Microbiology-Parasitology-Lecture-FINALS.pdf

MICROPARA 3. EPIDEMIC PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY - Also known as outbreak. - Number of cases above than what is expected in a Ø EPIDEMIOLOGY...

MICROPARA 3. EPIDEMIC PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY - Also known as outbreak. - Number of cases above than what is expected in a Ø EPIDEMIOLOGY given period of time. - Study of pattern of disease. Example: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PATTERN Diarrhea diseases GI diseases 1. SPORADIC Food contaminants - Singly on and off or no specific pattern. Note: Infectious Disease: Dengue Note: pasulpot- sulpot. (incubation in the body is one week) Example: Infectious disease that requires a 4. PANDEMIC vector. - word wide in distribution Tetanus, Rabies - simultaneous epidemic Meningococcemia: inaatake around the world ‘yung blood vessels. (Sporadic by nature) Example: COVID19 Note: Spanish Flu of 1918 Words end with “itis” - Influenza inflammation Tuberculosis (Number 1: China) Words end with “enia”- related to blood 5. HERD IMMUNITY Septicemia: bacteria sa blood. ⁃ because of the repeated exposure, the population is 2. ENDEMIC already immune. - Always present but with low number of susceptible. Pathology: Father of pathology is Note: RUDOL VIRCHOW Hindi nawawalan ng cases pero nabibilang lang sa daliri. Epidemiology: father of epidemiology Reason: People are aware and is JOHN SNOW has a solution. Ø PATHOLOGY Example: - Study of disease Malaria - Rudolf Virchow Schistosomiasis (worm in the blood stream inside the liver) INFECTION – entry and Filariasis (elephantiasis) - multiplication of an agent kumakapal ‘yung balat (pathogen) to a potential host. Note: - Chancre: lumalabas sa Why potential? Possible you’re not an syphilis na may spots. ideal host or you have a strong immune - Rheumatic Disease: one of system. the complications kapag madalas magka-tonsillitis STAGES OF ILLNESS - Erisypelas: parang sand - Also known as Spectrum of paper ‘yung skin the disease. - Pathogomonic Signs INCUBATION PERIOD CONVALESCENT - By definition, it is the time - Road to recovery or period of interval between the recovery acquisition of pathogen and appearance of signs and Note: symptoms. - If there’s a complication - Asymptomatic stage of magkakaroon ng permanent infection sequela (hindi na mababalik). Note: DEFERVESCENT - Pumasok na ‘yung pathogen - Onset of complication and nagmu-multiply na. leading to death. - Clueless pa ‘yung may sakit. PRODROMAL CHAIN OF INFECTION ⁃ appearance of the foremost or initial of signs and symptoms. Note: ⁃ Una mong mafe-feel kapag magkakasakit ka. ⁃ Koplikspots sa measles ⁃ Forsheimers Spots ⁃ Enanthem: inside ⁃ Exanthem: outside AGENT - It is the pathogen that causing ILLNESS the disease. - All signs and symptoms associated with the disease appear. RESERVOIR - Gives provision for the Note: survival of the agent. Dito lumalabas ‘yung pathognomonic sign - classic/ specific characteristic of Example: illness. - Inanimate objects (fomites), - Herman Sign of Dengue: yung animals, plants, human pamumula  4 HUMAN RESERVOIR vaginal fluids, vomitus, pus, debridement (burn body) 1. Index Patient - Sugar ng Semen: Fructose - Frank cases: positive in signs and symptoms and confirmed by the diagnostic test. MODE OF TRANSMISSION 2. Carrier Reservoir 1. Contact Transmission - Individuals that carry the - Common transmission pathogen capable of - Direct: sense of touch transferring or transmitting - Indirect: possible to exposure disease to other without the to contaminated signs and symptoms. - Droplet: talsik ng laway, traveling up to 3 ft. 3. Suspect Reservoir - Individuals that is positive to 2. Airborne Transmission signs and symptoms but - Temporarily suspended in the unconfirmed because the air because the pathogens diagnostic is negative. are so small Note: Example: virus & spore forming bacteria Prophylaxis: Bibigyan din ng medication pero hindi specific for the 3. Vehicle Transmission suspect. - Substances that maintain life forms before inoculated to a - Prophylaxis: Management if new host. you’re suspect - Quarantine: Management if 4. Vector Burne Transmission you’re contact - Requires animal to communicate disease 4. Contact Reservoir - Dengue, flies, dogs, rats - Positive to exposure. PORTAL OF ENTRY Note: - The pathogen will entry - Wala kayong sakit pero na- - Kung respiratory: inhalation of expose sa may highly mucus or droplet communicable disease. - GIT: ingestion - GUT: exposure PORTAL EXIT - Circulatory: parenteral (blood - The pathogen will find a way transfusion) / percutaneous to leave or exit. (injection, needle pricks) - Placental / Perinatal: Note: pathogens that can enter the - Lalabas si pathogen sa placenta. sputum, feces, semen, - Toxoplasmosis & Syphilis German Measles: 1st Trimester for SOME BACTERIA OF MEDICAL pregnant. IMPORTANCE SUSCEPTIBLE HOST - Individuals with Ø COCCI – spherical bacteria underdeveloped immune system Gram (+) - Streptococcus (appears in Note: chains) - Immune compromised Host: - Facultative anaerobe: they individuals with weakened can live with or without immune system. oxygen Mode of Transmission: Easiest HEMOLYTIC CLASSIFICATION: way to break the chain of infection. 1. Alpha Hemolytic - Incomplete of lysis of RBC (sumasabog) Ø COCCI, BACILLI, - Usually present in tooth SPIROCHETE, PLEIOMORPHIC decay/ oral cavity Notes: S. Viridans - Associated with subacute Temperature ng majority endocarditis pathogenic organism- mesophilic 20-50 degrees S. Mutans, S. Salivarius - Oral cavity that causes tooth Hemolytic- means the structure decay. of Red Blood Cell S. Pneumoniae English translation of “Luga” is - Very special bacterium “Otitis Media” – namamaga - Versatile bacteria: number one causative agent of Anuria - kapag walang ihi or community-acquired absence of urine pneuomonia. Oliguria - less than 300ml ang ihi 2. Beta Hemolytic - Complete lysis of RBC Bawal na pagkain pag nagka - Causes tonsilitis oliguria - potassium diet S. Pyogenes Myocarditis - inflammation of the - Pharyngitis heart - Scarlet Fever: causes rashes sa buong body (raspberry tongue); kawazaki disease (strawberry tongue)  - Can be acquired sa - Acute Glomerulonephritis unprotected and casual sex. - Rheumatic Heart Disease - Sa lalaki: inflammation of the urethra 3. Gamma Hemolytic - Asymptomatic naman ang - Non-lysis of RBC mga babae. Ø GRAM (+) STAPHYLOCOCCUS Ø STREPTOCOCCUS - Cocci in grape-like clusters DENTAL SIGNIFICANCE - Sarcinea octas or grape - Most common oral bacteria clusters - Part of skin’s normal flora - Cariogenic bacteria: causes - Causes pneumonia (hospital- dental caries/ tooth decay acquired pneumonia) - Produces lactic acid: lowers PNEUMONIA pH/ demineralization of - Community-acquired enamel - Hospital – acquired - Bronchopneumonia: ang - Glycosyl Transferase: nag pneumonia lang yung surface enzyme that cleaves baga distal bronchus and glucose and fructose (from alveoli (two lobes left and sucrose) to form dextran and three lobes right); pag buong fructans. lobe ng lungs ang may pneumonia “lobar o Dextran: structural pneumonia”; PART OF A component for plaque LOBE “LOBULAR PNEUMONIA” o Fructans (levans): food for bacteria/ attractanct and Ø GRAM (-) COCCI adhesion to the tooth surface. NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS - Cause of meningitis - Can be seen as diplococcus Ø ALPHA HEMOLYTIC under microscope - Normal flora of the oral cavity S. mutans - most cariogenic of 30% of white people - With polysaccharide glycocalyx coating (capsule or Meningococcemia: magpuputukan ‘yung slime) – allows firm adhesion blood vessels and kakalat sa blood to surface. stream. N. GONORRHEA  S. Sanguis - most common Streptokinase (Fibrinolysis) – species isolated from the mouth dissolves fibrin in blood clots by (normal flora ng mouth) cleaving plasminogen to increase level of plasmin. S. Viridans – associated with subacute endocarditis Hyaluronidase – breaks down hyaluronic acid contributory to S. Pneumoniae – causing bacterium’s ability to spread. pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media. Exotoxin A: causing necrotizing fasciitis by rapidly destroying the VIRULENT FACTORS: tissue. Polysaccharide Capsule: prevents phagocytosis Ø STAPHYLOCCOCUS AUREUS Pneumolysin: cytolytic toxin IgA Protease (Immunoglobulin A - Part of skin, mucus protease) – so, they can invade membranes flora the raspatory mucosa. - Causing supportive, pus- forming infection Ø BETA HEMOLYTIC VIRULENT FACTORS STREPTOCOCCUS Protein A – a cell wall S. Pyogenes component: evades phagocytosis - Causing diseases like and opsonization; elicits pharyngitis (Strep throat), hypersensitivity reaction rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, damaging the platelets impetigo, glomerulonephritis, o Coagulase – clots blood toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciculitis o Staphylokinase (fibrinolysin) - dissolves VIRULENT FACTORS: blood clots by cleaving plasminogen to increase M protein – identifying mark levels of plasmin violent factors. o Hyaluronidase – DNAse – cleaves DNA spreading factor. Erythrogenic toxin – causing o Beta-Lactamases – rashes in Scarlet fever. inactivates penicillin by degrading the beta-lactam Streptolysin O/S (Hemolysin) – ring. lysis of RBC and WBC. Ø TOXINS LACTOBACILLUS SP - All are exoproteins that can behave as superantigens - May lactobacilli ang vagina/Doderlein’s bacilli Enterotoxin – causes food (kinakain yung mucus/white poisoning (vomiting, diarrhea) mens) - kaya acidic ang vaginal wall Exfoliation – causes “scalded skin syndrome” (common to Lactobacillus shirota and children) Doderlein’s bacilli sa vagina are GOOD BACTERIA Toxin Shock Syndrome (TSS toxin) – disease include food poisoning, endocarditis, and Broad spectrum antibiotics - impetigo. ang effect ay buong katawan; can also alter the normal flora of intestine and vagina Ø GRAM (+) RODS (BACILLI) Produce lactic acid; part of CORYNEBACTERIUM normal gut, mouth and vaginal DIPHTHERIA flora - Ito yung nagccause ng diptheria (yung bacteria Lactobacillus casei - has been malalanghap ninyo tapos found in deep dental caries. dumadami sa mucus lining, tapos ang effect mag pproduce ng exotoxin (may Ø GRAM (+) RODS (BACILLI) muriatic acid-like effect sa mucus lining so supposed to BACILLUS ANTHRACIS be mag dudugo) - Anthax (also called Woolsorters’ disease)- - With metachromatic nagkakaroon yung mga nasa granules; fibrin textile industries. pseudomembrane (false VIRULENT FACTORS membrane) Spores DIPHTHERIA TOXIN Exotoxin - Also known as exotoxin o Edema Factor - blocks elongation factor-2 o Protective antigen during translation (inhibits o Lethal Factor protein synthesis) CLOSTRIDIUM SPP - Anaerobic  C. Tetani: tetanus or lockjaw ○ Most common C. Botulinum: food poisoning cause of C. Perfringens: gas gangrene. cystitis(inflammatio n of the urinary bladder;can cause Ø SPECIAL GRAM (+) acute renal failure) and traveller’s Actinomycetes – anaerobic; with mycolic acid in its walls; part of diarrhea normal gut and mouth flora. Pseudomonas - Contains sulfur granules - aeruginosa - wound observed as yellow specks in infection, UTI, pneumonia, purulent exudates; w. sepsis (w/ metachromatic Branchlike projections granules (wound appears (fungus-like); root surface bluish green in color) carries ○ Pathogenic strain sa sugat? - A. israelii - can cause an endogenous suppurative Proteus - surface: O infection; occurs in cervico- Antigen produces urease facial area (“lumpy jaw”) and (hydrolyses urea to spread to form abscesses or ammonia); cystitis sinus tracts after minor ○ Urea naging trauma or dental work. ammonia instead of urine ○ Ammonia is toxic ○ Cystis is Ø GRAM (-) BACILLI inflammation of the urinary bladder - Facultative anaerobes; surface antigens (identifying marks) Salmonella typhi, S. (glycocalyx, spores as identifying dysenteriae (O and H marks nila) Antigen; Capsular Vi: E. coli(normal flora of the Flagella) intestine;mabait;isa sa ○ Salmonella typhi - mga nagssynthesize ng Nagccause ng vitamin K and pwedeng typhoid fever maging opportunistic Typhoid pathogen) (O157:H7); fever - may surface: O and H Antigens; Flagella and Pili  rose spots sa ○ Bloody mucoid stool tyan and Typhoid tenesmus(difficulty psychosis - of defecation) pag nag ○ Ang kanilang toxic hhalucinate products ay meron at delirium silang O Antigen eme eme Helicobacter pylori ○ Salmonella (Dental plaque; stomach dysenteriae - ulcer and cancer) Nagccause ng ○ Special bacterium food poisoning ○ First ever known Intoxication - bacterium that is nalason by causing cancer the toxin ○ Known that is produced by causing gastric the ulcer microorganis ○ Can cause gastric m cancer Infectious ○ Can cause dental food plaque, stomach poisoning - ulcer and cancer nalason because of Hemophilus influenza; the viable Bordetella pertussis microorgnis ○ Bacteria that is m (nag causing one of the multiple ng causative agent of bonggang community- bongga ang acquired bacteria sa pneumonia tyan nyo) Shigella (S. flexneri, ○ Pneumonia S.boydii, S. sonnei, S. (inflammation of the dysenteriae) - O Antigen lungs with fluid and ○ Nagccause ng hemorrhagic bacillary exukineme ewan dysentery(because kodikonaintidihan) of bacteria) Community- acquired  Hospital- caries) or root dentin (Root acquired caries) Bronchopneu ○ Mga nagccause ay monia Streptococcus, lactobacillus, ○ Bordetella actinomycetes(root caries) pertussis - nagccause ng GINGIVITIS - inflammation whopping cough ○ Actinomycetes, (pagubo ng fusobacterium, dirediretso) Bacteroides, Prevotella GRAM (-) W/ DENTAL PERIODONTITIS - inflammation SIGNIFICANCE: and destruction of the tissues Bacteroides melaninogenicus; B. supporting the tooth corrodens; B. forsythus ○ Aggregatibacter - Bacterial colonies display (localized), black pigmentation Porphyromonas, - “Pregnancy gingivitis” Treponema, Fusbacterium, (may be because of the Tannerelia, Prevotella hormones) - Most common IMPLANTITIS - infection and microorganism found in destruction surrounding a dental anaerobic infections titanium implant ○ Namaga implant ng ngipin Porphyromonas gingivalis – ○ Staphylococcus, anaerobic (nakatago sa mga gilagid) pseudomonas, - Colonies display black porphyromonas, prevotella pigmentation - Associated w/ PULPITIS - root apex infection periodontal(pinaka socket leading to abscess formation ng ngipin) disease and (peiapical granuloma dental abscesses ○ Inflammation of the pulp cavity? ○ Root apex - pinaka dulo ng IMPORTANT ORAL DISEASE, THEIR alveolar process MANIFESTATIONS AND THE MAJOR ○ Abscess - means nana MICROORGANISMS INVOLVED ○ Halitosis - medical term for bad breath (pag may liver CARIES - decay of tooth enamel disease may fetor (Dental caries) or dentin (Dentinal hepatica(bad breath)  ○ Fusobacterium, Dialister, ○ Treponema pallidum - Peptostreptococcus, common causative of Porphyromonas syphilis. ○ Leptospira interrogans – HALITOSIS - bad breath nagca-cause ng ○ Fusobacterium, leptospirosis Porphyromonas, ○ Vibrio cholerae -by Prevotella, Treponema, structure bacilli, kaya lang Eubacterium yung dulo biglang bumuntot ACTINOMYCOSIS - Hard ○ Borrelia - nagccause ng swelling (cyst) within gums lyme disease (garapata ○ Gram + na bacteria pero sa dear) or dear tick mycolic acid ang kanyang cell wall ACID FAST BACILLI - ○ Actinomyces Mycobacterium tuberculosis; M. africanum; M. bovis, M. leprae LEUKOPLAKIA - white patches ○ Mycolic acid, Hindi on the buccal mucosal epithelium peptidoglycan ang cell wall or tongue nila ○ Oral candidiasis ○ Hindi tinatablan ng gram ○ Pwedeng mauwi sa oral stain cancer ○ Carbol fuchsin and zeihl- ○ Candida, HPV (human neelsen lang tumatalab papillomavirus) ○ Slow multiplying bacteria;Composed of STOMATITIS - reddening and mycolic acid inflammation of the oral mucosa ○ R.A 4073 - domiciliary ○ Singaw treatment of leprosy ○ Oral thrush - sa mouth ○ Candidiasis - sa vagina SPECIAL BACTERIA - ○ Ang candida ay normal chlamydia trachomatis (common flora ng vagina sa babae cause of blindness) - intracellular ○ Candida spp. obligate parasite (papasok sa cell, magmmultiply tas papasabugin yung cell na pinasok nila?); STI, blindness SPIROCHAETES - spiral shaped na bacteria Ø PROTOZOA  Protista ○ Mnmt: Metronidazole, More of animal like tinidazole, surgical Single-unicellular organism drainage of liver abscess, ○ They dont need colony to surgical resection survive ○ They can live alone FLAGELLATES ○ w/ flagella ○ Binary fission REPRESENTATIVES OF MEDICAL Trichonomas vaginalis - males IMPORTANCE are only the reservoir of the protozoan Ø AMOEBAE - Trophozoite form only (infective and pathogenic) - Pseudopodia - means of - Pear-shaped w/ central movement (false feet) nucleus; w/ 4 arteriolar flagella and undulating - Reproduction - binary fission membrane - “Intraflagellated motile protozoa” Entamoeba histolytica - only - White greenish yellow forty known pathogenic(nag cause ng odorous discharge green scum sa tubig)’ nag ccause “strawberry cervix” ng amoebiasis Forms: SPOROZOA ○ Cyst - infective stage ○ Generally non motile; Can withstand except for the sex cells chlorination ○ Reproduction: multiple Found in formed, fission sa RBC(Asexual) non-diarrheal stool flagellated sex cell ○ Trophozoite - excysted conjugation (sexual) cyst; illness stage (parang larva or butete) Plasmodium falciparum - Malignant Colonized the Tertian Malaria cecum and colon P. vivax (Benign Tertian Malaria May cause flask- P. Ovale shaped ulcers P. malariae - Quartan malaria May undergo P. knowlesi encystation and passed in formed stool  Anopheles - brown long legged Note: mosquito that is usually night The first 3 fungal agents are common sa biting mosquito blood “buni” or ring worm. Malassezia – common ethiologic 2 TYPES agent of tinea infection (an-an). Microgametocytes - smallest yung lalaki (they swim sa plasma Tinea Infection (cause of Malassezia) lang) Tinea Flava: an-an Macrogametocytes - biggest Tinea Barbae: chin Tinea Corporis: body yung babae (They swim sa Tinea Unguium: nails plasma) Tinea Cruris: also known as jock itch; sa singit Tinea Pedis: athlete’s foot Ookinete - zygote (convert new batches of sporozoite then lalangoy sa salivary glands ng lamok at magiging infective Ø OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGI ang lamok for life) - Normal flora but they can also be a pathogen. - Candida albicans is the Ø FUNGI normal flora of the vagina. - Majority of fungi has cell wall Present in 3 Forms but basically it has different manufacture and sugar. Yeast Cells Pseudohyphae: elongated CUTANEOUS MYCOSES Chlamydospores: thick-walled - Very common in skin. large resting spores; they also - superficial fungal infections of sporulation phase the skin, hair or nails DERMATOPHYTES - group of fungal infections that Ø SYSTEMIC FUNGI can affect the skin, hair, and nails. - Common to immunosuppressed Common fungal agent in individuals. Dermatophytes: - Most are spore-forming (inhalation of spores) - Usually, dimorphic (two forms) Mycosporum o Yeast – when causing Trychiphyton infection Epidermophyton o Molds – when in soil. COMMON SYSTEMIC FUNGUS THAT - Lalagnatin ka and mamamaga CAUSES INFECTION TO THE mga lymph nodes. IMMUNOSUPPRESSED - Can cause cancer. - Oncovirus: virus that causes Cocci diodes Immitis – common cancer. sa mga poops ng mga birds. o Arthrospores: name of Herpes Simplex 5: Parvo virus. their spores Histoplasma Capsolatum- common din sa mga bird pero Cytomegalovirus kapag nasinghot, magkakaroon - Another oncovirus and mild ng meningitis. symptoms but if may AIDS, it o Tuberculate Macronidia can lead to blindness. and Micronidia – name of their spores Herpes Simplex 6: Roseola Infantum Ø VIRUS - Signs: It will start as high fever and then when the fever Virion – basic unit subside, biglang With capsid (with capsomere magkakaroon ng rashes subunits and tail) without lymphadenopathy. Either RNA or DNA Herpes Simplex 8: hindi dapat DNA – containing viruses- all ma-contact ng HIV positive Herpes viruses (Herpes Simplex because the union of the 2 1, 2, 3, 6, 8; Varicella zoster virus; viruses will result into the disease Epstein- Barr Virus, known as karposi’s sarcoma. Cytomegalovirus) o Karposi’s Sarcoma – the skin will darken and it will start sa heel hanggang sa HERPES VIRUS eyes. Herpes Simplex 1: oral/ cold sores Tzanck Smear: diagnostic test of - Nagiging dry ‘yung lips and herpes nagcra-crack Herpes Simplex 2: genital herpes POX VIRUS - Herpes Simplex 3: varicella zoster virus Variola: virus of smallpox also known as chicken pox Adenovirus: second causative of Herpes Simplex 4: Epstein-Barr virus common colds. - P’wedeng makuha sa kissing o Number 1 causative is and droplet. rhinovirus.  o Dito nag-arise ‘yung 2 Types COVID. a. Paramyxovirus of the All hepatitis viruses are RNA viruses Morbillivirus Family – measles except hepa B. or tigdas. HPV: name of a very common b. Paramyxovirus of the group of viruses. Myxovirus Family – mumps or parotitis or beke. Vaccinia: virus of cowpox HEPADNAVIRUS - Para mamodify niya ‘yung genes niya sa RNA, mayroon TOGAVIRUS siyang special enzyme called nucleoside reverse - Rubi virus – causative agent transcriptase. of German measles o Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase: it is an PICORNAVIRUS enzyme that helps the DNA hepadnavirus to Types cross infect and a. Legio Debilitans – causative incorporate its genes to agent of polio the RNA of the cell. b. Hepatitis A – RNA virus, Hepadnavirus infectious hepatitis or catarrhal Hepa B jaundice. HIV na RNA - Sila ‘yung may nucleoside c. Rhinovirus: causative agent ng reverse transcriptase na sipon. enzyme. RHABDOVIRUS - Causative agent ng rabies. Ø RNA VIRUSES ALPHAVIRUS ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE/ - Chikungunya is parang MYXOVIRIDAE: influenza dengue but the difference is kapag gumaling si Types chikungunya, hindi basta- a. Zoonotic – transmittable from basta nawawala ‘yung joint animals to human and vice versa. paint. b. Enzootic – the presence of the RETROVIRUS disease is all day round. - HIV virus - May nucleoside reverse PARAMYXOVIRUS transcriptase.  FILOVIRIDAE Will cause severe constipation - Ebola virus (hindi makaka-dumi) Rectal prolapse CALICIVIRUS Release of viable worms - Hepatitis E HOOKWORM Hepatitis D – RNA virus - Defective gene of Hepa B. - Common helminthic infection in the whole world. (Necator Americanus) Ø HEMINTHIC INFECTION - The old-world hookworm - All about worms (Ancyloclostoma Duodenale) ASCARIASIS - Bulateng nagca-cause ng - Ascariasis Lumbricoides iron deficiency. - Round worm infection - Worms na lumalabas sa bibig, Signs & Symptoms: ilong, tenga and butt. Pneumonitis Iron deficiency anemia Signs & Symptoms: Pneumonitis Mode of Infection: Vomit out viable worms - Mga bata na mahilig mag paa. Obstruction Diagnostic Test: FECT method Diagnostic Test: Kato-Thick Smear FOOD TAPEWORMS PIN WORM - Taenia Saginata: beef tape - Enterobius Vermicularis worm - Tumitira sa large intestines and lalabas sa butt para - Taenia Solium: pork tape mangitlog. worm. Signs & Symptoms: - Diphyllobothrium Latum: Perianal itching especially during fish tape worm the night. - Hymenolepis Nana: dwarf Diagnostic Test: Scotch Tape Test tape worm, worms that are common contaminants of food products. WHIPWORM - Trichuris Trichiura CAPILLARIASIS - Capillaria Philippinensis Signs & Symptoms: - Nagca-cause ng liver cirrhosis Signs & Symptoms: Sa Paragonimiasis, dalawa ang Liver cirrhosis intermediate host. First is ‘yung snail, second is ‘yung crab. Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of o Miracidium contaminated fish. o Snail o Crab o Metacercaria | Gamot sa Dalawa: Praziquantel | Ø BLOOD FLUKES Ø CUTANEOUS WORMS SCHISTOSOMIASIS AFRICAN EYE WORM - Known as snail fever, - Loa loa bilharziasis, swimmer’s itch, - Chrysops clamdigger’s itch. - Blood-sucking fly - Blood fluke infection Signs & Symptoms: Life Cycle: Itchy Feces with eggs > miracidium (first Non-painful swellings of the body larvae stage) > Oncomelania quadrasi that come and go (intermediate host is the snail) > cercaria (second larvae stage that is GUINEA WORM INFECTION infected to humans) - Dracunculus Medinensis - Nakainom ng contaminated PARAGONIMIASIS water na may copepod larvae. - First identified in Davao City - Worm na papasok sa - Paragonimus Westermani muscles. - Lung fluke infection TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Life Cycle: - Muscle worms and minsan Sputum with eggs > miracidium (first nasa meat. larvae stage) > snail (cercaria; is not yet infected to humans) > crabs (second intermediate host) (meat: metacercaria; stage that can infect humans) Note: Sa Schistosomiasis, isa lang ang intermediate host which is ‘yung snail. o Miracidium o Snail o Cercaria