Fundamentals of Microbiology, Virology, and Parasitology Final Exam Questions PDF

Which of the following is the primary tool for microscopic research? Microscope Stethoscope Thermometer Sphygmomanometer Calorimeter What is the primary purpose of staining in microscopy? To enhance the visibility of microorganisms To preserve the sample To reduce light exposure To cool d...

Which of the following is the primary tool for microscopic research? Microscope Stethoscope Thermometer Sphygmomanometer Calorimeter What is the primary purpose of staining in microscopy? To enhance the visibility of microorganisms To preserve the sample To reduce light exposure To cool down the sample To magnify the sample Which of the following is used to increase the magnification in a microscope? Objective lens Eyepiece Illuminator Mirror Diaphragm What type of microscope is commonly used for observing microorganisms? Light microscope Stereo microscope Electron microscope Confocal microscope Fluorescence microscope Which of the following is a simple method of painting? Watercolor painting Oil painting Airbrush painting Acrylic painting Digital painting Which medium is typically used in watercolor painting? Water and pigment Oil and pigment Enamel paint Chalk and water Clay and pigment What type of brush is typically used in simple painting techniques like watercolor? Round brush Flat brush Fan brush Filbert brush Palette knife What is the common surface used for watercolor painting? Watercolor paper Canvas Wood panel  Glass sheet Fabric Which of the following is a complex painting method? Oil painting Watercolor painting Finger painting Chalk drawing Digital drawing In oil painting, which medium is most commonly used to thin the paint? Turpentine Water Vinegar Alcohol Glycerin Which technique is used in oil painting to create texture by building up layers of paint? Impasto Glazing Scumbling Underpainting Dry brushing Which of the following is necessary to work with acrylic paint for a complex effect? Acrylic medium Water Glue Enamel PVA Which of the following is the primary source of energy for most microbes? Organic compounds Water Sunlight Carbon dioxide Oxygen Which type of nutrient do microbes require for cell structure and growth? Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen Carbon Sulfur Which of the following is an essential growth factor for many microbes? Vitamins Glucose Oxygen Amino acids  Water What is the term for the environment in which microbes obtain nutrients for growth? Habitat Atmosphere Niche Biome Ecosystem What should be included in the title of a microscope report? The type of microscope and sample observed The laboratory’s name Date of the experiment Names of the laboratory assistants Results Which of the following is an important aspect of preparing a microscope report? Describing the sample's appearance Making a personal opinion about the microscope Focusing only on unrelated observations Ignoring the magnification used Including irrelevant details Which section of a microscope report contains detailed observations? Results Abstract Discussion Introduction Materials What is a key feature in a microscope report's conclusion? Summary of findings Additional hypotheses Personal reflection Unrelated theories Hypothesis rejection What is the causative agent of tuberculosis? Mycobacterium tuberculosis Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Escherichia coli Clostridium tetani How is tuberculosis primarily transmitted? Airborne droplets Contaminated water Blood transfusion Insect bites Skin contact What is a primary risk factor for tuberculosis? Weakened immune system Exposure to cold weather  High blood pressure Poor digestion Excessive physical activity In tuberculosis epidemiology, what does TBL stand for? Tuberculosis (TB) Lungs Test and Blood Link Treatment and Behavioral Learning Tuberculosis Lab Tuberculosis Lung Study Which bacterium causes syphilis? Treponema pallidum Neisseria gonorrhoeae Chlamydia trachomatis Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus Which is a primary symptom of syphilis? Painless sore (chancre) Rashes on the skin Fever and chills Joint pain Nausea and vomiting How is syphilis transmitted? Sexual contact Airborne droplets Contaminated food Insect bites Blood transfusion What is the common treatment for syphilis? Penicillin Amoxicillin Azithromycin Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline Which of the following is a common type of Staphylococcus bacteria? Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae Escherichia coli Salmonella enterica Bacillus anthracis What is a common infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus? Skin infections (boils, impetigo) Tuberculosis Hepatitis B Pneumonia Malaria How is Staphylococcus aureus commonly transmitted? Direct contact with infected skin Airborne droplets  Contaminated food Insect bites Water Which of the following is a resistance feature of some Staphylococcus strains? Methicillin resistance Penicillin sensitivity Sulfa drug resistance High temperature tolerance Insecticide resistance Which of the following bacteria is a type of Streptococcus? Streptococcus pyogenes Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Bacillus subtilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa What is a common infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes? Strep throat Tuberculosis Pneumonia Malaria Hepatitis Which of the following is a complication of untreated Streptococcus infections? Rheumatic fever Malaria Hepatitis Influenza Meningitis What is the most common method of transmission for Streptococcus pyogenes?* Respiratory droplets Contaminated water Sexual contact Insect bites Animal contact What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis E? Fecal-oral route Sexual contact Blood transfusion Respiratory droplets Skin contact Which of the following is a common symptom of Hepatitis E? Jaundice Skin rash Sore throat Cough Weight loss Which virus causes Hepatitis E? Hepatitis E virus (HEV) Hepatitis A virus (HAV) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Hepatitis D virus (HDV) In which region is Hepatitis E most common? Developing countries North America Europe Australia South America Hepatitis D can only infect individuals who are also infected with which virus? Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Hepatitis E virus (HEV) Hepatitis A virus (HAV) What is a key symptom of Hepatitis D infection? Jaundice Excessive thirst Chest pain Coughing Diarrhea How is Hepatitis D primarily transmitted? Blood contact Sexual contact Respiratory droplets Fecal-oral route Contaminated food What makes Hepatitis D distinct from other types of hepatitis?* It requires Hepatitis B to replicate It causes severe respiratory issues It is transmitted by insect bites It causes rapid brain damage It has no cure What is the most common cause of viral meningitis?* Enteroviruses Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Parasites What is a key symptom of viral meningitis? Severe headache Coughing Blurred vision Abdominal pain Nausea Which of the following is a method of transmission for viral meningitis? Close contact with infected saliva Airborne droplets Sexual contact Contaminated food Blood transfusion Which of the following is often used to diagnose viral meningitis? Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) X-ray Blood culture Urinalysis MRI What causes pediculosis? Lice Fungi Bacteria Viruses Mites Which part of the body is most commonly affected by pediculosis?* Scalp Hands Feet Genital area Eyes How is pediculosis typically transmitted? Close head-to-head contact Airborne transmission Contact with contaminated surfaces Sexual contact Mosquito bites What is the primary treatment for pediculosis?* Pediculicides (lice treatment) Antifungal creams Antibiotics Vaccination Pain relievers Which parasite causes schistosomiasis?* Schistosoma species Ascaris lumbricoides Plasmodium falciparum Taenia solium Entamoeba histolytica How is schistosomiasis primarily transmitted?* Contact with contaminated water Sexual contact Inhalation of infected air Contact with infected animals Consumption of undercooked meat What is a common symptom of schistosomiasis?* Abdominal pain Chest pain Joint pain Headache Swelling in the limbs What is the main treatment for schistosomiasis? Praziquantel Amoxicillin Ivermectin Rifampicin Mebendazole Which parasite is commonly responsible for acariasis pulmonary?* Mites (such as dust mites) Lice Ticks Roundworms Hookworms How does acariasis pulmonary affect the body?* Causes respiratory symptoms like wheezing and coughing Causes digestive disturbances Leads to joint pain Affects the nervous system Causes skin rash What is the primary focus of microbiology as a scientific discipline? The study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa The study of human anatomy and physiology The study of plant genetics and breeding The study of human diseases only The study of chemical reactions in living organisms Which of the following tasks is most commonly associated with microbiologists in a research laboratory? Culturing and identifying microorganisms from samples Performing heart surgery Designing computer software for healthcare Analyzing geological soil samples Studying astronomical phenomena Who is often referred to as the "father of microbiology" for his pioneering work in developing the microscope and studying microorganisms? Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Louis Pasteur Edward Jenner Robert Koch Alexander Fleming Which of the following is the primary basis for the classification of microorganisms? Differences in their genetic makeup The color of their colonies Their ability to produce toxins The temperature at which they thrive The size of their cells What is the shape of bacteria classified as cocci? Spherical Rod-shaped Spiral Filamentous Convoluted Which of the following describes the morphology of bacilli? Rod-shaped Spherical Spiral-shaped Long, twisted chains Thread-like and branched What is the primary component of the bacterial cell wall in most bacteria? Peptidoglycan Lipid bilayer Chitin Cellulose Protein Which structure in the bacterial cell contains the majority of the cell's genetic material? Nucleoid Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Chloroplasts Golgi apparatus What is the main function of bacterial flagella? Motility (movement) Protein synthesis DNA replication Nutrient absorption Photosynthesis Which of the following elements is most abundant in the chemical composition of microbes? Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen Phosphorus Which macromolecule makes up the majority of a microbial cell's dry weight? Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Polysaccharides What is the primary role of phospholipids in microbial cells? Formation of the cell membrane Energy storage Genetic information storage Acting as enzymes Serving as structural components of the cell wall How is Human Papillomavirus (HPV) primarily transmitted? Through direct skin-to-skin contact Through respiratory droplets By insect bites By contaminated food and water Through blood transfusion What is the most common manifestation of an HPV infection? Genital warts Fever and chills Chronic cough Jaundice Skin rashes on the torso Which type of HPV is most strongly associated with the development of cervical cancer? HPV types 16 and 18 HPV types 1 and 2 HPV types 6 and 11 HPV types 31 and 33 HPV types 39 and 42 What is the primary virus responsible for causing Infectious Mononucleosis? Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Influenza Virus Which of the following is a hallmark symptom of Infectious Mononucleosis? Sore throat Abdominal cramps Diarrhea Skin rash Chest pain Which of the following is a common complication associated with Infectious Mononucleosis? Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) Meningitis Kidney failure Severe anemia Myocarditis What is the causative agent of Measles? Measles virus Varicella-zoster virus Epstein-Barr virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Herpes simplex virus Which of the following is a primary symptom of Measles? High fever and a characteristic red rash Severe abdominal pain Diarrhea and dehydration Joint pain and swelling Coughing and wheezing How is Measles primarily transmitted? Airborne droplets Contact with contaminated water Insect bites Blood transfusion Direct contact with skin What is the causative agent of Rubella? Rubella virus Measles virus Varicella-zoster virus Epstein-Barr virus Herpes simplex virus Which of the following is a common symptom of Rubella? A rash starting on the face and spreading Severe abdominal pain High fever and chills Cough and sore throat Jaundice How is Rubella primarily transmitted? Through respiratory droplets By insect bites By direct contact with contaminated surfaces Through blood transfusion Via sexual contact What is the causative agent of Mumps? Mumps virus Measles virus Rubella virus Influenza virus Epstein-Barr virus Which of the following is a common symptom of Mumps? Swelling of the parotid glands Severe abdominal cramps Skin rash and itching Painful joint swelling Sore throat with difficulty swallowing How is Mumps primarily transmitted? Through respiratory droplets By direct contact with contaminated food Through insect bites By blood transfusion Through sexual contact What is the causative agent of Shingles? Varicella-zoster virus Herpes simplex virus Epstein-Barr virus Human papillomavirus Influenza virus What is the causative agent of Hepatitis A? Hepatitis A virus (HAV) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Hepatitis D virus (HDV) Hepatitis E virus (HEV) How is Hepatitis A primarily transmitted? Fecal-oral route (contaminated food or water) Blood transfusion Sexual contact Insect bites Respiratory droplets Which of the following is a common symptom of Hepatitis A? Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) Severe abdominal cramps Coughing and sneezing Skin rashes Chronic fatigue syndrome Which of the following is a common symptom of Shingles? Painful rash with blisters, usually on one side of the body Severe joint pain Nausea and vomiting Severe abdominal pain Persistent coughing and wheezing Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing Shingles? Previous infection with chickenpox Exposure to cold weather Excessive alcohol consumption Infrequent hand washing Exposure to contaminated water Which virus is most commonly responsible for causing viral gastroenteritis? Norovirus Hepatitis A virus Influenza virus Rotavirus Epstein-Barr virus Which of the following is a common symptom of viral gastroenteritis? Diarrhea and vomiting Severe abdominal pain Sore throat and coughing Skin rashes Shortness of breath How is viral gastroenteritis primarily transmitted? Through contaminated food or water By direct skin-to-skin contact Through mosquito bites By respiratory droplets Through sexual contact What is the causative organism of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)? Naegleria fowleri Entamoeba histolytica Toxoplasma gondii Giardia lamblia Plasmodium falciparum How is Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) typically transmitted? Through contaminated freshwater (nasal exposure) Through respiratory droplets By ingestion of contaminated food Through sexual contact By insect bites Which of the following is a common symptom of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)? Severe headache, fever, and nausea Cough and shortness of breath Skin rash and joint pain Diarrhea and abdominal cramps Jaundice and fatigue What is the causative organism of Hookworm infection? Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale Strongyloides stercoralis Ascaris lumbricoides Taenia solium Trichuris trichiura How is Hookworm primarily transmitted to humans? Through contact with contaminated soil (larvae penetrate the skin) By eating undercooked meat Through insect bites By drinking contaminated water Through respiratory droplets Which of the following is a common symptom of Hookworm infection? Abdominal pain, anemia, and fatigue Skin rash and joint pain Persistent cough and wheezing Severe diarrhea and dehydration Jaundice and fever What is the causative organism of Ascariasis? Ascaris lumbricoides Strongyloides stercoralis Taenia solium Ancylostoma duodenale Trichuris trichiura How is Ascariasis typically transmitted to humans? By ingesting contaminated food or water (eggs) Through insect bites By contact with contaminated soil By consuming undercooked meat Through respiratory droplets Which of the following is a common symptom of Ascariasis? Abdominal pain, nausea, and coughing Skin rashes and joint pain Fever and sore throat Severe diarrhea and dehydration Headaches and dizziness What is the primary way humans become infected with hookworms? Skin contact with contaminated soil Eating undercooked meat Drinking contaminated water Inhaling infected dust Biting by an infected insect What is the common symptom of a hookworm infection? Abdominal pain Skin rash Diarrhea Nausea and vomiting Persistent cough Which organ does the adult hookworm primarily inhabit in humans? Small intestine Large intestine Stomach Liver Heart What is the typical treatment for a hookworm infection? Anthelmintic medication Antibiotics Pain relievers Steroid injections Antihistamines Which hookworm species is most commonly responsible for human infections? Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus Strongyloides stercoralis Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Which of the following diseases is caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum? Syphilis Tuberculosis Malaria Gonorrhea Influenza What unique structure allows spirochetes to move in a twisting motion? Axial filaments Cilia Pseudopodia Flagella Pili Which spirochete genus is responsible for Lyme disease? Borrelia Leptospira Treponema Spirochete Brachyspira Which part of a mushroom is responsible for producing spores? Gills Stem Cap Roots Bulb Which of the following is an edible species of mushroom? Agaricus bisporus (common button mushroom) Amanita phalloides (death cap) Psilocybe cubensis (hallucinogenic mushroom) Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) Galerina marginata (deadly galerina) Which compound found in some mushrooms is toxic to humans? Amatoxin Glucose Vitamin C Starch Fiber Which species of yeast is commonly used in baking and brewing? Saccharomyces cerevisiae Candida albicans Rhizopus stolonifer penicillium notatum Aspergillus niger Yeast primarily reproduces through which process? Budding Binary fission Spore formation Conjugation Fragmentation Which of the following best describes yeast? Single-celled fungi Multicellular bacteria Virus Algae Protozoa Which feeding mechanism involves microbes absorbing nutrients directly through their cell membrane? Absorptive feeding Phagocytosis Engulfment Filter feeding Chemotaxis Which process involves a microbe engulfing large particles or cells by surrounding them with its cell membrane? Phagocytosis Osmosis Photosynthesis Diffusion Fermentation Which type of microorganism typically uses photosynthesis as its primary feeding mechanism? Cyanobacteria Fungi Protozoa Amoebas Archaea What is the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19? SARS-CoV-2 MERS-CoV H1N1 HIV Ebola Which of the following is a common symptom of COVID-19? Fever Rash Hearing loss Weight gain Joint swelling Which of the following is an effective preventive measure against the spread of COVID-19? Wearing a mask Taking antibiotics Increasing salt intake Avoiding exercise Consuming alcohol Which virus is responsible for causing Hepatitis B? HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) HAV (Hepatitis A Virus) HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus) What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis B? Through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids Through the air by coughing Through contaminated food and water Through mosquito bites Through direct skin contact only Which of the following is a common long-term effect of chronic Hepatitis B infection? Liver cirrhosis Lung cancer Kidney stones Skin rash Vision impairment What type of organism causes Echinococcosis? Parasitic tapeworm Bacteria Virus Fungus Protozoa How is Echinococcosis primarily transmitted to humans? Through ingestion of food or water contaminated with parasite eggs Through mosquito bites Through inhalation of airborne particles Through direct contact with skin Through blood transfusion Which organ is most commonly affected by cystic Echinococcosis in humans? Liver Heart Brain Skin Pancreas What virus causes chickenpox? Varicella-zoster virus Epstein-Barr virus Herpes simplex virus Human papillomavirus Influenza virus How is chickenpox primarily transmitted? Through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing Through insect bites By direct contact with contaminated water Through food contamination Through sexual contact What is a common symptom of chickenpox? Itchy red rash with fluid-filled blisters Sudden weight loss Persistent cough Joint pain and swelling Severe headaches and vomiting What virus is primarily responsible for causing the flu (influenza)? Influenza virus Rhinovirus Herpes simplex virus Adenovirus Epstein-Barr virus Which of the following is a common symptom of the flu? Fever, cough, and body aches Skin rash and blisters Diarrhea and abdominal pain Sudden weight gain Joint swelling and pain How is the flu primarily transmitted? Through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing Through contaminated food By mosquito bites Through sexual contact Through blood transfusion Which of the following viruses is most commonly associated with viral pneumonia? Influenza virus Rhinovirus Herpes simplex virus Epstein-Barr virus Hepatitis B virus What is a common symptom of viral pneumonia? Cough, fever, and difficulty breathing Skin rash and swelling Joint pain and stiffness Persistent vomiting Sudden weight loss Which of the following is a known complication of viral pneumonia? Respiratory failure Kidney stones Liver cirrhosis Heart attack Stroke Which of the following is a well-known species of mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis?  Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacteria are classified as what type of bacteria due to their cell wall composition? Acid-fast bacteria Gram-negative bacteria Spore-forming bacteria Facultative anaerobes Capnophilic bacteria Which of the following diseases is primarily caused by Mycobacterium leprae? Leprosy (Hansen's disease) Tuberculosis Pulmonary fibrosis Pneumonia Brucellosis What is the primary function of myases? To break down mycelium and other complex substrates To catalyze the formation of cellulose To digest lipids into fatty acids To synthesize proteins To decompose carbohydrates into sugars Myases are most commonly produced by which type of organism? Fungi Bacteria Viruses Animals Plants Which of the following is a type of myases enzyme? Chitinase Lipase Amylase Protease Lactase Which vitamin is produced by yeast and is important for human health? Vitamin B12 Vitamin C Vitamin A Vitamin D < Variant> Vitamin E What is the primary sugar that yeast ferments during the brewing process? Glucose Fructose < Variant> Sucrose Lactose Maltose In which environment do yeast typically thrive best? Warm and moist Cold and dry Hot and dry < Variant>Cool and humid Freezing temperatures What is the process called when yeast converts sugar into carbon dioxide and alcohol? Fermentation Oxidation Hydrolysis Condensation < Variant>Dehydration Which of the following diseases is primarily caused by Mycobacterium leprae? Leprosy (Hansen's disease) Tuberculosis Pulmonary fibrosis Pneumonia Brucellosis Which of the following is a well-known species of mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis? Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium smegmatis Which of the following diseases is primarily caused by Mycobacterium leprae? Leprosy (Hansen's disease) Tuberculosis Pulmonary fibrosis Pneumonia Brucellosis Which of the following is a characteristic of Mycobacteria? They are acid-fast bacteria They lack a cell wall They are gram-positive, but not acid-fast They reproduce by binary fission only They are obligate anaerobes and What is myiasis? Infestation of live tissue by fly larvae Abacterial skin infection A viral disease affecting muscles A fungal infection of the nails A parasitic infection of the intestines Which type of fly is most commonly responsible for causing myiasis in humans? Botfly Fruit fly Housefly Sandfly Dragonfly What is one of the primary treatments for myiasis? Surgical removal of larvae Antibiotic injections Herbal therapy physical therapy Applying antifungal cream Which body part is commonly affected by cutaneous myiasis? Skin Lungs Heart Liver Brain What is the best way to prevent the flu? Taking antibiotics regularly Avoiding outdoor activities Getting an annual flu vaccine Drinking herbal teas Taking multivitamins Which group is most at risk for severe complications from the flu? Healthy young adults Infants and young children Athletes Middle-aged adults People who exercise regularly What is a protozoan? A unicellular eukaryotic organism A multicellular prokaryotic organism A type of bacteria A virus None What stage of protozoa is dormant and protective? Cyst Trophozoite Merozoite Sporozoite None What is the motile and active form of protozoa? Trophozoite Cyst Gamete Oocyst None What are viruses primarily composed of? Protein and nucleic acid Carbohydrates and lipids Chitin and proteins Cell walls and organelles None What type of nucleic acids do viruses contain? DNA or RNA DNA and RNA Protein only Carbohydrate None What is the process called when a virus leaves a host cell by budding? Exocytosis Lysis Endocytosis Phagocytosis None What is the primary source of energy for most microbes? Glucose Oxygen Nitrogen Water None Which temperature range is ideal for mesophilic microbes? 20-40°C 0-10°C 50-70°C Above 100°C None What type of respiration do anaerobic microbes perform? Without oxygen With oxygen Only in the presence of light Only in high temperatures None What is microbiology the study of? Microscopic organisms Large animals Minerals Plants None Which of the following are considered microorganisms? Bacteria, viruses, fungi Plants, algae, bacteria Only protozoa and algae Only animals None Who is known as the father of microbiology? Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Joseph Lister None What causes opisthorchiasis? Flatworms of the genus Opisthorchis Roundworms Tapeworms Protozoa None Which organ is primarily affected by opisthorchiasis? Liver Lungs Heart Kidneys None How is opisthorchiasis transmitted? By consuming raw or undercooked fish By inhaling contaminated air Through direct contact with soil By drinking unboiled water None What organism causes giardiasis? Giardia lamblia Entamoeba histolytica Cryptosporidium Toxoplasma gondii None What is the primary symptom of giardiasis? Diarrhea Fever Rashes Headache None How is giardiasis transmitted? Fecal-oral route Vector-borne transmission Inhalation Skin contact None What is a common symptom of worm infestations? Abdominal pain Hair loss Joint pain Vision loss None How are helminths commonly transmitted? Ingestion of contaminated food or water Through air droplets By animal bites Direct inhalation None Which type of worm causes ascariasis? Roundworms Flatworms Tapeworms Filarial worms None What virus causes herpes? Herpes simplex virus Human papillomavirus Epstein-Barr virus Varicella-zoster virus None What is a common symptom of herpes? Blisters or sores Headache Joint pain Vision loss None How is herpes primarily transmitted? Direct skin-to-skin contact Through the air By contaminated water Insect vectors None What does HIV attack in the human body? Immune system cells Red blood cells Nervous system Bone marrow None What is a primary method of HIV transmission? Unprotected sexual contact Inhalation of airborne particles Consumption of contaminated food Contact with unclean surfaces None What is the full form of AIDS? Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Acquired Immune Disorder Syndrome Acute Immune Disease System Acute Infectious Disease Syndrome None What causes onchocerciasis? Onchocerca volvulus Wuchereria bancrofti Schistosoma haematobium Ascaris lumbricoides None What is a primary symptom of onchocerciasis? Severe itching and skin lesions Abdominal pain Diarrhea Vision loss None What transmits onchocerciasis? Blackflies Mosquitoes Sandflies Tsetse flies None What organism causes alveococcosis? Echinococcus multilocularis Echinococcus granulosus Taenia solium Ascaris lumbricoides None Which organ is primarily affected by alveococcosis? Liver Lungs Heart Kidneys None How is alveococcosis transmitted? By ingestion of eggs in contaminated food or water By inhaling eggs By insect bites By direct contact with skin lesions None What organism causes toxoplasmosis? Toxoplasma gondii Giardia lamblia Entamoeba histolytica Cryptosporidium parvum None What is a common source of toxoplasmosis infection? Undercooked meat Unwashed fruits Contaminated water Airborne particles None What group is at higher risk of complications from toxoplasmosis? Pregnant women Teenagers Athletes Men over 50 None What is the magnification range of a standard light microscope? 40x to 1000x 10x to 40x 1000x to 2000x 5000x to 10,000x None What type of lens is used in a light microscope? Convex lens Concave lens Flat lens Prismatic lens None What is the purpose of the condenser in a light microscope? To focus light on the specimen To magnify the image To hold the specimen slide To change the magnification None What is a positive result in a bacterial culture? Growth of colonies No change in the medium Evaporation of the medium Color change only None What method is commonly used for antibiotic sensitivity testing? Disk diffusion method Microscopy Gram staining Filtration None What does a zone of inhibition indicate in sensitivity testing? Effectiveness of an antibiotic Type of microorganism Growth of bacteria Absence of bacteria None What is the primary purpose of a microbiological laboratory? To study microorganisms To study animal behavior To analyze soil minerals To measure radiation levels None Which biosafety level is used for handling highly infectious pathogens? Biosafety Level 4 Biosafety Level 1 Biosafety Level 2 Biosafety Level 3 None What is an autoclave used for in microbiology? Sterilization Microscopy Gram staining Culture growth None