Microbial Diseases of the Skin PDF

MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN DISEASE CAUSATIVE SIGNS AND VIRULENCE TREATMENT AGENT SYMPTOMS FACTORS BACTERIAL DISEASES Folliculitis Staphylococcus - follicles become...

MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN DISEASE CAUSATIVE SIGNS AND VIRULENCE TREATMENT AGENT SYMPTOMS FACTORS BACTERIAL DISEASES Folliculitis Staphylococcus - follicles become Enzymes - Mupirocin (pimple, furuncle, aureus red swollen and - Coagulase: clots - Dicloxacillin: not carbuncle, sty, - Facultative pus-filled blood to make a inactivated by beta- boil) anaerobe, bacterial hideout lactamase gram (+) - Hyaluronidase: - Vancomycin dissolve hyaluronic - Aseptic acid for the bacteria techniques to enter deeper tissues - Staphylokinase: dissolve blood clots for proliferation - Lipase: digests lipids for nutrition - Beta-lactamase: resistance to beta lactams Structural Defenses - Slime layers (capsules):inhibit chemotaxis and phagocytosis; biofilm attachment - Protein A: binds to IgG; inhibits opsonization, complement cascade Toxins - Cytolytic toxins: disrupt the membrane - Leukocidins: kills WBCs - Epidermal Cell Differentiation Inhibitor: induces holes in blood vessels for bacterial entry - Exfoliative toxin/ toxic shock syndrome toxin: to cause SSSS and shock Staphylococcal Staphylococcus - cells of the outer Exfoliative toxins: Cloxacilin IV Scalded Skin aureus epidermis separate dissolves desmosomes Syndrome from each other (SSSS) - reddening and wrinkling of the skin - large blisters  - epidermis peels off Impetigo Staphylococcus - small, flattened red S. pyogenes Topical mupirocin (pyoderma) aureus (80%) patches - M Protein: Oral clindamycin Erysipelas: Streptococcus - leukocytosis: destabilizes Oral amoxicillin impetigo on pyogenes (20%) abnormal rise of WBCs complement; interferes Gentle washing with lymph nodes - Gram (+) in the blood with phagocytosis and soap cocci bacterium lysis - Hyaluronic acid capsule: camouflage from phagocytes - Pyrogenic/ erythrogenic toxins: stimulate macrophages and helper T cells to release cytokines to stimulate fever Necrotizing Streptococcus - painful rash at the - Streptokinases: Clindamycin + penicillin Fascitis (Flesh pyogenes site of infection dissolve blood clots eating disease) - hypotension - Hyaluronidase: - overlying skin breaks down becomes distended hyaluronic acid and discolored between cells - confusion - Deoxyribonucleas es: break down DNA from damaged cells - M protein: phagocytosis survival - Streptolysin S: kills cells - Exotoxin A: triggers an overactive immune response that can damage tissues of host Acne Propionibacteriu - Whitehead - Doxycycline m acnes - Blackhead - Benzoyl peroxide - Small, gram - Pustule formation - Retinoic acid (+), rod- (Accutane) shaped - UVA diptheroids - Produces proprionic acid Cat scratch Bartonella - Malaise - Endotoxin Lipid - Rifampin disease henselae - Localized swelling A - Ciprofloxacin - Gentamicin Pseudomonas Pseudomonas - Blue-green - Fimbriae & - Debridement infection aeruginosa discoloration adhesins: - Aminoglycoside + - Gram (-), attachment; biofilm beta-lactam anaerobic formation bacillus - Mucoid polysaccharide capsule:  phagosytosis protection - Neuraminidase: increases attachment of bacteria to cells - Elastase: breaks down fiber; degrades complement; cleaves IgA and IgG - Endotoxin Lipid A & exoenzyme S: inhibit protein synthesis in the host - Pyocyanin: formation of reactive forms of oxygen Spotted Fever Rickettsia - Non-itchy, spotted - Loosely - Doxycycline Rickettsiosis rickettsii: rashes on trunk organized slime - Chloramphenicol nonmotile, and appendages layer aerobic, gram (- - Petechiae - Stimulation of ), intracellular endocytosis parasite - Enzyme for (vector: evasion of Dermacentor lysosome ticks) Cutaneous Bacillus - Eschar: swollen - Toxins - Anthrax vaccine Anthrax anthracis black crusty ulcer - Capsule that - Ciprofloxacin endospores from the produce inhibits skin nodule phagocytosis Gas Gangrene Clostridium - Ischemia: - Toxins - Antitoxin perfringens interruption of - IV penicillin - Anaerobic, blood supply - IV clindamycin gram (+), - Necrosis - Pain at site of infection - Blackening of infected muscle - Production of hydrogen and CO2 gases with frothy brownish fluid VIRAL DISEASE Poxviruses Poxviruses: - Macules: flat, - Adhesion - Immediate - Orf (sheep DNA viruses reddened lesions molecules vaccination and goat - Human - Papules: raised - Genes for pox) poxvirus sores transcription - Cowpox (orthopoxvir - Vesicles: clear enzymes - Monkeypox us) or fluid filled lesions - smallpox variola - Pustules: pus- virus containing lesions  - Dry crusts - High fever - Malaise, - Delirium - prostration Herpes Simplexvirus - Herpetic - Glycoproteins - Acyclovir - HHV-1 gingivostomatitis - Proteins that - Reduce exposure (above the : oral lesions inactivate waist) - Whitlow: inflamed complement and - HHV-2 blisters on a finger IgG (below the - Herpes waist) gladiatorum: lesions - **HHV-1: ASYMPTOMATIC * Warts Papillomavirus Benign growth on the - Oncogene - Surgery epithelium of the skin activation - Freezing - Seed warts: - Cauterization fingers/toes - Laser - Plantar warts: - Caustic chemicals soles of the feet - Abstinence - Flat warts: trunk, face, elbow or knees - Genital warts Chicken pox Varicella-zoster - Skin lesions and - - Acetaminiophen + Shingles virus mild fever antihistamine - Macules > papules - Management of > vesicles symptoms - Shingles - Bed rest - Oral acyclovir - Vaccination Rubella Rubivirus or - swollen lymph - Rubella vaccine (German Rubella virus nodes measles, 3-day - Macules measles) - Arthritis/ encephalitis - Teratogenic (asymptomatic mother) Measles Morbillivirus - Conjunctivitis - Adhesion proteins - Supportive (Rubeola) - Koplik’s spots: - Fusion proteins treatment lesions on the - Vitamin a mucous - Antibodies membranes of the - Ribavirin mouth - Maculopapular lesions - Subacute sclerosing proencephalitis Erythema Erythrovirus Reddening of the skin NSAIDS infectiosum Anemia (fifth disease) Roseola Roseolovirus Faint pink rash (HHV-6) MYCOSES Superficial Malassezia - Versicolor: - Keratinase: - Ciclopirox Mycoses furfur Hypo/hyperpigmen dissolves keratin - Ketoconazole - Pityriasis ted patches of shampoos versicolor scaly skin - Zinc pyrithione - Selenium sulfide lotions - Propylene glycol Cutaneous - Microsporu - Circular scaly - Keratinase - Terbinafine Mycoses m patches - griseofulvin - Ringworms - Trichophyto or tineas n - Epidermoph yton floccosum Wound Mycoses - Chromobla Chromboblastomyco Chromoblastomycos - Chromobla stomycosi sis is stomycosis s - Small, itchy, - Thiabendazole - Phaeohyph o Fonsec painless, scaly - 5-fluorocytosine omycosis aea lesions to wart-like - Wearing shoes - Mycetomas pedros - Abscess Phaeohyphomycosis - Sporotricho oi, F. Mycetomas - itraconazole sis (rose compac - Tumorlike Mycetomas gardeners ta, infections of the - surgery disease) Phialop skin, fascia, bones - amputation hora of hands and feet - ketoconazole verruco Sporotrichosis sa - Fixed: localized - Phaeohyph painless nodular omycosis lesions with pus o Altern - Lymphocutaneou aria, s: secondary Exophi lesions along ala, lymph vessels wangill ela, cladop hiapho ran - Mycetoma s o Madurella , pseudallesch eria, exophiala, acremonium, - Sporotrich osis o Sporothri x schenkii PARASITIC DISEASES Leishmaniasis Leishmania Cutaneous: - Reducing (vector: - large painless exposure to Phlebotomus ulcers around reservoirs and Lutzomyia – bites female sand - scars remain flies) Mucocutaneous - lesions of the mouth, nose or soft palate which can be disfiguring Visceral (kala-azar) - macrophages spread the parasite - anemia, inflammation, weight loss, fever Scabies Sarcoptes - Intense itching at - Ridges, spines - Mite killing lotions scabiei night and hairs - Good hygiene - Localized pimple like rashes MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND EYES DISEASES CAUSATIVE SIGNS AND VIRULENCE TREATMENT AGENT SYMPTOMS FACTORS BACTERIAL DISEASES Bacterial - Neisseria - increased WBC in N. meningitidis - ceftriaxone Meningitis meningitidis the CSF - fimbriae - cefotaxime o Gram (-) - sudden high fever - polysaccharide - Meropenem cocci; - Intense meningeal capsules - Vancomycin nonmotile inflammation - lipooligosaccharides - ampicillin ; - petechiae - Lipid A diplococci S. pneumoniae - Streptococc - polysaccharide us capsules pneumoniae - enzymes & toxins - Haemophilu - phosphorylcholine s influenza H. influenza - Listeria - polysaccharide monocytoge capsules nes S. agalactiae - Streptococc - protective capsule us agalactiae (newborn) Hansen’s Mycobacterium tuberculoid leprosy: - Mycolic acid: - Rifampin + Disease leprae nonprogressive slow growth rate; clofazimine, (Leprosy) lepromatus leprosy: Protection from dapsone progressive lysis; growth within - Treatment can be phagocytes; lifelong or 2 years - destruction of resistance to gram - TB vaccine structures staining, (BCG11) detergents, - Limit exposure antimicrobials and drying Botulism Clostridium - Flaccid - Being an - Keep airways botulinum paralysis endospore open - Blurred vision - Botulism toxin: - Repeated washing - Vomiting and prevents release of the intestinal nausea of acetylcholine tract - Abdominal pain - Neurotoxin - IV administration of botulism immunoglobulin (neutralizes neurotoxins) - Antimicrobial drug therapy (not for infant and foodborne botulism - Proper canning techniques) - Avoidance of unsterile honey for infants Tetanus Clostridium tetani - Lock jaw - Tetanospasmin: - Cleaning of (lockjaw) - Spastic triggers the neuron wounds paralysis to endocytisize the - Immediate - BP fluctuations toxin to proceed passive - Irregular hearbeat proliferation in the immunotherapy - Sweating CNS - Active - Inhibits GABA and immunization glycine, which are - Penicillin inhibitory - Supportive care neurotransmitters for patients with the tetanospasmin bound to neurons VIRAL DISEASES Viral Meningitis Herpesvirus - Similar to other - Causes viremia - Rest Mumps virus meningitis - Lack envelopes - Hydration Enterovirus - Antipyretics and (Picornaviridae) analgesics - 90%, most common; small ssRNA viruses Poliomyelitis Enterovirus Asymptomatic - Inactivated polio (picornaviridae) infections vaccine (Salk) Minor polio - Oral polio vaccine - Temporary fever (Sabin) - Headache - Malaise - Sore throat Nonparalytic polio - Muscle spasm - Back pain Paralytic polio - Paralysis - Bulbar poliomyelitis (brain stem) Rabies Lyssavirus - Itching - Helical capsids - Human diploid (Rhabdoviridae) - Disorientation - Bullet-shaped cell vaccine - Hallucination envelopes - Cleaning the - Seizures wound with soap - paralysis and water - Human rabies immunoglobulin - Immunization of dogs and cats Arboviral Arbovirus - Hospitalization Encephalitis - Eastern - IV fluids equine - Respiratory encephalitis support - Western - Prevention of equine secondary encephalitis infection - Venezuelan - Limiting contact equine with mosquitoes encephalitis - Vaccination for - St. Louis horses encephalitis - West nile encephalitis - California (LaCrosse) encephalitis MYCOSES Cryptococcal Cryptococcus - - Polysaccharide - IV Amphotericin B Meningitis neoformans capsule: + oral 5- resistance to fluorocytosine phagocytosis - air-intake vents - Melanin production PROTOZOAN DISEASE African Trypanosoma - - Surface antigens: - Pentamidine Sleeping brucei changes to be - Suramin Sickness (vector: Tsetse able to evade - Melarsoprol (African flies, Glossina) phagocytes - Eflornithine Trypanosomiasis - Insecticides ) Primary Amebic Acanthamoeba - Fluconazole Meningoenceph naegleria - Amphotericin B alopathy - Avoid contaminated places PRION DISEASE Variant Abnormal prion - - Acts as an - Avoid eating Creutzfeldt- enzyme to refold infected meat Jakob Disease normal prions to (scrapie, madcow abnormal ones disease) EYE DISEASE Trachoma Chlamydia - - Purulent - Azithromycin or trachomatis discharge: scars Doxycycline the conjunctiva (genitals of adults)  - Tetracycline or erythromycin (eyes of infants) - Oral tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin (eyes of adults) Sty Staphylococcus aureus Opthalmia Neisseria neonatorum gonorrhoeae Conjunctivitis Haemophilus (pinkeye) influenza Acanthamoeba Keratitis Acanthamoeba MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DISEASES CAUSATIVE AGENT SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS VIRULENCE TREATMENT/PREVE FACTORS NTION BACTERIAL DISEASE Septicemia Gram-negative septicemia - Antimicrobials - Bacteremia bacteria - lymph vessel swelling - IV fluid - Toxemia - P. aeruginosa - low blood pressure replacement - E.coli - petechiae - Elimination of - N. meningitides - septic shock initial infection Gram positive - osteomyelitis - Streptococcus - staphylococcus Endocarditis Viridians streptococci - Vegetations: bulky - IV antibacterials masses of clots which - Surgical removal serves as hideouts of of vegetations the bacteria - Repair/replaceme - Tachycardia and nt of damaged murmurs heart valves - Use of antimicrobials before surgeries - Proper sterilization Brucellosis Brucella - Undulant fever - Doxycycline (bang’s disease, - Melitensis (remittent) - Rifampin malta fever, rock (goats, sheeps) - Myalgia - Streptomycin fever of gibratar) - Abortus (cattle) - - Attenuated - Suis (swine) vaccines for - Canis (canines) animals - Pasteurization - Immunization for animals Tularemia (rabbit Francisella tularensis - Skin lesions - Endotoxin - Streptomycin fever, deer fly - Swollen lymph nodes - Can - Tetracycline fever) (lymphangitis) survive - Vaccines for within people frequently infected exposed cells Plague (black Yersinia pestis Bubonic plague - Adhesins - Must be treated plague) - Bubo: enlarged lymph - type III immediately nodes secretion - Gentamicin Pneumonic plague systems - Streptomycin - Difficulty in breathing - Capsules - Antiphago cytic proteins Lyme Disease Borrelia burgdorferi - Bull’s eye rash - Alteration - Doxycycline or - Neurological of amoxicillin : to be symptoms membran used in early - Severe arthritis e proteins stages - Use of - Repellants mangane containing DEET se instead of iron circumvent s host defense -Human monocytic -Ehrlichia chaffeensis - Leukopenia - Trigger - Doxycycline Ehlrichiosis -Anaplasma - Thrombocytopenia their own - Tetracycline -Human phagocytophilum - Flu-like symptoms endocyto - Treatment should granulocytic (formerly Ehlrichia sis start immediately Anaplasmosis equi) (neutrophil - Avoid tick- s: ana; infested areas (vectors: ticks) monocytes - Remove ticks : ehlrich) - Insect repellants - Prevent the fusion of lysosome s VIRAL DISEASES (viremia) Infectious Epstein-barr virus - Oral hairy leukoplakia - Suppress - Treatment Mononucleosis (HHV-4) - Burkitt’s lymphoma es focuses on (kissing disease, - Severe sore throat apoptosis relieving mono) - Swollen lymph nodes of infected symptoms B cells - Chemotherapy - Establishe and surgery for s latent lymphomas infection in host Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus - Asymptomatic - fomiversen for - Enveloped - Complications in eye infections dsDNA neonates and - interferons and - Herpes Virus 5 immunocompromised anti-CMV - Teratogenic gammaglobulin slow release of CMV - no vaccine - abstinence - mutual monogamy - safe sex Yellow Virus Yellow fever virus 1st stage - supportive - enveloped virus - fever, headache, treatment muscle aches - vaccination (vector: Aedes 2nd stage mosquitoes) - period of remission 3rd stage - delirium, coma, seizures, hemorrhaging Dengue Fever Dengue virus or 1st phase DF - control of Dengue flavivirus - fever, edema mosquitoes Hemorrhagic 2nd phase DF - no specific Fever Carrier: Aedes - fever, red rash treatment aegypti Dengue HF - internal bleeding, shock African Viral Ebola virus - fluid and Hemorrhagic Marburgvirus electrolye Fevers replacement PROTOZOAN DISEASES Malaria Plasmodium - jaundice - Chloroquine - falciparum - recurrent fever - Pyramethanine (most severe) - anemia - vivax (chronic) - - ovale (mild) - malariae (carrier: Anopheles mosquitoes) Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii - Asymptomatic - Pyrimethamine (toxo) - Myocardititis - Sulfonamides - Spastic paralysis - clindamycin - Encephalitis - Inflammation lungs, liver, Chagas’ Disease Trypanosoma cruzi - swelling at the site of - benznidazole (American infection - nifurtimoox trypanosomiasis) - fatique - malaise - swelling of lymph nodes Schistosomiasis Shistoma - swimmer’s itch - praziquantel “Katayama” - mansoni - renal failure - do not swim in - haematobium - splenomegaly infested bodies of - japonicum - increased blood water pressure MICROBIAL DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES CAUSATIVE AGENT SIGNS AND VIRULENCE TREATMENT/ SYMPTOMS FACTORS PREVENTION BACTERIAL DISEASES (UPPER RESPI, SINUSES, EARS) Streptococcal - Streptococci - Strep throat - Pyrogenic - Oral penicillin Respiratory Diseases pyogenes - Abscesses in toxins - Antibodies - Pharyngitis (Lancefield group the tonsils - M proteins against M A)  - Laryngitis - S. equisimilis - Swollen lymph - Hyaluronic protein (strain- (hoarseness) (Group C nodes acid capsule specific) - Bronchitis streptococcus) - Scarlet fever - Streptokinase (reduced airflow, (scarletina) - C5a mucus (strawberry red peptidases accumulation, tongue) - Streptolysins coughing) - Acute glomerunephritis - Rheumatic fever (damaged heart valves and muscles, autoimmune) Diphtheria - Corynebacterium - Sore throat - Diphtheria - Immunization diptheriae - Thick toxin of the DTaP pseudomembra o trigger vaccine ne (can endocy - Antitoxin suffocate) tosis - Penicillin or o Destro erythromycin y - Surgical eukary removal otic - tracheostomy elongat tube ion Rhinosinusitis - Streptococcus - Earache - - Immunization (adults) pneumoniae - Sinusitis - Lancing of Otitis Media (children) - Staphylococcus - Ear drum eardrum to aureus rupture relieve - Haemophilus - Interfere pressure influenza hearing - Drain fluid and - Moraxella - Delay speech pus catarrhalis development - Remove - Streptococcus - Inflamed nasal tonsils pyogenes passages - Flushing nasal cavities VIRAL DISEASES OF THE UPPER RESPI Common Colds - Enterovirus - Sneezing - ICAM-1: - Pleconaril - Rhinovirus - Mucus protein in - Antihistamines - Rhinorrhea humans , - Congestion where cold decongestants - Sore throat viruses attach , antipyretics, - rest, hydration BACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPI Pneumococcal Streptococcus - Congestion - Attachment Cephalosphorins, Pneumonia pneumoniae - Cough molecule: erythromycin, - Chest pain - Polysaccharid clindamycin, - Short rapid e capsule: vancomycin, breathing - Phosphorylc fluoroquinolones holine: stimulates endocytosis of the bacteria - Pneumolysin : produces  transmembra ne pores that results to cell lysis Primary Atypical Mycoplasma - Unproductive - Pleomorphis - Erythromycin Pneumonia pneumonia cough m or doxycycline (mycoplasmal) - Not severe - No cell walls - Good hygiene enough (walking - Sterols disease) - Adhesive proteins Klebsiella Klebsiella pneumoniae - Destruction of - - Pneumonic pneumonia alveoli plague (no - Thick, bloody Yersinia sputum bullimia) - Recurrent chills Other pneumoias - H. influenza ORNITHOSIS - S. aureus - Tetracycline, - Yersinia pestis erythromycin, - Chlamydophilia fluoroquinolon psittaci (disease e of the birds and C. pneumoniae humans) or - no specific ORNITHOSIS antimicrobial - Chlamydophila treatment pneumoniae Legionnaires’ - Legionella Inflammation of the - Tolerates Quinolones or disease pleura heat and azithromycin chlorination Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium - - Mycolic acid - Rifampin tuberculosis cell wall: - Isoniazid - Multi-drug o Grows - Pyrazinamide resistant: slowly - Ethambutol resistant to o Protecte - Streptomycin isoniazid and d from rifampin lysis - Levofloxacin, - Extensively o Intracellu bedaqiline drug- resistant lar (inhibits ATP tb: resistant to growth synthesis in more drugs other o Resistant mycobacteria) than rifampin and to gram isoniazid staining, Directly observed detergen treatment, ts, shortcourse antimicro bials and drying out - Cord factor: produces strands out daughter cells that inhibit neutrophil migration; toxic to  mammalian cells Pertussis (Whooping - Bordetela - Rhinorrhea Adhesins: cough) pertussis - Severe - filamentous coughing hemagluttin - Rupture of eye - pertussis blood vessels toxin causing Toxins CYANOSIS - pertussis toxin: interferes with ciliated epithelial cells’ metabolism, increases mucus production - adenylate cyclase toxin: triggers mucus production and inhibits leukocyte movement, phagosytosis, and killing - dermonectro tic toxin: localized hemorrhage and constriction of blood vessels - tracheal cytotoxin: inhibits movement of cilia even in low concentration VIRAL DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPI Influenza - influenza a and b - sudden fever + - neuraminida - oseltamivir colds se: provides pills - pharyngitis access to cell - zanamivir mist - congestion surfaces by - antihistamines - dry cough hydrolyzing - pain relievers - malaise mucus in the - natural active - headache lungs inmmunity - hemagglutini n: bind to pulmonary epithelial cells  and trigger endocytosis - antigenic drift: gradual accumulation of NA and HA gene mutations within single strain of virus in a given geographic area - antigenic shift: reassortment of genes among different influenza A viruses affecting the same host cell Coronavirus - Coronavirus - high fever - no antiviral Respiratory - difficulty in drug Syndromes breathing - recombinant - malaise DNA vaccines - body aches are still being - development of tested dry cough and - quarantine of pneumonia infected patients Respiratory Respiratory syncytial - fever - syncytium: - Supportive Syncytial Virus virus (genus - rhinorrhea giant treatment Infection Pneumovirus; family: - cyanosis multinucleate - Immunoglobuli paramyxoviridae) - coughing d cell formed ns - wheezing from fusion of - Ribavirin - bronchiolitis virally - Proper aseptic - pneumonia infected cells techniques - tracheobronchiti which causes - Protective s difficulty in gears breathing Hantavirus Hantavirus - Fever - A viral protein - Rodent pulmonary syndrome - Fatigue that inhibits control - Muscle aches cellular - Chills responses to - Elevated WBCs interferon - Low platelet count - Lungs fill with liquid Croup and viral Metapneumovirus and - - - Supportive pneumonia Parainfluenzavirus treatment - Careful moitoring to  ensure that airways are not completely closed MYCOSES Coccidioidomycosis Coccioides immitis - Pulmonary - Pathogenic - Amphotericin “San Joaquin valley symptoms yeast form B fever” - Night loss - Arthroconidi - Itraconazole, - Weight loss a fluconazole - Spitting blood - Spherules - Protective - Fatal when C. masks immitis is in the brain Blastomycosis Blastomyces - Flulike - Yeast form - Amphotericin “Gil christ’s disease” dermatitidis - Painless lesions B “North American on face and - Oral blastomycosis” upper body itraconazole - Pus filled lesions - Suppressive - Necrosis and maintenance cavity formation therapy - Itraconazole Histoplasmosis Histoplasma - Blood tinged - Proteins that - fluconazole capsulatum sputum prevent full - Itraconazole - Skin lesions activation of - amphotericin B - Enlarged macrophages Maintenance spleen/liver for and abrogate therapy for AIDS AIDS patient host defenses people - Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction Pneumocystis Pneumocystis jirovecii - Difficulty in - Oral or IV Pneumonia (formerly P. carinii) breathing trimethoprim - Mild anemia and - Hypoxia sulfamethoxaz - Fever ole - Nonproductive - Ensure a cough healthy - Lesions in immune organs system - Antifungals are not effective MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASE CAUSATIVE AGENT SIGNS AND VIRULENCE PREVENTION/ SYMPTOMS FACTOR TREATMENT BACTERIAL DISEASES Dental Caries, - Streptococcus - Caries: holes in - Insoluble, sticky - Scaling Gingivitis, mutans teeth Dextran slime - Antibacterial Periodontal Disease - Lactobacillus - Toothaches + adhesins = mouth rinses - Treponema - Fractured teeth dental plaque - Oral hygiene - Unable to bite - Acids: - Regular down without dissolves tooth Professional pain enamel and cleanings - Bleeding gums allows bacterial - Healthy eating habits  - Acute invasion of the - Flossing necrotizing dentin - Xylitol ulcerative - Tartar and - Fluoride- gingivitis dental containing (ANUG or calculus toothpastes Trench mouth) - Protein - Fluoridation o Ulcers digesting of water between enzymes of teeth Poryphyromas o Foul ingivalis that taste break down o Grayish gingival tissue biofilm - Osteomyelitis Peptic Ulcer Helicobacter pylori - Perforations: - Protein: inhibits - Antacids, ulcers that acid production proton pump pierce the - Flagella inhibitors stomach or - Adhesins - Amoxicillin, intestine - Enzymes: PPI, - Abdominal pain antiphagocytic clarithromyc - Shock - Urease: in - Nausea and degrades urea - Avoidance of vomtting to produce fecal-oral - Internal ammonia that transmission bleeding will neutralize - Lifestyle - Bowel stomach acid changes obstruction Bacterial - Asymptomatic - Fluid and Gastroenteritis - Mild diarrhea electrolyte - Dysentery: replacement stools are - Proper loose, frequent, handling, and contain storage and mucus and preparation of blood food - Sanitation and hygiene - Shigellosis Shigella - Fever - type 3 secretion - self-limiting - Dysenteriae - Abdominal systems - supportive - Flexneri cramps - enterotoxin care - Boydii - Diarrhea - shiga toxin - ceftriaxone - Sonnei - Bloody stool - live attenuated vaccine for S. flexneri - Traveler’s Escherichia coli Fimbriae - Doxycycline, diarrhea Adhesins TMP-SMX Toxins - O157:H7: inhibit protein synthesis, kill cells, cause kidney failure - Type 3 secretion system: disrupt host cell  metabolism; forms receptors for attachment of additional E. coli - Campylobacter Campylobacter jejuni - - Adhesins - Supportive Diarrhea - Cytotoxins therapy - Endotoxin (lipid - Azithromycin A) - Washing - Survives kitchen endocytosis surfaces - Prevent contamination of water - C. diff Clostridium difficile - Inflammation - Toxin A: - avoid (antimicrobial and lesions in breaks down unnecessary associated) the colon the junctions use of diarrhea - Pseudomembr holding cells of antimicrobials anous colitis the colon’s - excellent mucous hygiene use membranes - wear gloves together; - oral triggers metronidazol inflammation e or and allows loss vancomycin of fluid - probiotics - Toxin B: kills - fecal colon cells transplants outright and induces formation of lesions that fuse into characteristic pseudomembra ne - Salmonellosis Salmonella - - type 3 - Chlorampheni and Typhoid - typhi secretions col Fever - paratyphi system - Cholera Vibrio cholerae - Biofilm - antimicrobial formation prophylaxis - Gene activation - doxycycline - cholera toxin: - supportive coded by a care plasmid Food Poisoning - Staphylococcus Abdominal cramps - Enterotoxins (A Fluid replacement (Intoxication) aureus Loss of appetite to E) Good hygiene Dehydration Proper food Discomfort handling Fever VIRAL DISEASES Oral Herpes HHV-1 Fever blisters - Syncytium Penciclovir Cold sores Acyclovir Herpetic Washing with soap gingivostomatitis and water  Herpetic pharyngitis Avoid contaminated Herpes esophagitis fomites Avoid direct contact with patients Mumps Rubulavirus Swollen parotid Adhesins Supportive care glands (parotitis) Intracellular Analgesics Face pain replication cycle MMR vaccine Fever Sore throat Viral gastroenteritis Calciviruses Dehydration Self limiting (stomach flu) (noroviruses) Bloody stools Sewage treatment Astroviruses Purification of water Rotaviruses Handwashing Good hygiene Disinfection of surfaces Attenuated oral vaccines Viral hepatitis Hepatitis A - Jaundice - Intracellular - Protease (infectious): fecal- - Dark colored replication cycle inhibitor: oral urine - adhesins telaprivir, Hepatitis B (serum): - Light colored boceprivir related to liver cancer; stools - Nucleotide needles, sex, blood, - Abdominal pain analogs: fluids - Loss of appetite ribavirin Hepatitis C: needles, - Nausea and - Alpha sex vomitting interferon Hepatitis D: needles: - Avoid sex exposure Hepatitis E: fecal-oral - Delta-control of HBV infection PROTOZOAN DISEASES Giardiasis Giardia intestinalis - Asymptomatic - Motile feeding - Filtration of - Gastrointestinal trophozoite water distress - Dormant cyst - Metronidazol - Ineffective with a chitin e (adult) absorption shell - Furazolidone - Low-grade (children) fever - Rotten egg smelling stool (due to H2S) Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium - Watery diarrhea - Motile - supportive parvum - Headache Sporozoite therapy - Muscular pain (infectious) - good hygiene - Cramping - Apicomplexan - avoid - Nausea - Oocysts: contaminated - Fatigue infective inside food and - Fluid and the cells water weight loss - avoid fecal exposure during sex Amebiasis Entameba histolytica Luminal - Adhesion - Oral amebiasis proteins rehydration - Asymptomatic - Proteases therapy Amebis Dysentery - Proteins that - Iodoquinol, - Severe create ion parmomomy diarrhea channels in cin for - Colitis host asymptomatic - Appendicitis membranes - Metronidazol - Ulceration of - Toxic proteins e, iodoquinol intestinal that also for mucosa facilitate symptomatic - Bloody mucus invasion - Antibacterials containing stool for secondary Invasive infections Extraintestinal - Avoid eating Amebiasis uncooked - Lesions of vegetables dead intestinal and fruits cells in liver, from endemic lungs, spleen, areas kidneys, brain - Avoid using human feces as fertilizers - Effective processing of water - Good hygiene - Safe sexual practices HELMINTHIC DISEASES Tapeworm - Taenia saginata - Asymptomatic Soclex (head): Niclosamide infestations (beef tapeworm) - Abdominal pain attachment Praziquantel - Taenia solium - Weight loss Proglottids Surgery (pork tapeworm) - diarrhea Strobili Cooking and Cysticerci freezing meat (immature forms) Good sewage treatment Pinworm infestation Enterobius - Asymptomatic Albendazole vermicularis - Intense Mebendazole perianal Pyrantel pamoate itching Strict personal - Decreased hygiene appetite - Weight loss Anisakiasis Anisakis simplex - Asymptomatic - surgical - Abdominal pain removal - Nausea and - avoid raw vomiting and - Fever uncooked - Intestinal marine fish hemorrhaging - cough  MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DISEAES CAUSATIVE AGENT SIGNS AND VIRULENCE TREATMENT AND SYMPTOMS FACTORS PREVENTION BACTERIAL DISEASES OF URINARY Bacterial UTI Escherichia coli - slight fever - flagella - self-limiting - urethritis - dysuria: frequent, - attachment - cephalosporin - cystitis urgent and painful fimbriae , - pylenonephritis urination - biofilm-like sulfonamides, - prostatis - bloody, cloudy and aggregation synth foul odor urine penicillin - mental confusion - wiping from front to back for females after defecation or urination Leptospirosis Leptospirans - myalgia - two axial - IV penicillin G interrogans - abrupt fever filaments for severe - muscle stiffness - adhesins - Oral - headache - chemotactic doxycycline, to ampicillin or hemoglobin amoxicillin for