (2), 627-634. Janelle, C. M., Barba, D. A., Frehlich, S. G., Tenna nt, L. K., & Cauraugh, J. H. (1997). Maximizing per formance feedback effectiveness through videotape replay and a self-controlled learning environment. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport ,68 (4), 269-279. Kamins, M. L., & Dweck, C. S. (1999). Person versus process praise and criticism: implications for contingen t self- worth and coping. Developmental psychology ,35 (3), 835. Keetch, K. M., & Lee, T. D. (2007). The effect of sel f-regulated and experimenter-imposed practice schedule s on motor learning for tasks of varying difficulty. Research quarterly for exercise and sport ,78 (5), 476-486. Lewthwaite, R., & Wulf, G. (2012). 10 Motor learnin g through a motivational lens. Skill Acquisition in Sport: Research, Theory and Practice , 173. Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach–at hlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of sports science ,21 (11), 883-904. Mallett, C. J. (2005). Self-Determination Theory: A Case Study of Evidence-Based Coaching. Sport psychologist ,19 (4). Mouratidis, A., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Side ridis, G. (2008). The motivating role of positive feedback in sport and physical education: evidence for a motivational mo del. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology ,30 (2). APPENDIX 78 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Mouratidis, A., Lens, W., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). How you provide corrective feedback makes a differe nce: the motivating role of communicating in an autonomy-suppo rting way. Journal of sport & exercise psychology ,32 (5). Nieuwenhuis, S., Slagter, H. A., Geusau, V., Alting, N. J., Heslenfeld, D. J., & Holroyd, C. B. (2005). Knowing good from bad: differential activation of human cortical areas b y positive and negative outcomes. European Journal of Neuroscience ,21 (11), 3161-3168. Pink, D. H. (2011). Drive: The surprising truth about what motivates us . Penguin. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2007). Active human natur e: Self-determination theory and the promotion and maintenance of sport, exercise, and health. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sp ort, 1-19. Sanli, E. A., Patterson, J. T., Bray, S. R., & Lee, T. D. (2012). Understanding self-controlled motor l earning protocols through the self-determination theory. Frontiers in psychology ,3. Su, Y. L., & Reeve, J. (2011). A meta-analysis of t he effectiveness of intervention programs designed t o support autonomy. Educational Psychology Review ,23 (1), 159-188. West, R. L., Bagwell, D. K., & Dark-Freudeman, A. ( 2005). Memory and goal setting: the response of old er and younger adults to positive and objective feedback. Psychology and aging ,20 (2), 195. Wulf, G., & Toole, T. (1999). Physical assistance dev ices in complex motor skill learning: Benefits of a self- controlled practice schedule. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport ,70 (3), 265-272. Wulf, G. (2007). Self-controlled practice enhances moto r learning: implications for physiotherapy. Physiotherapy ,93 (2), 96-101. APPENDIX © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.40 (Mageau & Vallerand, 2003)