Group A and B Viruses Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which statement about coronaviruses is correct?

  • All coronaviruses are RNA viruses with a helical nucleocapsid.
  • Coronaviruses are known to cause primarily gastrointestinal diseases.
  • Coronaviruses are exclusively spread through insect bites.
  • Coronaviruses can cause respiratory infections, including common colds. (correct)

What is a common clinical manifestation associated with enterovirus 71?

  • Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
  • Vesicular rash on palms and soles
  • Common cold symptoms
  • Meningitis and paralysis resembling poliomyelitis (correct)

How is the transmission of echoviruses primarily conducted?

  • Contact with respiratory droplets
  • Through direct blood transfusions
  • Fecal-oral contact (correct)
  • Via inhalation of contaminated air

Which of the following viruses is NOT considered a positive-sense RNA virus?

<p>HIV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the disease caused by Norovirus?

<p>Gastroenteritis, particularly in adults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with pleurodynia?

<p>Stabbing chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of viral transmission is associated with rhinovirus?

<p>Contact-based, spreading via surfaces and hands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is most closely linked to calicivirus?

<p>Acute gastroenteritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the primary mode of transmission for the common cold virus.

<p>Direct contact with infected surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of illness may progress from SARS-CoV infection?

<p>Acute respiratory distress syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with echovirus diseases?

<p>Joint swelling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the viruses classified under Group A and B?

<p>They can lead to aseptic meningitis and hand-foot-and-mouth disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with causing Hand-foot-and-mouth disease?

<p>Enterovirus 71 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation associated with congenital rubella syndrome?

<p>Cataracts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of virus does the Orthomyxovirus genus include?

<p>Influenza virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main transmission route for Human T-lymphotropic virus?

<p>Sexual contact (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of filoviruses?

<p>Pleomorphic particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted clinical manifestation of pediatric AIDS?

<p>Severe oral candidiasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Hemagglutinin (HA) in the Influenza virus?

<p>Binds to target cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is caused by the Human T-lymphotropic virus?

<p>Adult T-cell leukemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection is typically observed in HIV-infected patients when the CD4 T-cell count drops significantly?

<p>Opportunistic infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of negative-sense RNA viruses?

<p>They require a host for replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is likely to develop from congenital rubella later in childhood?

<p>Progressive rubella panencephalitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for managing HIV infection?

<p>Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms can the Ebola virus take?

<p>Pleomorphic particles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organ does the Rubella virus primarily begin its pathogenesis?

<p>Nasopharynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for developing opportunistic infections in HIV patients?

<p>Lowered CD4 T-cell count (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pleurodynia

An epidemic myalgia or Bornholm disease also known as "devil's grip"; characterized by fever and stabbing chest pain.

Myocarditis and Pericarditis

Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium) and the outer lining of the heart (pericardium), often caused by viruses (types 1-5).

Generalized Disease (infants)

Simultaneous viral infection of multiple organs (heart, liver, brain) in infants, often caused by specific types of viruses(types 1-5).

Aseptic Meningitis

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meninges) without bacterial infection; characterized by fever, malaise, headache, nausea, and abdominal pain. (types A7, A9, and B).

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Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD)

Infectious disease commonly affecting children, characterized by oral and pharyngeal ulcers, and a vesicular rash on the palms and soles; caused by specific enteroviruses (types A5, 10, 160, B1).

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Echovirus

Enveloped RNA viruses, often causing common colds, lower respiratory tract infections, and gastroenteritis (especially in infants); may cause aseptic meningitis, encephalitis and more.

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Enterovirus 70

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (eye infection).

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Enterovirus 71

Meningitis, encephalitis, paralysis resembling polio, and HFMD.

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Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)

Viral infection causing liver inflammation (types A, in the context of enterovirus 72).

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Rhinovirus

Common cold virus; acid-labile, meaning it is susceptible to acid conditions; spreads through respiratory droplets, or direct contact.

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Coronavirus

Large, enveloped RNA viruses causing common cold, lower respiratory infections, gastroenteritis; associated with SARS and MERS.

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Retrovirus

RNA viruses that convert their RNA into DNA (reverse transcription) to replicate. Genus Lentivirus, includes HIV and HIV-2.

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CD4 lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell crucial for the immune system, specifically for fighting off infections.

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Monocytes and Macrophages

Types of white blood cells that ingest and destroy pathogens and cellular debris.

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Lymphoid Organs

Organs that produce and store lymphocytes, crucial for the immune response.

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Viral Coinfections

Simultaneous infection with multiple viruses.

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Acute HIV Infection

Initial stage of HIV infection, with flu-like symptoms.

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AIDS

Advanced stage of HIV infection, severely compromised immune system.

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Plasma Viral Load

Measure of the amount of HIV in the blood.

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Pediatric AIDS

AIDS in children, characterized by specific symptoms.

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Opportunistic Infections

Infections that take advantage of a weakened immune system.

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Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

Combination drug therapy for HIV, suppressing viral replication.

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Filovirus

Group of negative-sense, enveloped RNA viruses causing severe diseases.

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Ebola Virus and Marburg Virus

Specific types of filovirus.

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Orthomyxovirus

Family of viruses that includes influenza viruses.

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Rubella Virus

Virus causing German measles.

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Congenital Rubella Syndrome

Birth defects caused by rubella infection during pregnancy.

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Influenza virus

Virus causing seasonal and pandemic influenza.

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Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA)

Proteins on the surface of influenza viruses that help them infect cells.

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Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)

Retrovirus linked to certain cancers and neurological diseases.

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Study Notes

Group B Viruses

  • Pleurodynia (Epidemic Myalgia): Characterized by fever and stabbing chest pain; myocarditis and pericarditis can occur. Involves simultaneous viral infections across multiple organs like heart, liver, and brain.
  • Calicivirus: Includes norovirus (most common cause of epidemic viral gastroenteritis in adults), sapovirus, nebovirus, and lagovirus.
  • Other viruses causing URT infections: Coronavirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, and influenza virus.

Group A and B Viruses

  • Aseptic meningitis: Types A7, A9, and B; characterized by fever, malaise, headache, and abdominal pain.
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFM): Types A5, 10, 160, and B1; marked by oral and pharyngeal ulcers and a vesicular rash on palms and soles.
  • Vesivirus: Associated with vesicular exanthem.

Positive-Sense RNA Viruses (Enveloped Viruses)

  • Coronavirus: Large, enveloped RNA viruses; implicated in common colds, lower respiratory tract infections, and infant gastroenteritis. Transmission by contact with respiratory droplets and fomites. Causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS.

Other Echoviruses

  • Enteroviruses: Enterovirus 70 associated with hemorrhagic conjunctivitis; enterovirus 71 with meningitis, encephalitis, and paralysis resembling poliomyelitis; and Hepatitis A virus.
  • Enteric Cytopathogenic Human Orphan Viruses: Transmission is fecal-oral. Causes a variety of diseases, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and other febrile illnesses, with or without rash, common colds, ocular diseases.

Rhinovirus

  • Common cold: Transmitted via contact (hand-to-hand). Incubation period is 2 to 4 days. Symptoms include sneezing, nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, sore throat, headache, mild cough, malaise, and chilly sensation.

Retrovirus

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Genus Lentivirus. HIV and HIV-2. Pathogensis involves RNA to DNA to protein conversion—a reverse transcription process. The course of HIV infection can be reviewed.

Negative-Sense RNA Viruses (Enveloped Viruses)

  • Filovirus: Long, filamentous particles; single-stranded, non-segmented, negative-sense RNA. Includes Ebola virus and Marburg virus; natural host is the African fruit bat.

Clinical Findings, Treatment, and Transmission sections of both pages of notes

  • SARS-CoV: May cause various levels of illness, from asymptomatic to critical illness.

  • HIV: Includes acute HIV infection, AIDS, and pediatric AIDS. Treatment is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Transmission is vertical, sexual, and through blood.

  • Rubella (German Measles): Classic triad: cataracts, cardiac abnormalities, and deafness. Complication: progressive rubella panencephalitis (second decade of life).

  • Human T-lymphotropic Virus (HTLV): Transmission, diseases (Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), Tropical spastic paraparesis

  • Togavirus: Includes Rubella/German Measles.

  • Orthomyxovirus: Includes Influenza virus (A,B,C)

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