Taxonomy & Biodiversity of Fungi (MICR 331)

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary result of karyogamy in sexual reproduction?

  • Initiation of the haploid phase
  • Formation of haploid cells
  • Creation of meiospores
  • Formation of a diploid nucleus (correct)

Which phylum is characterized by the presence of male and female sex organs called antheridia and oogonia respectively?

  • Phylum Zygomycota
  • Phylum Oomycota (correct)
  • Phylum Basidiomycota
  • Phylum Ascomycota

In which phylum does gametangia conjugation occur?

  • Phylum Basidiomycota
  • Phylum Zygomycota (correct)
  • Phylum Oomycota
  • Phylum Ascomycota

What distinguishes classification from taxonomy?

<p>Classification can have various systems, while taxonomy is a defined system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fungi are responsible for decomposing organic matter?

<p>Saprophytic fungi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the primary structure of fungal cell walls?

<p>Chitin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following taxonomic ranks comes immediately after Phylum in fungal nomenclature?

<p>Subphylum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the classification of fungi?

<p>At least 99,000 species of fungi have been identified. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of biodiversity encompasses genetic diversity within a species?

<p>Genetic diversity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of nomenclature in fungi?

<p>To establish rules for naming and identifying organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diversity refers to the differences within and between populations of species?

<p>Species diversity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many phyla is the kingdom Fungi divided into?

<p>7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a component of ecosystem diversity?

<p>Different habitats and biological communities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of life in the study of biology?

<p>Cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes fungi in terms of their cellular structure?

<p>Eukaryotic and multicellular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hyphae contribute to fungal growth?

<p>They grow from their apical zone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes occurs during asexual reproduction in fungi?

<p>Budding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do fungi secrete to aid in their absorption of nutrients?

<p>Enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of spores are produced by mitotic processes in fungi?

<p>Mitospores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fungi, what is a mycelium?

<p>A network of hyphae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode by which yeast cells reproduce?

<p>Budding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the cellular structure of fungi is incorrect?

<p>Fungi are always unicellular. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does plasmogamy refer to in the fungal reproduction process?

<p>Fusion of two protoplasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom includes organisms with well-defined tissue systems and maximum morphological capacities?

<p>Kingdom Animalia (A), Kingdom Plantae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of organisms in Kingdom Protista?

<p>They lack a defined tissue system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes fungi?

<p>Fungi are eukaryotic and heterotrophic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms falls under the category of lower protists in Copeland's concept?

<p>Bacteria and blue-green algae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Chromistan Fungi?

<p>They have motile spores that swim by means of 2 flagella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which taxonomy system are organisms grouped solely based on cellular structure and nutritional modes?

<p>Four Kingdom System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'osmotrophic' imply about fungi?

<p>Fungi absorb nutrients from their surroundings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom is specifically known for including only purely autotrophic organisms?

<p>Kingdom Plantae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The grouping of Bacteria, Algae, and Fungi falls under which taxonomy classification?

<p>Kingdom Protoctista (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of fungi as described in taxonomy?

<p>They are autotrophic organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Karyogamy

The fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number to half, producing haploid gametes.

Fungal Nutrition

Fungi can be saprophytic (feeding on dead matter), parasitic (feeding on living organisms), or symbiotic (living in a beneficial relationship with other organisms).

Gametangia

Specialized structures in fungi that produce gametes (sex cells).

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Classification vs. Taxonomy

Classification is organizing organisms based on shared characteristics, while taxonomy is a standardized, formal system of classification.

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Fungi Taxonomy

The classification and organization of fungi into groups based on shared characteristics.

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Eukaryotic Fungi

Fungi belong to the eukaryotic domain, meaning their cells have a nucleus.

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Hyphae

Tubular filaments forming the body of multicellular fungi.

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Mycelium

The interwoven network of hyphae.

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Yeast

Unicellular fungi that multiply by budding.

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Heterotrophic

Fungi that obtain nutrients by absorbing organic molecules from their environment.

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Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction of fungi without the fusion of gametes.

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Spores

Reproductive units of fungi, used for asexual reproduction.

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Mycology

The scientific study of fungi.

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Plasmogamy

Fusion of two protoplasts in fungal reproduction, bringing together two compatible haploid nuclei.

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Fungi Diversity

Fungi encompass a vast array of genera and species, with significant variations in their characteristics.

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Fungal Phyla

Fungi are categorized into multiple phyla, subphyla, classes, and orders, showcasing their complex evolutionary history.

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Fungal Nomenclature

Rules exist for naming fungi, ensuring consistency and clarity in identifying fungal species.

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Biodiversity Levels

Biodiversity encompasses genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity, representing the variety of life forms and their interactions.

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Fungal Taxonomy

Systematic organization of fungi into taxonomic ranks (such as phylum, class, order) to reflect their relationships.

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Fungi Evolution

Fungi likely evolved from multiple ancestral lineages, explaining the observed morphological and behavioral similarities and genetic differences.

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Fungal Classification

A system to organize fungi based on shared traits, reflects evolutionary history.

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Biodiversity of Fungi

Significant variability within the fungal kingdom, reflecting their diversity and role in various environments.

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Two Kingdom System

Linnaeus's 1758 classification system dividing organisms into plants and animals.

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Three Kingdom System

Haeckel's 1850 classification system adding a kingdom for organisms lacking tissue systems.

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Four Kingdom system

Copeland's 1932 classification system proposing Monera (prokaryotes), Protoctista (protists), Metaphyta (plants), and Metazoa (animals).

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Five Kingdom System

Whittaker's 1969 classification system that is expanded upon the four kingdom systems, adding important groups of fungi.

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Fungal Definition

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, osmotrophic organisms with a branched body (hyphae) that reproduce by spores.

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Eukaryotic

Organisms with cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Heterotrophic

Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms.

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Osmotrophic

Fungi absorb nutrients from their surroundings.

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Hyphae

Branching filaments that make up the fungal body.

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Taxonomy of Fungi

System used to define and group fungi into classification groups.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course title: Taxonomy & Biodiversity of Fungi (MICR 331)
  • Professor: Sherif Zaki
  • Credit hours: 3 credit hours
    • 2 hours lecture weekly
    • 2 hours practical weekly
  • Evaluation:
    • Written Exam: 90 marks
    • Practical Exam: 37 marks
    • Oral Exam: 8 marks
    • Activities: 15 marks
    • Total: 150 marks
  • Lecture: Tuesday 11-1, class 7
  • Practical: Wednesday 1-4, lab 2
  • Office hours: Online session 2 hours weekly on Microsoft teams: MICR 331 - 2022
  • Communication: WhatsApp group: MICR 331 – 2022 – 01115926664
  • Activities: LMS (Learning Management System)

Objectives

  • Learning and mastering the basics of fungal taxonomy
  • Recognizing the characteristics of taxonomic groups of fungi
  • Realizing fungal biodiversity
  • Differentiating between different groups of fungi

What are Fungi?

  • Biology is the study of life and living organisms
    • The cell is the basic unit of life
    • Gene is the basic unit of heredity
    • Evolution is the engine propelling species creation and extinction
  • Living organisms are categorized as plants, animals, and microorganisms
  • Microbiology is a branch of biology concerned with the study of microorganisms
    • Unicellular
    • Multicellular
    • Acellular
    • Sub-disciplines including Virology, Bacteriology, Mycology, Immunology, Parasitology

Fungal Body

  • Multicellular thallus
    • Tubular filaments = hyphae
    • Hyphal network = mycelium
  • Unicellular thallus
    • Called "yeast"
    • Unicellular cells
    • Multiply by budding

Fungal Growth

  • Spores germinate
  • Hyphae grow from their apical zone
  • Form hyphal network (mycelium)
  • Secrete enzymes which degrade organic compounds
  • Absorption of simpler organic compounds through hyphal wall
  • Enter reproductive phase

Asexual Reproduction

  • Fission
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Spore production (mitospores)
    • Blastospores
    • Arthrospores
    • Sporangiospores
    • Conidiospores
    • Chlamydospores

Sexual Reproduction

  • Plasmogamy (fusion of two protoplasts)
    • Bringing two compatible haploid nuclei together
  • Karyogamy (fusion of haploid nuclei)
    • Formation of a diploid nucleus
    • Produces a Zygot
  • Meiosis (restoring haploid number of chromosomes)
    • Initiates haploid phase
    • Produces gametes
    • Meiospores

Phylum Oomycota

  • Male sex organ (antheridia)
  • Female sex organ (oogonia)

Phylum Zygomycota

  • Gametangia conjugation (+gametangia + gametangia)

Phylum Ascomycota

  • Fusion of two compatible nuclei
  • Spore

Phylum Basidiomycota

  • Fusion of two compatible nuclei
  • Spore

Fungal Nutrition

  • Saprophytic fungi
    • Obtain food from dead organic material
    • Responsible for decomposing organic matter
  • Parasitic fungi
    • Attack living organisms
    • Penetrate defenses
    • Obtain nourishment from living cytoplasm
    • May cause disease or death in the host organism
  • Symbiotic fungi
    • Lichens
    • Mycorrhiza

Nomenclature of Fungi

  • Nomenclature includes rules for establishing a name, determining if it is correct, and creating standards for application of names
  • Formal rules for naming fungi and fungi-like organisms found in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)

Taxonomic Ranks

  • Phylum: -mycota
  • Subphylum: -mycotina
  • Class: -mycetes
  • Order: -ales
  • Family: -aceae
  • Genus Species

Species and Generic Concepts

  • Species is the basic unit of taxonomy and a result of evolution from reproductive isolation
  • Phenotype species concept = Individuals agree morphologically
  • Chemotaxonomic concept = Individuals agree physiologically or chemically
  • Biological species concept = Individuals agree genetically by compatibility
  • Phylogenetic species concept = Individuals agree at the DNA level
  • Generic concept of species = smallest aggregation of populations diagnoses by a unique combination of character states in comparable individuals

Biodiversity of Fungi

  • Some fungi can produce motile cells
  • Others never produce motile cells

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