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Questions and Answers
What is the primary treatment for Blastomycosis?
What is the primary treatment for Blastomycosis?
What is Blastomycosis also known as?
What is Blastomycosis also known as?
Which organism is responsible for Histoplasmosis?
Which organism is responsible for Histoplasmosis?
What symptom is NOT typically associated with Histoplasmosis?
What symptom is NOT typically associated with Histoplasmosis?
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In patients with AIDS, what is a common maintenance therapy for Histoplasmosis?
In patients with AIDS, what is a common maintenance therapy for Histoplasmosis?
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Which of the following describes a common characteristic of Pneumocystis pneumonia?
Which of the following describes a common characteristic of Pneumocystis pneumonia?
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What kind of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with Histoplasmosis?
What kind of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with Histoplasmosis?
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What antifungal is commonly prescribed in severe cases of Histoplasmosis?
What antifungal is commonly prescribed in severe cases of Histoplasmosis?
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Which agent is responsible for causing African sleeping sickness?
Which agent is responsible for causing African sleeping sickness?
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What treatment options are available for cryptococcal meningitis?
What treatment options are available for cryptococcal meningitis?
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What is a common characteristic of prion diseases like Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
What is a common characteristic of prion diseases like Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
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Which type of organism is responsible for causing trachoma?
Which type of organism is responsible for causing trachoma?
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What vector is involved in the transmission of African Trypanosomiasis?
What vector is involved in the transmission of African Trypanosomiasis?
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Which organism is most commonly associated with keratitis?
Which organism is most commonly associated with keratitis?
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What is a primary virulence factor of Cryptococcus neoformans that aids in its resistance to phagocytosis?
What is a primary virulence factor of Cryptococcus neoformans that aids in its resistance to phagocytosis?
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Which organism is the primary causative agent of ophthalmia neonatorum?
Which organism is the primary causative agent of ophthalmia neonatorum?
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Which of the following is not a treatment option for African sleeping sickness?
Which of the following is not a treatment option for African sleeping sickness?
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What is the primary effect of the toxins produced by the strain O157:H7?
What is the primary effect of the toxins produced by the strain O157:H7?
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What are the symptoms of septicemia?
What are the symptoms of septicemia?
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Which antibiotic is commonly used in the treatment of Campylobacter jejuni infections?
Which antibiotic is commonly used in the treatment of Campylobacter jejuni infections?
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What mechanism does the Type 3 secretion system employ in Escherichia coli?
What mechanism does the Type 3 secretion system employ in Escherichia coli?
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What type of surface should be washed to prevent Campylobacter jejuni contamination?
What type of surface should be washed to prevent Campylobacter jejuni contamination?
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Which of the following is not associated with the pathogenicity of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli?
Which of the following is not associated with the pathogenicity of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli?
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What is a common supportive therapy for diarrhea caused by Campylobacter jejuni?
What is a common supportive therapy for diarrhea caused by Campylobacter jejuni?
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What type of endotoxin is associated with Campylobacter jejuni?
What type of endotoxin is associated with Campylobacter jejuni?
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Which component of Escherichia coli aids in its attachment to host cells?
Which component of Escherichia coli aids in its attachment to host cells?
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Which bacteria is primarily treated with ceftriaxone?
Which bacteria is primarily treated with ceftriaxone?
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What type of paralysis is associated with Clostridium botulinum?
What type of paralysis is associated with Clostridium botulinum?
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Which of the following treatments is specifically NOT suitable for infant botulism?
Which of the following treatments is specifically NOT suitable for infant botulism?
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Which toxin is responsible for the effects of tetanus?
Which toxin is responsible for the effects of tetanus?
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What is a common symptom of viral meningitis caused by herpesvirus?
What is a common symptom of viral meningitis caused by herpesvirus?
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What is a major symptom of dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans?
What is a major symptom of dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans?
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Which of the following is primarily a preventative measure against rabies?
Which of the following is primarily a preventative measure against rabies?
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Which virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori inhibits acid production?
Which virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori inhibits acid production?
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Which bacterium is commonly associated with polysaccharide capsules that provide protection?
Which bacterium is commonly associated with polysaccharide capsules that provide protection?
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What is an effective preventive measure for periodontal disease?
What is an effective preventive measure for periodontal disease?
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What does the Salk vaccine target?
What does the Salk vaccine target?
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Which of the following is a symptom of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)?
Which of the following is a symptom of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Tetanus?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Tetanus?
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What is a common treatment for bacterial gastroenteritis?
What is a common treatment for bacterial gastroenteritis?
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What sign differentiates dysentery from mild diarrhea?
What sign differentiates dysentery from mild diarrhea?
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What is a characteristic of Mycobacterium leprae?
What is a characteristic of Mycobacterium leprae?
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Which organism is primarily responsible for causing peptic ulcers?
Which organism is primarily responsible for causing peptic ulcers?
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What is the mechanism of action of tetanospasmin?
What is the mechanism of action of tetanospasmin?
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Which of the following viral infections can lead to paralysis?
Which of the following viral infections can lead to paralysis?
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What feature of Shigella contributes to its virulence?
What feature of Shigella contributes to its virulence?
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How can individuals prevent dental caries effectively?
How can individuals prevent dental caries effectively?
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Which treatment is primarily indicated for botulism?
Which treatment is primarily indicated for botulism?
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What is a distinguishing sign of peptic ulcers?
What is a distinguishing sign of peptic ulcers?
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What is the primary characteristic of viral encephalitis caused by arboviruses?
What is the primary characteristic of viral encephalitis caused by arboviruses?
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Which treatment is effective against Helicobacter pylori?
Which treatment is effective against Helicobacter pylori?
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Which of the following is a major sign of peptic ulcer aside from abdominal pain?
Which of the following is a major sign of peptic ulcer aside from abdominal pain?
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What dietary change is recommended for preventing gastritis caused by H. pylori?
What dietary change is recommended for preventing gastritis caused by H. pylori?
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What factor contributes to the formation of dental plaque?
What factor contributes to the formation of dental plaque?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Diseases of the Digestive System
- Dental Caries, Gingivitis, and Periodontal Disease are caused by Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Treponema, which produce insoluble sticky Dextran slime that forms dental plaque
- Dental plaque contains acids that dissolve the enamel and allows bacteria to invade the dentin causing tooth decay.
- Symptoms: Caries: Holes in teeth; Toothaches; Unable to bite down without pain; Bleeding gums
- Prevention: Scaling; Antibacterial mouth rinses; Oral Hygiene; Regular Professional cleanings; Healthy eating habits; Flossing; Xylitol; Flouride containing toothpaste; Fluoridation of water
- Porphyromonas gingivalis protein-digesting enzymes break down gingival tissue causing Trench mouth
- Symptoms: Ulcers between teeth; Foul taste; Grayish biofilm; Osteomyelitis;
- Peptic Ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori which inhibits acid production and has adhesins and enzymes that are antiphagocytic and toxins to destroy the stomach lining.
- Symptoms: Perforations in stomach or intestines; Abdominal Pain; Shock; Nausea and vomiting; Internal bleeding; Bowel obstruction
- Virulence factors: Adhesins; Flagella; Enzymes; Urease
- Prevention: Avoidance of fecal-oral transmission; Lifestyle changes
- Treatment: Antacids; Proton pump inhibitors; Antibiotics (amoxicillin, PPI, clarithromycin)
- Bacterial Gastroenteritis can cause asymptomatic, mild diarrhea, or Dysentery (loose, frequent stools with mucus and blood)
- Prevention: Proper handling, storage and preparation of food; Sanitation and Hygiene
- Treatment: Fluid and electrolyte replacement
- Shigellosis, caused by Shigella (Dysenteriae, Flexneri, Boydii, Sonnei) causes fever, abdominal cramps, and bloody stools.
- Virulence factors: Type 3 secretion system; Shiga toxin
- Treatment: Supportive care; ceftriaxone; Live, attenuated vaccine(S. flexneri)
- Traveler's diarrhea can be caused by Escherichia coli.
- Virulence factors: Fimbriae; Adhesins; Toxins (O157:H7, Type 3 secretion systems)
- Treatment: Doxycycline; TMP-SMX; supportive care
- Campylobacter Diarrhea caused by Campylobacter jejuni.
- Virulence factors: Adhesins; Cytotoxins; Endotoxin (lipid A)
- Treatment: Supportive therapy; Azithromycin
- Prevention: Wash kitchen surfaces; Prevent contamination of water
- C. difficile (Clostridium difficile) causes infection in hospitals and clinics and can be fatal.
- C. difficile can be spread on hospital beds, surfaces and hands if proper sanitation is not followed.
- Symptoms: Diarrhea; Abdominal cramps; Fever; Nausea/vomiting
- Virulence factors: Toxins A and B
- Treatment: Antibiotics: Flagyl (metronidazole) or Vancomycin; fecal microbiota transplantation
- Prevention: Wash hands frequently; keep surfaces and hospital beds clean; use proper sanitation techniques in hospitals and clinics.
- Note: the treatment of C. difficile infection should only be done under the direction of a healthcare professional, self-treatments can be harmful.
Giardiasis
- Giardiasis is caused by Giardia lamblia
- Symptoms: Diarrhea; abdominal cramps; foul smelling gas; vomiting
- Virulence factor: Cyst (dormant stage)
- Transmission: Cysts are ingested through contaminated water and food.
- Treatment: Metronidazole
- Prevention: Drink bottled water; boil water before drinking; wash hands after using the bathroom and before eating
Cryptosporidiosis
- Cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium parvum
- Symptoms: Watery diarrhea; abdominal cramps; fever; dehydration; weight loss
- Virulence factor: Oocyst (dormant stage)
- Transmission: Oocysts are ingested through fecal-oral contact (contaminated water, food or soil).
- Treatment: Supportive care (fluid replacement); Paromomycin (only effective in some cases;
- Prevention: Drink bottled water; boil water before drinking; wash hands after using the bathroom and before eating; avoid fecal-oral contact.
Amebiasis
- Amebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica
- Symptoms: Dysentery (bloody diarrhea); abdominal pain; fever; weight loss; abdominal distention; colitis
- Virulence factor: Cyst (dormant stage)
- Transmission: Cysts are ingested through fecal-oral contact (contaminated food or water).
- Treatment: Metronidazole; Paromomycin
- Prevention: Drink bottled water; boil water before drinking; wash hands after using the bathroom and before eating; avoid fecal-oral contact.
Trichomoniasis
- Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis in humans.
- Symptoms: vaginal discharge; itching; burning; pain during urination and sex
- Transmission: Sexually transmitted infection
- Treatment: Metronidazole; Tinidazole
- Prevention: Use condoms
Ascariasis (Roundworm Infection)
- Ascaris lumbricoides is a roundworm that causes ascariasis.
- Symptoms: Fatigue; cough; wheezing; abdominal pain; diarrhea; vomitting
- Life cycle: Eggs are ingested through contaminated food or water; Eggs hatch in the intestines and mature; Adult worms live in the intestines and lay eggs.
- Treatment: Mebendazole; Pyrantel pamoate
- Prevention: Wash hands before eating; wash fruits and vegetables; sanitize food preparation areas
Hookworm Infection
- Ancylostoma caninum, and Necator americanus are parasitic roundworms that live in the intestines and feed on blood.
- Symptoms: Anemia; fatigue; abdominal pain; diarrhea
- Life cycle: Hookworm larvae are ingested through contaminated soil, or by contact with the skin.
- Treatment: Mebendazole; Pyrantel pamoate
- Prevention: Avoid contact with contaminated soil; wear shoes in areas infected with hookworms
Pinworm Infection
- Enterobius vermicularis is a tiny parasitic roundworm that lives in the intestines and lays eggs around the anus.
- Symptoms: Itching around the anus; sleeplessness; trouble concentrating
- Life cycle: Eggs are ingested, hatch in the intestines, mature, females migrate to the anus and lay more eggs
- Treatment: Mebendazole; Pyrantel pamoate
- Prevention: Practice good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing and nail trimming. Wash bedding and clothing in hot water. Avoid touching the anus.
Tapeworm Infection
- Symptoms: Abdominal pain; diarrhea; weight loss; vomiting; weakness; headache; itching of the anus, fatigue
- Life cycle: Beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) - Ingestion of undercooked beef; Pork tapeworm (Taenia Solium) - Ingestion of undercooked pork, Fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum)- Ingestion of raw or undercooked fish.
- Treatment: Praziquantel
- Prevention: Cook meat thoroughly; wash hands after touching raw meat; Avoid eating undercooked pork or fish.
Intestinal Parasites
- Symptoms: Fever; Fatigue; Abdominal Pain; Diarrhea
- Diagnosis: Stool samples
- Treatment: Anti-parasitic medication according to the specific invading parasite
- Prevention: Drink bottled or purified water; Wash hands frequently; Wash fruits and vegetables before eating.
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