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Questions and Answers
What is the primary treatment for Blastomycosis?
What is Blastomycosis also known as?
Which organism is responsible for Histoplasmosis?
What symptom is NOT typically associated with Histoplasmosis?
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In patients with AIDS, what is a common maintenance therapy for Histoplasmosis?
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Which of the following describes a common characteristic of Pneumocystis pneumonia?
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What kind of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with Histoplasmosis?
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What antifungal is commonly prescribed in severe cases of Histoplasmosis?
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Which agent is responsible for causing African sleeping sickness?
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What treatment options are available for cryptococcal meningitis?
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What is a common characteristic of prion diseases like Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
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Which type of organism is responsible for causing trachoma?
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What vector is involved in the transmission of African Trypanosomiasis?
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Which organism is most commonly associated with keratitis?
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What is a primary virulence factor of Cryptococcus neoformans that aids in its resistance to phagocytosis?
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Which organism is the primary causative agent of ophthalmia neonatorum?
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Which of the following is not a treatment option for African sleeping sickness?
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What is the primary effect of the toxins produced by the strain O157:H7?
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What are the symptoms of septicemia?
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Which antibiotic is commonly used in the treatment of Campylobacter jejuni infections?
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What mechanism does the Type 3 secretion system employ in Escherichia coli?
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What type of surface should be washed to prevent Campylobacter jejuni contamination?
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Which of the following is not associated with the pathogenicity of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli?
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What is a common supportive therapy for diarrhea caused by Campylobacter jejuni?
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What type of endotoxin is associated with Campylobacter jejuni?
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Which component of Escherichia coli aids in its attachment to host cells?
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Which bacteria is primarily treated with ceftriaxone?
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What type of paralysis is associated with Clostridium botulinum?
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Which of the following treatments is specifically NOT suitable for infant botulism?
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Which toxin is responsible for the effects of tetanus?
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What is a common symptom of viral meningitis caused by herpesvirus?
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What is a major symptom of dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans?
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Which of the following is primarily a preventative measure against rabies?
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Which virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori inhibits acid production?
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Which bacterium is commonly associated with polysaccharide capsules that provide protection?
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What is an effective preventive measure for periodontal disease?
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What does the Salk vaccine target?
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Which of the following is a symptom of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Tetanus?
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What is a common treatment for bacterial gastroenteritis?
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What sign differentiates dysentery from mild diarrhea?
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What is a characteristic of Mycobacterium leprae?
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Which organism is primarily responsible for causing peptic ulcers?
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What is the mechanism of action of tetanospasmin?
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Which of the following viral infections can lead to paralysis?
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What feature of Shigella contributes to its virulence?
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How can individuals prevent dental caries effectively?
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Which treatment is primarily indicated for botulism?
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What is a distinguishing sign of peptic ulcers?
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What is the primary characteristic of viral encephalitis caused by arboviruses?
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Which treatment is effective against Helicobacter pylori?
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Which of the following is a major sign of peptic ulcer aside from abdominal pain?
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What dietary change is recommended for preventing gastritis caused by H. pylori?
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What factor contributes to the formation of dental plaque?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Diseases of the Digestive System
- Dental Caries, Gingivitis, and Periodontal Disease are caused by Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Treponema, which produce insoluble sticky Dextran slime that forms dental plaque
- Dental plaque contains acids that dissolve the enamel and allows bacteria to invade the dentin causing tooth decay.
- Symptoms: Caries: Holes in teeth; Toothaches; Unable to bite down without pain; Bleeding gums
- Prevention: Scaling; Antibacterial mouth rinses; Oral Hygiene; Regular Professional cleanings; Healthy eating habits; Flossing; Xylitol; Flouride containing toothpaste; Fluoridation of water
- Porphyromonas gingivalis protein-digesting enzymes break down gingival tissue causing Trench mouth
- Symptoms: Ulcers between teeth; Foul taste; Grayish biofilm; Osteomyelitis;
- Peptic Ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori which inhibits acid production and has adhesins and enzymes that are antiphagocytic and toxins to destroy the stomach lining.
- Symptoms: Perforations in stomach or intestines; Abdominal Pain; Shock; Nausea and vomiting; Internal bleeding; Bowel obstruction
- Virulence factors: Adhesins; Flagella; Enzymes; Urease
- Prevention: Avoidance of fecal-oral transmission; Lifestyle changes
- Treatment: Antacids; Proton pump inhibitors; Antibiotics (amoxicillin, PPI, clarithromycin)
- Bacterial Gastroenteritis can cause asymptomatic, mild diarrhea, or Dysentery (loose, frequent stools with mucus and blood)
- Prevention: Proper handling, storage and preparation of food; Sanitation and Hygiene
- Treatment: Fluid and electrolyte replacement
- Shigellosis, caused by Shigella (Dysenteriae, Flexneri, Boydii, Sonnei) causes fever, abdominal cramps, and bloody stools.
- Virulence factors: Type 3 secretion system; Shiga toxin
- Treatment: Supportive care; ceftriaxone; Live, attenuated vaccine(S. flexneri)
- Traveler's diarrhea can be caused by Escherichia coli.
- Virulence factors: Fimbriae; Adhesins; Toxins (O157:H7, Type 3 secretion systems)
- Treatment: Doxycycline; TMP-SMX; supportive care
- Campylobacter Diarrhea caused by Campylobacter jejuni.
- Virulence factors: Adhesins; Cytotoxins; Endotoxin (lipid A)
- Treatment: Supportive therapy; Azithromycin
- Prevention: Wash kitchen surfaces; Prevent contamination of water
- C. difficile (Clostridium difficile) causes infection in hospitals and clinics and can be fatal.
- C. difficile can be spread on hospital beds, surfaces and hands if proper sanitation is not followed.
- Symptoms: Diarrhea; Abdominal cramps; Fever; Nausea/vomiting
- Virulence factors: Toxins A and B
- Treatment: Antibiotics: Flagyl (metronidazole) or Vancomycin; fecal microbiota transplantation
- Prevention: Wash hands frequently; keep surfaces and hospital beds clean; use proper sanitation techniques in hospitals and clinics.
- Note: the treatment of C. difficile infection should only be done under the direction of a healthcare professional, self-treatments can be harmful.
Giardiasis
- Giardiasis is caused by Giardia lamblia
- Symptoms: Diarrhea; abdominal cramps; foul smelling gas; vomiting
- Virulence factor: Cyst (dormant stage)
- Transmission: Cysts are ingested through contaminated water and food.
- Treatment: Metronidazole
- Prevention: Drink bottled water; boil water before drinking; wash hands after using the bathroom and before eating
Cryptosporidiosis
- Cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium parvum
- Symptoms: Watery diarrhea; abdominal cramps; fever; dehydration; weight loss
- Virulence factor: Oocyst (dormant stage)
- Transmission: Oocysts are ingested through fecal-oral contact (contaminated water, food or soil).
- Treatment: Supportive care (fluid replacement); Paromomycin (only effective in some cases;
- Prevention: Drink bottled water; boil water before drinking; wash hands after using the bathroom and before eating; avoid fecal-oral contact.
Amebiasis
- Amebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica
- Symptoms: Dysentery (bloody diarrhea); abdominal pain; fever; weight loss; abdominal distention; colitis
- Virulence factor: Cyst (dormant stage)
- Transmission: Cysts are ingested through fecal-oral contact (contaminated food or water).
- Treatment: Metronidazole; Paromomycin
- Prevention: Drink bottled water; boil water before drinking; wash hands after using the bathroom and before eating; avoid fecal-oral contact.
Trichomoniasis
- Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis in humans.
- Symptoms: vaginal discharge; itching; burning; pain during urination and sex
- Transmission: Sexually transmitted infection
- Treatment: Metronidazole; Tinidazole
- Prevention: Use condoms
Ascariasis (Roundworm Infection)
- Ascaris lumbricoides is a roundworm that causes ascariasis.
- Symptoms: Fatigue; cough; wheezing; abdominal pain; diarrhea; vomitting
- Life cycle: Eggs are ingested through contaminated food or water; Eggs hatch in the intestines and mature; Adult worms live in the intestines and lay eggs.
- Treatment: Mebendazole; Pyrantel pamoate
- Prevention: Wash hands before eating; wash fruits and vegetables; sanitize food preparation areas
Hookworm Infection
- Ancylostoma caninum, and Necator americanus are parasitic roundworms that live in the intestines and feed on blood.
- Symptoms: Anemia; fatigue; abdominal pain; diarrhea
- Life cycle: Hookworm larvae are ingested through contaminated soil, or by contact with the skin.
- Treatment: Mebendazole; Pyrantel pamoate
- Prevention: Avoid contact with contaminated soil; wear shoes in areas infected with hookworms
Pinworm Infection
- Enterobius vermicularis is a tiny parasitic roundworm that lives in the intestines and lays eggs around the anus.
- Symptoms: Itching around the anus; sleeplessness; trouble concentrating
- Life cycle: Eggs are ingested, hatch in the intestines, mature, females migrate to the anus and lay more eggs
- Treatment: Mebendazole; Pyrantel pamoate
- Prevention: Practice good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing and nail trimming. Wash bedding and clothing in hot water. Avoid touching the anus.
Tapeworm Infection
- Symptoms: Abdominal pain; diarrhea; weight loss; vomiting; weakness; headache; itching of the anus, fatigue
- Life cycle: Beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) - Ingestion of undercooked beef; Pork tapeworm (Taenia Solium) - Ingestion of undercooked pork, Fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum)- Ingestion of raw or undercooked fish.
- Treatment: Praziquantel
- Prevention: Cook meat thoroughly; wash hands after touching raw meat; Avoid eating undercooked pork or fish.
Intestinal Parasites
- Symptoms: Fever; Fatigue; Abdominal Pain; Diarrhea
- Diagnosis: Stool samples
- Treatment: Anti-parasitic medication according to the specific invading parasite
- Prevention: Drink bottled or purified water; Wash hands frequently; Wash fruits and vegetables before eating.
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