Questions and Answers
What is the causative agent of polio?
Which virus is known for causing rabies?
Chikungunya is a type of influenza virus.
False
What kind of virus is Hepatitis E?
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What is the diagnostic test for Ascariasis?
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The causative agent of the African eye worm is ___
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What is the mode of transmission for Paragonimiasis?
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Trichinella spiralis infection is related to muscle worms.
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The diagnostic test for pinworm infection is called ___
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Match the following infections with their respective worms:
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Which of the following conditions is caused by the hookworm?
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What is cystitis?
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Which bacteria is known to cause food poisoning?
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Salmonella typhi can cause typhoid fever.
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What are the surface antigens of E. coli?
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What is the primary causative agent of the common cold?
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Helicobacter pylori is a known cause of gastric ulcer and cancer.
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What is the medical term for bad breath?
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Match the following bacteria with their related diseases:
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What is the infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica?
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What type of fungus is associated with athlete’s foot?
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Candida albicans is a normal flora of the vagina.
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What condition does actinomycosis cause?
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What is the primary form of reproduction in Amoebae?
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Which protozoan is known to cause amoebiasis?
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What is an epidemic?
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A sporadic occurrence of a disease has a specific pattern.
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Who is considered the father of pathology?
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What is herd immunity?
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What is the incubation period?
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What are the modes of transmission for infectious agents?
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What type of bacteria are cocci?
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The bacteria causing meningitis is called ______.
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What is the defining characteristic of beta-hemolytic streptococcus?
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What is the effect of the diphtheria toxin?
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Which bacteria causes tetanus?
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Gram-negative cocci can cause meningitis.
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Study Notes
Epidemic
- An outbreak where the number of cases exceeds expectations in a specific time period.
- Examples include gastrointestinal diseases and foodborne illnesses.
Epidemiology
- The study of disease patterns and spread within populations.
- Fathers: Rudolf Virchow (pathology) and John Snow (epidemiology).
Disease Classifications
- Sporadic: Occasional cases with no specific pattern; e.g., dengue, which has a one-week incubation period.
- Endemic: Always present but at low levels; e.g., malaria and schistosomiasis.
- Pandemic: Wide distribution across countries; e.g., COVID-19 and the Spanish Flu of 1918.
- Herd Immunity: Achieved when a population is sufficiently immune due to exposure to pathogens.
Infection and Pathology
- Pathology is the study of diseases; infections are agent entry and multiplication in hosts.
- Chancre in syphilis and rheumatic diseases as complications of recurrent tonsillitis are notable examples.
Stages of Illness
- Incubation Period: Time from pathogen acquisition to symptom appearance, may be asymptomatic.
- Prodromal Period: Initial signs and symptoms; can include Koplik spots in measles.
- Convalescent Period: Recovery phase; complications can lead to permanent sequelae.
- Defervescence: Onset of symptoms leading to complications.
Chain of Infection
- Agent: The disease-causing pathogen, exhibiting signs and symptoms during illness.
- Reservoir: Surviving environment for the agent, including humans, animals, and inanimate objects.
-
Mode of Transmission:
- Contact (direct/indirect), Airborne, Vehicle (substances), and Vector (animals).
- Portal of Entry: Pathogen entry routes such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, or circulatory systems.
- Portal of Exit: Methods pathogens use to exit, including droplet or blood.
Susceptible Host
- Individuals with underdeveloped or compromised immune systems are at higher risk for infection.
Bacteria Overview
- Cocci: Spherical bacteria; Streptococcus species may be alpha, beta, or gamma hemolytic, affecting various conditions like dental diseases and pneumonia.
- Gram-Positive Rods: Examples include Corynebacterium diphtheriae, causing diphtheria, producing exotoxins affecting mucosal linings.
- Gram-Negative Bacteria: Includes Neisseria meningitidis responsible for meningitis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with wound infections.
Virulence Factors
- Streptococcus pyogenes: Causes conditions such as strep throat and scarlet fever, known for its M protein.
- Staphylococcus aureus: A coagulase-positive bacterium involved in skin infections and pneumonia; known for evading the immune response.
Lactobacillus
- Beneficial bacteria found in the gut and vagina; produce lactic acid, maintaining an acidic environment that inhibits pathogens.
Special Bacterial Conditions
- Bacillus anthracis: Causes anthrax, with virulence factors including exotoxins.
- Clostridium spp.: Anaerobic bacteria responsible for tetanus and botulism, producing potent neurotoxins.
Summary of Key Terms
-
Hemolytic Classification:
- Alpha (partial lysis), Beta (complete lysis), Gamma (no lysis of RBC).
- Virulence Factor Functions: Including toxins that damage tissues, evade immune responses, and enhance bacterial spread.
- Probiotic Importance: Certain bacteria, like lactobacilli, are critical for maintaining healthy microbial flora.### Bacterial Infections and Pathogens
- E. coli: Normal flora, synthesizes vitamin K, can become opportunistic pathogen (O157:H7).
- Salmonella typhi: Causes typhoid fever; characterized by rose spots on the abdomen and symptoms such as bloody mucoid stool and tenesmus (difficulty in defecation).
- Helicobacter pylori: Linked to dental plaque, stomach ulcers, and gastric cancer; first known bacterium causing cancer.
- Shigella: Causes bacillary dysentery; identified species include S. flexneri and S. dysenteriae.
- Bordetella pertussis: Causative agent of whooping cough; characterized by a persistent dry cough.
Oral Diseases and Microorganisms
- Caries: Decay of tooth enamel, commonly caused by Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, and others.
- Gingivitis: Inflammation of gums associated with Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, and others.
- Periodontitis: Advanced inflammation leading to tissue destruction around teeth, involving bacteria like Aggregatibacter and Porphyromonas.
- Implantitis: Infection around dental implants, mainly caused by Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas.
- Pulpitis: Infection at the root apex leading to abscess formation.
Protozoa and Their Infections
- Entamoeba histolytica: Known for causing amoebiasis; has cyst (infective) and trophozoite (illness) forms.
- Trichomonas vaginalis: Primarily affects males; known for causing vaginal infections in females.
Fungal Infections
- Candida albicans: A normal vaginal flora that can become pathogenic; associated with conditions like oral thrush and vaginitis.
- Dermatophytes: Fungal infections affecting skin, hair, and nails; identified genera include Mycosporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton.
Viruses Overview
- Herpes Simplex Virus: Types 1 (oral) and 2 (genital); characterized by sores and blisters.
- Hepadnavirus: Responsible for Hepatitis B; contains nucleoside reverse transcriptase.
- Retrovirus (HIV): Known for causing AIDS; utilizes nucleoside reverse transcriptase.
RNA and Other Viral Infections
- Anopheles mosquito: Carrier of Plasmodium spp. (causes malaria); lifecycle involves sporozoites.
- Orthomyxoviridae: Includes influenza viruses, transmissible between animals and humans.
Helminthic Infections
- Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides): Roundworm infection associated with iron deficiency anemia; diagnostic test includes Kato-Thick Smear.
- Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis): Infests the large intestine; diagnosed by the Scotch Tape Test.
General Notes on Disease Manifestations
- Symptoms of infections vary widely; specific diagnostic tests help in identifying pathogens.
- Opportunistic infections can occur in immunocompromised individuals, highlighting the importance of maintaining a healthy immune system.### WHIPWORM
- Trichuris trichiura is the scientific name for whipworm.
CAPILLARIASIS
- Caused by Capillaria philippinensis.
- Associated with liver cirrhosis as a significant complication.
PARAGONIMIASIS
- Caused by Paragonimus westermani, a lung fluke.
- Two intermediate hosts involved in the life cycle:
- Snail (first host)
- Crab (second host)
- Transmission occurs through the ingestion of contaminated crustaceans.
- Diagnosis can be indicated by eggs found in sputum.
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
- Also known as snail fever, bilharziasis, or swimmer’s itch.
- Caused by blood flukes, which lead to blood-sucking infections.
- Life cycle includes:
- Feces containing eggs that hatch into miracidium (first larval stage).
- Oncomelania quadrasi snail serves as the intermediate host.
- Cercariae (second larval stage) infect humans.
AFRICAN EYE WORM
- Caused by Loa loa, transmitted by the Chrysops fly (a blood-sucking fly).
- Symptoms include:
- Itchiness
- Non-painful swellings that may appear and disappear.
GUINEA WORM INFECTION
- Caused by Dracunculus medinensis.
- Infection occurs through drinking contaminated water containing copepod larvae.
- First identified in Davao City, Philippines.
TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS
- Known as muscle worms, which can sometimes be found in meat.
- Causes trichinosis through consumption of undercooked pork infected with encysted larvae.
MEDICATION
- Praziquantel is effective in treating both capillariasis and schistosomiasis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various causative agents of diseases and their diagnostic tests. This quiz covers important viruses including those that cause polio, rabies, and hepatitis E, as well as parasitic infections like Ascariasis. Challenge yourself and see how much you really know about microbiology!
