Midterm 2 Notes-compressed_1.pdf

Sept 25 Lecture 4 Greece from the Dark Ages to Archaic Period ca 800500BCE Dark Ages of Greece ca 12001100 to 806BCE No writing population decline small settlements in Greece haveto rely on little archaelogical evidence fromthe time later writings describe politic...

Sept 25 Lecture 4 Greece from the Dark Ages to Archaic Period ca 800500BCE Dark Ages of Greece ca 12001100 to 806BCE No writing population decline small settlements in Greece haveto rely on little archaelogical evidence fromthe time later writings describe political structure of the period basileus served as the King boule was the council of the King Nichoria Dark Age settlement not much left Dark Age dwellings weren'tmuch more thanhuts Eleon site that briefly thrived in post Mycenaean period seems to havebenefitted from the crumbling of the Mycenaea palace nearby The Archaic Period ca 800 500BE writings reappear in Greece first time in years that significant population appears in Greec Greek periods are separated based on art of the time Archaic Art first art in Greece signature was the archaic smile Classical Art thought to be the best art of Greece more graveand serious describes second evolution of Art in Greece Hellinistic Art declineof classical thought to be a more emotional weird Homer active circa 750 700BCE The Iliad Troy Ilion story of the Trojan War The Odyssey the journey back home Homer could be more of aliterary tradition collective rather than oneauthor is thought to be a story from further in the past that was previously told orally is more of a story than a real war since the gods intervened Hesiod circa 750 650BCE Eh where theogony and works and days that early shows III literature T.fi fgods and was not necessarily concerned humans in it with history more with the gods notmany historians Polis pl poleis city state includes an urban center and countryside most peoplelived on the lountryside each one was independent could war with each other people considered themselves Athenian Spartan etc hundreds of them Greece was never unified in antiquity Astu urban center Chora countryside Agora place of assemblymarketplace in the astu poleis like Athens had a deity centeredaround it Stasis no democracy yet different poleis haddifferent regimes regimes would try to avoidstasis civil unrest Greek Colonization in Mediterranean circa 730 550BCE growing populations required more land most people back then would work fields was used not to seek riches but more for seeking a place to live only a handfulof settlements were made for commercial purpose It believed that the Earth was largeandthere was many other peoples out there Penteconter fifty oared ship usedas a warship with bronze ram at the front Phoenicians frequently encountered the Greeks Greeksborrowed Phoenician Alphabetandadded vowels developedfirst phonetic alphabet in theworld would later be adapted to latin alphabet was easier to learnthan previouslanguages like hieroglyphs Apoikiai settlements colony Emporion tradingpost was not an empire independent colonies Magna Graecia Great Greece southern Italy was consideredpart of Greece Greeks encountered indigenouspopulations of Italy and Sicily led to development of some mixedcivilizations Poseidonia Founded circa 600 founded in the name of Greek god Poseidon includes some of bestpreserved Greek temples temple of Hera Posidonia Paestum in SouthernItaly temples that are best preserved were appropriated into churche  Syracuse founded 734 by Corinthians becamemost powerful polis in Sicily was founded by child of herodemigod Hercules Taras Tarentum foundedby Spartans in 706 became most powerful polis in SouthernItaly coinshad poseidon on them Phocaea 660BCE founded were in the path of Persian Empire among the first to develop navalexpertise they were attackedby the Persians they fled in their penteconters while pretending to discuss surrende forced migration some sailed as far as Corsica and stayed for 5years they becamepirates attacking ships that passedby their island one of their victims the Carthaginians and another theTyrrhenians joinedtogether to attack Corsica ledthem to flee again Phocaeans endedup in Massalia Marseilles in France Emporion circa 600575 also foundedby Phocaeans in Spain Cyrene founded631 BCE modernday Libya Thera suffered longdrought and famine Herodotus Theraeans went to Oracle at Delphi to ask abouttherain priestesswould supposedly connect with the gods to answeryourquestion shesuggestedthey establish a colony in Cyrene becamewealthybecause of sylphium and its medicinal properties plant 1 to socialclasses and military developments  Archaic Greek Pottery depicting aristocrats riding to battle on chariots they served the defenders of the settlements as used this to assert why they shouldhave control ofthe poleis HoplitePhalanx heavily armed citizen militia spearmen shielded formed political assembly in manypoleis year was cheaper andallowed more people to join the ruling of S's p iier.in iniitiaiitifsioidiers who can afford the gear sincethey play mostimportant Chif joysethose role as defenders first depiction of Phalanx different shields show different poleis if liver of sacrificial animal was no good battlehad to be postponed winners would erect a statue of the losers weaponscalled atrap Hoplite battles were part of a ritual to limit casualties onlyhadcasualties when one side would run tothere we en't tactics was mainly just two sides ramming ear many other Sept 27ᵗʰ Aristotle The politicalcommunitymust consist only of those who possess hoplite arms and armor oftendepicted in heroic nudity early on mix of social classes not only those wealthy enough phalanxcould be nakedmen along with hoplites who used stones Dfast 19.1.9in andwicker shield looked down on by Cavalry 0horsessmallnumber since groundwasone Psiloi light armed troops slings archers historians these were cowardly ways to fightaccording to Hoplites Persian Perception of Greek Warfare dialogue from Persian source in Herodotuswriting a wars were waged view them as senseless Social structure also foughs Aristocrats 23 of population fg Hoplite n30 of population class rest of population Age of Tyrants circa 650 506 BCE Many Greekpoleis were ruled by one strongman Aristotle on tyrants they oftengained power as leaders of the people by slandering the wealthy drawnfromthose who held generalship was a result of hopliteclass tyrantslotten aristocrats would to appeal to the hopliteclass slanderfty or they would change the politicalsystem to serve them ftp Pheidon of Argos early 7ᵗʰ ientury BCE used hopliteclass to establish his power hopliteph a mayhave first been developed in Argos Pheidon appears to be the first to develop a hoplitephalanx he defeated Sparta using this victory to say he was favoredby the gods to strengthen his rule Cypelsusof Corinth 657 677 BCE used new merchant class to establish his power Corinth was originally ruled by one family the Bacchiadae economicdevelopments led to a change in the rulers Thucydides Corinthians used their geographical location in the Isthmus through the Peloponessus to strengthen wealth charged a fee when another pathirirds found but it was treacherous Cypselus became tyrant as the merchants were fed up with the Bacchiadaehaving sole power expelledmany Corinthians reigned thirty years Periander his son succeeded him Causeway Diol Kos was used to haul shipsacross the Isthmus of Corinth builtby Cypselus and Periander Endof Tyranny in Corinth Periander's successorhiscousinremoved through an aristocratic coup d état after threeyears no longer undersinglerule and was not just for Bacchiadae mademerchant class happy as they were wealthy enough to join reling class Greek Religion polytheistic Herodotus claims all greek gods come from Egypt Greeks would adopt and adaptgods every god had their own vealnfll.ve war wine etc were viewed as perfectly fit healthyhumans that were immorta and had special abilities Zeus lightning smite etc Greeks would try to appease their gods the gods are like humans notbenevolent  MountOlympus home of the Twelve Olympians most worshipped gods across Greece they wouldseek the attention of the Greeks Animal sacrifice served as their reading ofscripture couldbe a depending on scope gift was meant to be willing for the animal water placed on head to washanimal and nodof head as consent for the sacrifice woman would scream of animals Otolyge to hide scream if the ritual went poorly wouldsendbad omen for the day meat of animal was cookedand distributed couldoriginate with paleolithic concept of sacrifice for food portion of animal often thigh was offered to the gods and set on Lifations wine offerings on altar for the gods Miletus school of philosophy MilesianSchool first to thinkabouttheoriginof theworld located in Ionia modern Turkey firstschool The Pre Socratics mostof whatis the origin of things theories what are basic components of the universe sought answers that weren't just divinereasoning were still believed in gods weren't seen as blasphemous song but Why in Greece did philosophy arise heywere at somebelieve competitiveness in Greecebetween poleis encouraged astanattempt this Thales of Miletus624 546BCE proposedwater composed everything  p g PCE 11IE i Eionnofza to rompete in various events regions would sendrepresentatives footracenaked Lectator were wrestlingwhereanything could goexcept for eyes q most costly winners would be honored in their cities Efforts poh.tl4 u fEi it itidiE es imposed on cheaters displayed the names andoffenses of the cheaters Lecture rical 5 evidence Sparta Athens Classical Age 3 8 You E of Atheniandemocracy greation The classical Period circa 500 323 BCE death ofAlexandertheGreat Iff Bce Father of History wanted pastdeeds to not be forgotten he went to differentplacesand got firsthandaccounts explained the wars between Greeksand Persians enquiries Thucydides 460 411 BCE Father of scientific history wrote thehistory of the PeloponnesianWar war between Athensand rejectsoracles Sparta hiswritingis quite grim written to be a treasure for always not sugar coated  Xenophon 430 354 BCE general historian philosopher Hellenica depicts history of Greece from 411to362 Wrote work on military subjects allowed for the first continuous narrative of 2ⁿᵈ SpartalLacedaemonia oneof the most influential polis in classicalGreece not muchof classicalSparta remains surrounded by mountains they proclaimed theydidn't needwalls Thucydides had civil strife for a longperiod acquiredgood order earlier thananyother state free from tyrants Lycurgus circa 650BCE mythical Spartanlaw giver Great Rhetra oldest and most controversial document in Greek political histo it is told he received it from Oracle at Delphi Spartans believed it gave themgoodorder similar to Homer most likely not a real person rather the laws were given a name Lycurgus Spartans intervened in other cities to remove tyrants ftp.t adamnedconstitutionlmixof monarchy aristocracy anddemocra Kings were always from thesame families Gerousia presentedindsemb.ly council of 30 members assistedkings anddiscussedthings Apella Assembly filled with hoplite soldiers EPIIodians made did not abuse their  g Agoge spartan military give didnotget to choose to be soldiers they were taken at the age of seven watched andtrained byolder boys who hadrelationships with them would beat thetrainees underfeedthem adult Spartans wouldeat at a Syssition feast the point was to have professionalhoplites only state to do so Helots enslaved to free up citizens to betrained as hoplites Sparta's economy depended on slaves came mostly from Messenia neighbouringregion agricultural slaves mostly Sparta located in Laconia were around 2x more popular thanSpartans Spartans were worried about Helot revolt L did L of war against Helots so that the Spartans could freely kill the Helots Plutarchexplains that it was to harden young soldiers theywould stealand kill Helots was also to keep Helots in check most of this violence occurred after the Great Eartquake many Spartans died Lycurgus iannot be ascribed to such an abominable measure Resentment of other classes against Spartans Helots freedmen lesser Spartans Perioeci mayhavepracticed thote eugenics wholost citizenship through missing your Syssition cowardess inbattle they all detested the Spartans for the way they were treated did notbattle forlongperiods oftime to avoidHelot revolts SpartanWomen had notably more rights than other places in Greece exercised at state expense to deliver healthy spartan babies couldown property most common here n Spartan land was ownedby women Aristotle were seen as more independent by other Greekstates Peloponnesian League Alliance of poleis ledbySparta Agreed tohave the same friendsandenemies were feared by otherstates this is why Sparta was seen as so powerful Earthquake in Sparta 464BCE Killed thousands of Spartans caused extensive damage Sparkedlargescale Helot revolt tookyears for Spartans to overcome it asked their allies forhelpconqueringHelots Number of Full Spartan Citizens 371 1,500 240 200 1tf I for a while Athenian democracy took a while to develop foundinghero was Theseus onewho killed the Minotaur believed to be their first ruler Archon eponymous leader of the community for oneyear in earlyarchaicAthens year was named for the Archon  circa 7ᵗʰ century development stillarchaic Eponymous Chief Archon Chief official Greece Archon Polemarch Military chief Archon Basileus Chief religious official 6 Enforces andLaw Givers Hectemoroi those pay a sixth describedhow the farmers would pay a sixth of their crop to landowners those who became in debt were soldinto slavery according to Athenian law pressures to reform this and the fact that aristocrats were usually the only ones who knew laws afraid one aristocrat wouldproclaim themselves sole ruler Cylon OlympicVictor in 640BCE Attempted acoup in Athens 632BCE failed followers executed without trial the law codes backthen were quitearchaic Draco Code of Law 621BCE without trial faking'ecuted into one's own hands justice were placed in Athens square on blocks ofwood forseemingly minor crimes SE EIfEhIen Solon circa 638 655 BCE famous for his sense of justice andequity established the Timocratic system wealth replaced birth as the criterion for political participation theoretically allowedanyone to seizepower classed people into groups PentaKosiomedimnoi fivehundred bushelers Hippeis Horsemen thosewho owned enough to ownhorses Zengitai Yoke men hopliteclass Thetes wage laborers most of thepopul fell in this class theoretically one could work their wayup the social ladder created the Boule fifer Thetes were excluded Ecclesia Assembly rubber stampedwhat Boulewould propose at time of Solon didn't do much Economy slaves would encourage enslaved Athenians to come back beingsold as slavemadeillegal made exportation of wheat illegal olive oil used for cooking foodpreservation lamps would adoptCorinthian measurements of weight Solon believed he did a goodjob not XD he didn't solve everything despitewhathe says civilunrest made it so an Archon couldnot beelected once they were elected it was evident theydidnot wantto cedepower Tyrant Pesistratus circa 608 527 made frequentattempts at gaining soleruleof Athens one example pretended to have survived an assassination attempt hereceived a guard intended forhis protection but heused it toseize the Acropolis united factions him  they oustedhimfromAthens led him to his second attempt disguised a woman as thegoddess Athena he claimed Athena wanted him back in Athens Herodotus says that he was received back into Athens he did become ruler again Hecataeus of Miletus hebelieved stories of Greeksridiculous Pesistratus made an alliance with an aristocrat the aristocrat believed Pesistratus would have children with his daughter but Pesistratus already had children Hipparchus andHippias so Desistratus was driven out again spent many years in exile then tried again raised a large force of mercenaries and defeated Athens with his army successful and hewould lead until hisdeath as tyrant his son Hippias succeeded him Harmodius and Aristogeiton these men couple would kill Hipparchus in 514BCE were seen asthe tyrant slayers tyrannicides theirintention was not political but born of a private feud between the couple and Hipparchus they killed the wrongbrother removed iii they stabbedHipparchus during if the Great ii it Panathanaea iii festival inhonorof Athen they were both eventually executed Hippias rulebecame harsher Cleisthenes and the Alcmaeonid Family ca 570 507BCE exiled by Hippias one of many families that was exiled he plotted to overthrow Hippias the Alamaeonid family bribed the priestesses at the Oracle at Delphi to tell all Spartans to invade Athens as a response to their questions  rule King Cleomenes of Sparta circa 519 490 BCE ended tyranny Athens in Spartan intervention is what caused this end Athenians created tyrannicide myth since they didn't want to admit that their rivals were responsible the Athenians went back to aristocratic fending Cleisthenes and Isagoras fought for the archonship isagoras asked King Cleomenes to get rid of Cleisthenes Cleisthenes has to flee Cleomenes and Isagoras attempted to dissolve the council boule Council resisted so the two sieged the Acropolis Athenians revolt and push Cleomenes andIsagoras out Cleisthenes is then able to return Cleisthenes credited with creating democracy in Athens he did so by breakingregionaldivisions of factions in Athens he redesigned so called ridings Phratries Brotherhoods were the pre democracy lettstatiation they decided who was a citizen of each riding Cleisthenes took away this responsibility gave citizen list choices to Demes 140 150 in total Demes ran on democratic principles not aristocratic leadership was nowdecided by election divided Attica region Athens islocated into three sectors Coastcityplan each sector divided into ten trittyes original 4 tribes are evasedand replaced with ten new tribe Ten tribes each onenamed for mythological god each one composed of 3 trittyes onefromeach regioncoast city plain forcedcitizens of different regions to be representedtogether breaks regional factionism Boule Council 500 members 50 from each tribe electedannually requires a lot of commitment carries out the policies of theAsselbly Ekklesia Ehe fi edmeiiteitiitaseinsaieiiideent Yeast once executive committee answer emergencies monthly on Ekstein Assembly became mostimportant place for decisionmaking in Athens Open to all adult male Athenian citizens Boule execute decisions of theEkklesia Pryx Hill was main location ofassembly meetings Also the theatre of Dionysius could only accommodateYoth of total malepopulation of the time Isonomia Equality before the law Democratic Power of the people while it was advanced for the time it was still not a true democracy Ostracism once ayear during the assembly one personwould be exiled voted on pieces of pottery often used as a political weapon Persian Empire 550 330 BCE Darius I ruled 522 486BCE persiansruled several Greekcities Ionian Revolt499 Aristagoras ruler of Miletus revolts against PersianEmpire desperately looks for help in fighting back Sparta says no Athenians send 20 ships withhelp of Athenians Aristagoras takes regional capital of Sardis Persian forces they are later crushed by Darius I asks who the Athenians think they are marks the beginning of the Persian Wars Persian Wars circa 499 449 BCE Darius I sends expedition through Aegean Sea unsure what the purpose was Hippias was on the expedition shows that purpose may have been to make Athens submit to Persian Rule underHippias Battle of Marathon490 Athenianvictory over Persia Ei E Elitists ite Darius Rage after Marathon diesbefore hecould launch another expedition Athenianswanted to invest in walls to prevent anotherPersian attack Themistocles convinced Athens to build the Petraeus series of walls connecting the Athens Port and Athens itself invested in a fleet and Naval base 200ships invested using silver found in deposits found recently Trireme warship that required 170 rowers pentasontas Persian king Xerxes ca 486 465BCE II Edin E father planned partakes longer route to have landinvasion Council of Corinth 481 BCE 31 cities put their forces together to resistXerxes includes Athens and Sparta lots of arguments between what should bedone they agree to slow the advance towards Athens Battle of Thermopylae 480 BCE 300spartans and 700other greeks fight against thePersians only slow the Persian advance and are all killed after Athens is sacked in retaliation forIonianrevolt Battle of Salamis 480BCE ambushPersians they lose chunk of their fleet supply lines are cut causes Xerxes to withdraw from Greece Battle of Platea 479 BCE remaining Persian forces are defeated under Spartan King Pausania Creation of the Delian League 477 BCE created after Spartans go back to homeland after Persian Invasio Athens chosen as the Hegemon leader Athensfleet couldpatrol the waters each state contributed to the navy in Delos Athenians were abusing the resources for their own purposes wanted to leave the league because some island states of this but Athenians declare invasion if they try 454 BCE Athens takes over the Delian Treasury Athenians viewed themembers of theleague as their subjects 450s 430s Periclean Athens goldenage of Athens Pericles 495 429 BCE ruler for 20 consecutiveyear Thucydides claimed it appearedto be democracy butruledbylead Athens with money from their allies was used for monuments in Athens Athens wouldalso impose democracies on their allies and coinage andmeasures Peloponnesian War 431 404 BCE Sparta weary of Athens increasing power Athenian allies plead with Sparta to helpthem Thucydides magnum opus largest Greek conflict wrote his history after he was exiled Pericles asks the Athenians to seek shelter in the LongWal afraid of proffessional hoplite army of the Spartans largeinflux of extra citizens causes outbreak of plague kills many including Pericles leads to a truce with Sparta Athenian Invasion of Sicily 415 413 BCE oddly