Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Lecture Notes PDF

PRPM114: PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY LECTURE MS. LIZA MARIE A. DE GUZMAN, RPh, MSc 1ST SEMESTER (A.Y. 2023 – 2024) Group B  Other viruses causing U...

PRPM114: PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY LECTURE MS. LIZA MARIE A. DE GUZMAN, RPh, MSc 1ST SEMESTER (A.Y. 2023 – 2024) Group B  Other viruses causing URT infections – coronavirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, parainfluenza virus, influenza  Pleurodynia virus o Epidemic myalgia, Bornholm disease, “devil’s grip” CALICIVIRUS o Types 1 – 5 o Characterized by fever and stabbing chest Calicivirus pain  Norovirus – Norwalk virus  Myocarditis and pericarditis (types 1 – 5) o Most important cause of epidemic viral  Generalized disease of infants (types 1 – 5) – gastroenteritis in adults characterized by simultaneous viral infections of  Sapovirus – Sapporo-like virus multiple organs, including the heart, liver, and brain  Nebovirus – Bovine enteric virus Group A and B  Lagovirus – rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus  Vesivirus – vesicular exanthem virus  Aseptic meningitis (types A7 and A9; type B) – characterized by fever, malaise, headache, nausea, POSITIVE-SENSE RNA VIRUSES (ENVELOPED VIRUSES) and abdominal pain CORONAVIRUS  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease [HFM, (types A5, 10, 160; type B1)] – characterized by oral and pharyngeal Coronavirus ulcerations and a vesicular rash of the palms and soles  Large, enveloped RNA viruses ECHOVIRUS  May cause common colds, lower respiratory tract Echovirus infections, and have been implicated in gastroenteritis in infants  Enteric Cytopathogenic Human Orphan Viruses  Transmission – contact with respiratory droplets,  Transmission – fecal oral contaminated surfaces, and fomites  Diseases – aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, febrile  Helical nucleocapsid illness with or without rash, common colds, ocular  Novel coronaviruses have been identified as the cause disease of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) OTHER ECHOVIRUS Clinical Findings Other Echoviruses  Common cold  Enterovirus 70 – acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis  SARS-CoV – severe acute respiratory syndrome  Enterovirus 71 – meningitis, encephalitis, and paralysis (SARS) resembling poliomyelitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease o May progress to acute respiratory distress  Hepatitis A virus (enterovirus 72) o Death may result from progressive respiratory failure OTHER ECHOVIRUS  SARS-CoV 2 – Coronavirus disease 2010 o Has 5 distinct types, namely asymptomatic or Rhinovirus presymptomatic infection, mild illness,  Common cold virus moderate illness, severe illness, and critical  Acid-labile illness  Transmission – sneezing, hand-to-hand, hand-to-eye, RETROVIRUS or hand-to-object-to-hand  The virus enters via URT, and replicates in the nasal Retrovirus mucosa  Incubation – 2 to 4 days  Genus Lentivirus  Usual symptoms in adults – sneezing, nasal  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – HIV and HIV 2 obstruction, nasal discharge, and sore throat  RNA to DNA to protein – reverse transcription  Other symptoms – headache, mild cough, malaise, and Pathogenesis and Pathology a chilly sensation  Overview of course of HIV infection MAML  PRPM114: PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY LECTURE MS. LIZA MARIE A. DE GUZMAN, RPh, MSc 1ST SEMESTER (A.Y. 2023 – 2024)  CD 4 lymphocytes, infected memory cells, and latency Clinical Findings  Monocytes and macrophages  Rubella usually begins with malaise, low-grade fever,  Lymphoid organs and a morbilliform rash appearing on the same day  Viral coinfections  Congenital Rubella syndrome Clinical Findings o Three broad categories – transient effects in infants, permanent manifestations at birth or  Acute HIV infections become recognized during the first year,  AIDS developmental abnormalities that appear and  Plasma viral load – amount of HIV in the blood progress during childhood and adolescence  Pediatric AIDS – lymphoid interstitial, pneumonitis, (mental retardation – most common pneumonia, severe oral candidiasis, encephalopathy, abnormality) wasting, generalized lymphadenopathy, bacterial o Classic triad of congenital rubella – sepsis, hepatosplenomegaly, diarrhea, growth Cataracs, cardiac abnormalities, deafness retardation o Progressive rubella panencephalitis – a rare  Neurologic disease – include subacute complication that develops in the second encephalopathy, vacuolar myelopathy, aseptic decade of life in children with congenital meningitis, peripheral neuropathy rubella, is a severe neurologic deterioration  Opportunistic infections – usually do not occur in that inevitably progresses to death HIV-infected patients until CD 4 T-cell count have NEGATIVE-SENSE RNA VIRUSES (ENVELOPED VIRUSES) dropped from the normal level  Cancer – non-Hodgkin lymphoma (both systemic and FILOVIRUS CNS types), Kaposi sarcoma, cervical cancer, anogenital cancer Filovirus Treatment  Pleomorphic particles, appearing as long (filo) filamentous threads or as Odd shaped form  Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)  Single-stranded, non-segmented, negative sense  Therapy with combination of antiviral drugs RNA, contains 7 genes o Suppress viral replication  Two known filoviruses: Ebola virus and Marburg virus o Decrease viral loads in lymphoid tissues  Natural host – African fruit bats o Allow the recovery of immune responses o Prolong patient survival Clinical Findings HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS  Fever, headache, sore throat, muscle pain, followed by abdominal pain Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Transmission  Human retrovirus  Transmission – vertically, sexually, and blood  Direct contact with blood, body fluids, or recently transfusion deceased victims Diseases Treatment  Adult T-cell leukemia – lymphomas (ATL)  Maintaining renal function and electrolytes  Tropical spastic paraparesis ORTHOMYXOVIRUS TOGAVIRUS Orthomyxovirus Togavirus  Influenza virus (cause epidemic and pandemic)  Genus Rubivirus – Rubella virus (German measles; 3-  Three types Influenza A, B, C (human and swine; mild) day measles)  The envelope has two different types of spikes  Pathogenesis – nasopharynx → lymph nodes → o Hemagglutinin (HA) – acts at the start; binds  blood → organs and skin to the target cell, specifically binds to sialic acid o Neuraminidase (NA) – acts at the end MAML