Taxonomy Of Fungi Lecture Notes PDF

TAXONOMY OF FUNGI Course Information  Taxonomy & Biodiversity of Fungi (MICR 331) Prof. Sherif Zaki Credit Hours Evaluation 2 hours lecture weekly = 2 credit Written Exam = 90 Marks 2 hours practical weekly = 1 cr...

TAXONOMY OF FUNGI Course Information  Taxonomy & Biodiversity of Fungi (MICR 331) Prof. Sherif Zaki Credit Hours Evaluation 2 hours lecture weekly = 2 credit Written Exam = 90 Marks 2 hours practical weekly = 1 credit Practical Exam = 37 Marks Total = 3 credit hours Oral Exam = 8 Marks Activities = 15 Marks Total = 150 Marks Course Information – 2021 - 2022 Lecture: 11 – 1 - Tuesday at class 7 Practical: 1 – 4 - Wednesday at Lab 2 Office hour: Online session 2 hour weekly on Microsoft teams: MICR 331 - 2022 Communications: WhatsApp group: MICR 331 – 2022 – 01115926664 Activities: Learning management system (LMS) Objectives WHAT ARE FUNGI? Biology is the ◦ The cell is the basic unit of life study of life and ◦ Gene is the basic unit of heredity ◦ Evolution is the engine that propels the living organisms creation and extinction of species Living organisms are open systems that survive by transforming energy ◦ categorized as ◦ Plants, ◦ Animals, ◦ Microorganisms.  Microbiology is a branch of biology concerned with the study of microorganisms ◦ Those being ◦ Subdisciplines including ◦ Unicellular (single cell), ◦ Virology (study of viruses) ◦ Multicellular (cell colony), ◦ Bacteriology (study of bacteria) ◦ A cellular (lacking cells) ◦ Protistology (study of protists) ◦ Mycology (study of fungi) ◦ Immunology and ◦ Parasitology (study of protozoa) FUNGI  Eukaryotic Found in Grow from temperate & tropical the hyphal regions tip Fungi Either terrestrial Heterotrophic or aquatic Fungal Body ◦ Multicellular thallus ◦ Tubular filaments = Hyphae ◦ Hyphal network = Mycelium ◦ Unicellular thallus ◦ Called “Yeast” ◦ Unicellular cells ◦ Multiply by budding Fungal Growth ◦ Spores germinate ◦ Form hyphae ◦ Hyphae grow from its apical zone ◦ Form hyphal network (mycelium) ◦ Secrete Enzymes which degrade organic compounds ◦ Absorption of simpler organic compounds through hyphal wall ◦ Enter reproductive phase Asexual Reproduction ◦ Fission ◦ Budding ◦ Fragmentation ◦ Spore production (mitospores) ◦ Blastospores ◦ Arthrospores ◦ Sporangiospores ◦ Conidiospores ◦ Chlamydospores  ◦ Plasmogamy, ◦ Fusion of two protoplasts, ◦ Brings together two compatible haploid nuclei. ◦ Karyogamy, ◦ Fusion of these haploid nuclei Sexual ◦ Formation of a diploid nucleus Reproduction ◦ Cell formed called Zygot ◦ Meiosis ◦ Restores the haploid number of chromosomes ◦ Initiates the haploid phase, which produces the gametes ◦ Meiospores Phylum Oomycota ◦ Male sex organ ( antheridia) ◦ Female sex organ (oogonia) Phylum Zygomycota ◦ Gametangia conjugation ◦ + gametangia ◦ - gametangia Phylum Ascomycota ◦ Fusion of two compatible nuclei ◦ + spore ◦ - spore Phylum Basidiomycota ◦ Fusion of two compatible nuclei ◦ + spore ◦ - spore  ◦ Saprophytic fungi, ◦ Obtain their food from dead organic material ◦ Responsible for the decomposition of organic matter ◦ Parasitic fungi Fungal ◦ Attack living organisms, penetrate their outer defenses, invade them, Nutrition ◦ Obtain nourishment from living cytoplasm, thereby causing disease ◦ Sometimes death of the host. ◦ Symbiotic fungi ◦ Lichens ◦ Mycorrhiza CLASSIFICATION VS TAXONOMY Classification is the arrangement of organisms according to a set of principles, whereas taxonomy is the most respected classification system. Classification systems can be numerous, but taxonomy is one defined system. Classification can arrange organisms based on the model that describes different properties of organisms, while taxonomy has a definite (formal) approach to classify organisms. Taxonomists name organisms scientifically according to a common procedure, while common names of animals and plants have different bases or classification principles (informal). TAXONOMY OF LIVING WORLD Two Kingdom Systems (Lennaeus’ Concept): 1758 The Living World Kingdom Plantae Kingdom animalia Bacteria, Algae, fungi, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Vertebrates and Invertebrate Angiosperms, Gymnosperms (including Protozoa)  Three Kingdom System (Haeckel’s Concept): 1850 The Living World All organisms lacking tissue system, morphological All organisms haveing diverse tissue-system with well defined division of labour, and complexities, and division of labour maximum morphological capacities Diversed type of autotrophic mode of Holophagic mode of mode of nutrition nutrition nutrition Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Vertebrate and Bacteria Angiosperms Invertebrate Four Kingdom Systems (Copeland’s Concept): 1932 The Living World Lower Protists (prokaryotic Higher Protists (Eukaryotic Plants Animals protista) Protista) (eukaryotic) (Eukaryotic) Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protoctista Kingdom Metaphyta Kingdom Metazoa Brryophyta, Pteridophyta, Bacteria and Blue green Invertebrates and Algae, Fungi, Protozoa Gymnosperms, algae Vertebrates Angiosperms Five Kingdom Systems (Whittakar’s Concept): 1969 Six Kingdom System (Grey and Doolittle’s Concept): 1982 Eight Kingdom System (Cavalier-Smith’s Concept): 1987 TAXONOMY OF FUNGI ◦“Taxonomy is how a fungal entity is defined and grouped with other fungal entities into a system of classification” ◦“Fungi are eukaryotic (their cells contain nuclei); heterotrophic (they can't make their own food); osmotrophic (they absorb, don't ingest, food); develop a rather diffuse, branched, tubular body (radiating hyphae making up mycelia or colonies); and reproduce by means of spores” ◦ Chromistan Fungi = (Pseudo-fungi) = Kingdom: Chromista “Common microorganisms; motile spores swim by means of 2 flagella and grow as hyphae with cellulose-containing walls; includes the majority of the Oomycota. Contains a total of approximately 110 genera and 900 species belongs to 16 orders and 3 phyla” ◦ Eumycotan Fungi = (True fungi) = Kingdom: Fungi “Eukaryotic; acellular, unicellular, or multicellular with hyphae; cell walls composed of chitin; can be individually microscopic in size (i.e., yeasts). The phylogenetic classification of fungi divides the kingdom into 7 phyla, 10 subphyla, 35 classes, 12 subclasses, and 129 orders; at least 99,000 species of fungi have been described” NOMENCLATURE OF FUNGI  “Nomenclature includes the rules for formally establishing a name, determining which is correct, and establishing a standard to determine the application of a name”  “The formal rules of nomenclature that govern the naming of fungi and fungus like organisms are found in the current version of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants, or ICN” THE FUNGAL SYSTEM Taxonomic Ranks Phylum: -mycota Subphylum: -mycotina Class: -mycetes Order: -ales Family: -aceae Species and generic concepts BIODIVERSITY=BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY  What is Biodiversity? ◦“The interrelatedness of genes, species, and ecosystems and their interactions with the environment”  Levels of biodiversity ◦ Genetic diversity is all the different genes contained in all individual plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. It occurs within a species as well as between species. ◦ Species diversity is all the differences within and between populations of species, as well as between different species. ◦ Ecosystem diversity is all the different habitats, biological communities, and ecological processes, as well as variation within individual ecosystems.  Biodiversity of Fungi What we call 'Fungi’ Share many morphological and behavioral similarities in their assimilative phase, but they do not have a uniform genetic background. It now seems obvious that they have evolved from at least two ancestral lineages. “  Some fungi can produce motile cells Phylum: Phylum: Phylum: Labyrinthulomycota Hyphochytriomycota Oomycota Phylum: Phylum: Phylum: Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota  Some fungi never produce motile cells Phylum: Phylum: Phylum: Phylum: Microsporidia Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTION ?