GENPSY PDF - Nature of Psychology And Its Importance In Everyday Life

CHAPTER I NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN EVERYDAY LIFE GENPSY PSYCHOLOGY Developmental- focus on human growth and changes across the lifespan, including physical, - Th...

CHAPTER I NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN EVERYDAY LIFE GENPSY PSYCHOLOGY Developmental- focus on human growth and changes across the lifespan, including physical, - The systematic, scientific study of behaviors cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, and mental processes. personality and emotional growth. Behavior- refers to observable actions or Social- study of how individuals affect and are responses in both humans and animals. affected by other people and by their social and Mental processes- wide range of physical environments. complex mental processes which are not directly observable. Experimental- behavior, motives, or cognition Ex. thinking, imagining, etc. in a laboratory or other controlled setting in order to predict, explain, or influence behavior GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY or other psychological phenomena. I. Describe Industrial–Organizational- the use of psychological principles and research methods - describe the different ways that organisms to improve the overall work environment, behave. including performance, communication, professional satisfaction and safety. II. Explain Cognitive- involves how we process, store, and - explain the cause of behavior. retrieve information and how cognitive III. Predict processes influence our behaviors. - predict how organisms will behave in certain Forensic- activities primarily intended to situations. provide professional psychological expertise within the judicial and legal systems. IV. Control BRIEF HISTORY OF - Psychology strives to change, influence, and/or PSYCHOLOGY control behavior to make constructive, lasting changes in people's lives. Psychology as a Laboratory Science Fields of Psychology Gustav Theodor Fechner Clinical- addresses a wide range of mental and –Elements of Psychophysics (1860) behavioral health problems— and marked by comprehensiveness and integration of Wilhelm Wundt knowledge and skill from a broad array of disciplines within and outside of psychology –First psychology laboratory (1879) in Leipzig proper. Germany Counseling- focuses specifically but not Structuralism exclusively on normative life-span development, -The study of the most basic with a particular emphasis on prevention and elements, primarily sensations and education as well addressing individuals and the perceptions, that make up our conscious systems or contexts in which they function. mental experiences. Structuralism breaks conscious Educational- study how people learn and retain experiences into: knowledge, improve the learning process and –objective sensations (sight, taste), and promote educational success for all students. –subjective feelings (emotional responses, will) GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER I NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN EVERYDAY LIFE GENPSY –mental images (memories, dreams) Mind functions by combining objective Sigmund Freud and subjective elements of experience Psychoanalysis Introspection -emphasizes the importance of unconscious - a method of exploring conscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human mental processes by asking subjects to behavior. look inward and report their sensations and perceptions. Heavily criticized for METHODS USED IN being an unscientific method because it PSYCHOLOGY was solely dependent on subjects’ self- reports, which could be biased, rather THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD than on objective measurements. Formulate a research question State the hypothesis Test the hypothesis William James Draw conclusions based on findings Functionalism Publish research -study of the function rather than the Replicate study structure of consciousness, was interested in how our minds adapt to our SAMPLES AND POPULATIONS changing environment. Sample - mental activities as having developed –Segment of population through ages of evolution because of Population their adaptive functions, such as helping –Entire group targeted for study humans survive. Representative samples allow generalization of Influenced by Darwin’s theory of findings evolution RANDOM AND STRATIFIED SAMPLING John Broadus Watson Random sample Behaviorism –Each member of population has equal chance -the study of observable behavior and of selection studies relationships, between stimuli and responses Stratified sample -Behaviorism emphasizes the objective, – a sample drawn so that identified subgroups scientific analysis of observable in the population are represented behaviors. proportionately in the sample researchers divide subjects into subgroups called strata B.F. Skinner based on characteristics that they share Once –Learned behavior is behavior that is reinforced divided, each subgroup is randomly sampled reinforcement – a stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the Volunteer bias response –Bias represented by studying people who volunteer to participate Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler METHODS OF OBSERVATION Gestalt Psychology Case Study - emphasized that perception is more than the –Gather information about individuals or small sum of its parts and studied how sensations are groups assembled into meaningful perceptual –Sometimes used to investigate rarities experiences. It looks at the human mind and Survey behavior as a whole. GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER I NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN EVERYDAY LIFE GENPSY –Used to collect information that cannot be –Promote individual dignity, human welfare observed directly and scientific integrity - large sample of people answer questions –Ensure no harm will come to subjects about their attitudes or behavior Informed consent Naturalistic Observation Confidentiality –Observe subjects in their natural environment Deception- participants provided with false or –Unobtrusive measure incomplete information about the research in order to obtain unbiased data with respect to CORRELATION the participants' attitudes and behavior. Mathematical method of determining a Debriefing- A procedure administered to relationship between variables subjects after an experiment to minimize any potential negative effects. Correlation –Expresses strength and direction of ETHICS OF RESEARCH WITH HUMANS relationship between variables Animals are used when research cannot be Does imply or prove cause and effect carried out with humans Animals may be harmed, only when: EXPERIMENTAL METHOD –there is no alternative, and Demonstrates cause and effect through –benefits of the research justify the harm scientific method –Independent variable –Dependent variable True experiments have four elements: manipulation, control, random assignment, and random selection Experimental groups – in experiments, groups whose members obtain the treatment Control groups – in experiments, groups whose members do not obtain the treatment, while other conditions are held constant Placebo – An intervention for example taking a pill, receiving an injection, or undergoing an operation hat resembles medical therapy but that, in fact, has no medical effects. Blind – in experimental terminology, subject do not know which study group they are in Double-blind study – a study in which neither the subjects nor the observers know who has received the treatment ETHICS OF RESEARCH WITH HUMANS Ethical review committee and ethical standards GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER II BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY GENPSY THE NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONS Consists of the brain and spinal cord. Afferent neurons A system of nerves involved in thought processes, heartbeat, visual– motor -transmit messages from sensory receptors to coordination, and so on. the spinal cord and brain; also called sensory Composed of cells, most of which are neurons neurons. Efferent neurons NEURON -transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands; also called motor A specialized cell of the nervous system neurons which receives and transmits messages. Neurons receive “messages” from a number of sources. NEUROTRANSMITTERS GLIAL CELL Neurotransmitters are your body’s A type of neuron which provides chemical messengers. support to guide the growth of These are chemical substances involved developing neurons and support mature in the transmission of neural impulses neurons. from one neuron to another Cells that remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous Receptor site system, nourish and insulate neurons, form myelin, and play a role in neural location on a dendrite of a receiving transmission of messages. neuron tailored to receive a specific neurotransmitter. ANATOMY OF A NEURON Reuptake AXON- a long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons from bulb- Neurotransmitters reabsorbed shaped structures called axon terminals or terminal buttons. Excitatory neurons DENDRITES- root-like structures, attached to Cause other neurons to fire the cell body of a neuron, that receive impulses, or incoming messages, from other neurons. Inhibitory neurons MYELIN SHEATH - a fatty substance that Prevent other neurons from firing encases and insulates axons, facilitating Acetylcholine (ACh) transmission of neural impulses a neurotransmitter that controls muscle AXON TERMINALS OR TEMINAL contractions BUTTONS - located at the extreme ends of the axon’s branches. Stores chemicals called excitatory at synapses between nerves neurotransmitters, which are used to and muscles that involve voluntary communicate with neighboring cells movement but inhibitory at the heart andsome other locations. SYNAPSE - the small gap between the terminal prevalent in a part of the brain called the button and the cell body or dendrites of the hippocampus structure of the brain receiving neuron. involved in memory GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER II BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY GENPSY diseases associated with dopamine: THE DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS alzheimer’s disease SYSTEM Dopamine The nervous system consists of the brain, the spinal cord,and the nerves a neurotransmitter that affects the ability linking them to the sensory organs, to perceive pleasure, voluntary muscles, and glands. movement, and learning and memory; it is involved in Parkinson’s disease It is divided into the: and appears to play a role in schizophrenia Central nervous system Serotonin The brain and spinal cord a neurotransmitter involved in Peripheral nervous system emotional arousal and sleep; deficiencies of serotonin have been Consists of sensory and motor neurons linked to eating disorders, alcoholism, that transmit messages to and from the depression, aggression, and insomnia central nervous system, has two main divisions Norepinephrine TWO MAIN DIVISIONS OF THE PNS also called noradrenaline increases Somatic blood pressure and heart rate. It’s most widely known for its effects on Connects the central nervous system alertness, arousal, decision-making, with sensory receptors, skeletal muscles, attention and focus and the surface of the body Transmits may play a role in depression messages about sights, sounds, smells, excitatory neurotransmitter that speeds temperature, body positions, and so on, up the heartbeat and other body to the central nervous system processes involved in general arousal, learning and Autonomic nervous system (ANS) memory, and eating Regulates glands and activities such Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils an inhibitory neurotransmitter that Controls activities such as heartbeat, apparently helps calm anxiety respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils. Has two branches of divisions: Endorphins Sympathetic, Parasympathetic inhibitory neurotransmitters that occur DIVISIONS OF THE ANS naturally in the brain and in the bloodstream and are similar to the Sympathetic division narcotic morphine in their functions and effects most active during emotional responses, Endorphins are your body’s natural such as fear and anxiety, that spend the pain reliever. They play a role in our body’s reserves of energy perception of pain. Fight-or-flight response triggered by threatening or challenging physical or psychological stimuli, GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER II BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY GENPSY increases physiological arousal and Cerebellum prepares the body for action. a part of the hindbrain involved in Parasympathetic division muscle coordination and balance other part of the autonomic nervous has two hemispheres that are involved in system, decreases physiological maintaining balance and in controlling arousal and helps return the body to a motor (muscle) behavior. calmer, more relaxed state. It also stimulates digestion during eating. Reticular formation most active during processes (such as a part of the brain involved in digestion) that restore the body’s regulation of sleep and waking. reserves of energy from hindbrain, ascends through THE HUMAN BRAIN midbrain into lower part of forebrain 3 major parts of the brain vital to attention, sleep, arousal (1) the hindbrain, which includes all the structures located in the hind (‘posterior’) part of the brain, closest to the spinal cord, Midbrain (2) the midbrain, located in the middle of the The midbrain is relatively small in brain, and humans. It is found just above the pons, and surrounded by the forebrain. (3) the forebrain, which includes the structures located in the front (‘anterior’) part of the brain. reward or pleasure center, which is stimulated by food, sex, money, music, Hindbrain attractive faces, and some drugs found in very primitive brains has three distinct structures: the pons, Forebrain medulla, and cerebellum Components of the forebrain are Medulla essential for complex behaviors, an oblong area of the hindbrain involved emotional responses, and various in regulation of heart rate, blood physiological processes. pressure, circulation, movement, and A large part of it, the cerebrum, is respiration especially more highly developed in Pons humans than in any other organism. a structure of the hindbrain involved in Has right and left sides that are called regulation of movement, sleep, arousal, hemispheres. The hemispheres, respiration connected by a wide band of fibers, are responsible for an incredible number of bulge in the hindbrain that lies forward functions of the medulla GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER II BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY GENPSY Thalamus Has two hemispheres, left and right. Each of the hemispheres is divided an area near the center of the brain into four lobes, frontal, parietal, involved in the relay of sensory temporal, occipital. information to the cortex and in the functions of sleep and attention The Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Hypothalamus Occipital Lobe a bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, Vision motivation, and emotion regulation of body temperature, Temporal Lobe concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and motivation and emotion Hearing and Auditory functions Limbic system Parietal Lobe made up of several structures, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts Somatosensory Cortex, Spatial of the hypothalamus. awareness involved in memory and emotion and Frontal Lobe in the drives of hunger, sex, and aggression. Motor Cortex, Executive Functions, Amygdala Crucial for higher-level cognitive processes critical in emotions such as fear, involved in emotional behavior Wernicke’s Area involved in emotions, learning, and memory Temporal Lobe located in the left temporal lobe, is Cerebrum necessary for speaking in coherent sentences and for understanding the large mass of the forebrain, which speech consists of two hemispheres Wernicke’s aphasia responsible for thinking and language o Impairs ability to comprehend speech and think Corpus callosum of words to express own a thick fiber bundle that connects the thoughts hemispheres of the cortex Broca’s Area Connects two hemispheres Frontal Lobe Cerebral cortex Necessary for combining sounds into involved in almost every bodily activity, words and arranging words into including most sensations and meaningful sentences responses. Production of speech GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER II BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY GENPSY Broca’s aphasia o Vasopressin – inhibits o Understand language but production of urine when speak slowly and laboriously body fluids are low o Oxytocin – stimulates labor THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM in pregnant women, connected with maternal a complex network of glands that behavior produce and release hormones to regulate various functions in the Hypothalamus regulates pituitary gland body, including metabolism, growth activity and development, tissue function, and mood. Pineal Gland Gland Secretes melatonin Helps regulate sleep-wake cycle an organ that secretes one or more May affect onset of puberty chemical substances such as hormones, saliva, or milk Thyroid Gland Hormones Thyroid gland o Produces thyroxin o Regulate growth, metabolism and some behaviors o Affects body’s metabolism o Maintain steady bodily states o Critical for maintaining homeostasis Hypothyroidism and responding to changes in the o Thyroxin deficiency, leading to body. Imbalances can lead to health symptoms such as fatigue, issues, such as diabetes, thyroid weight gain, and cold disorders, and mood disorders. intolerance. Pituitary gland Hyperthyroidism o Too much thyroxin, weight Lies below hypothalamus, Labeled loss, increased heart rate, and as “master gland” anxiety. Hormones secreted by pituitary gland Cretinism o Growth hormone – o stunted growth and mental regulates growth of muscles, retardation bones, and glands o Prolactin – regulates o Thyroxin deficiency in children maternal behavior in lower mammals and stimulates Adrenal Glands production of milk in women Adrenal glands-makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. These hormones help control heart rate, blood GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER II BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY GENPSY pressure, and other important body Genotype functions. Individual’s genetic makeup (nature) o Located above the kidneys o Cortical steroids Phenotype ▪ increase resistance to Actual appearance, based on genotype and stress environmental influences (nature and ▪ promote muscle nurture) development Chromosomes o Epinephrine and norepinephrine o Receive 23 chromosomes from father’s sperm and 23 chromosomes from ▪ Helps arouse body in mother’s egg cell threatening situations o First 22 pairs- autosomes, non-sex EVOLUTION AND HEREDITY chromosomes that contain genes for various traits. Heredity o 23rd pair of chromosomes are sex chromosomes Transmission of traits from parent to offspring, o –XX – female –XY – male based on genes o Down syndrome o Chromosomal abnormality, extra Genetics chromosome on the 21st pair Subfield of biology that studies heredity Twin studies Behavioral Genetics o Monozygotic twins - Focuses on contributions of genes to behavior develop from a single fertilized ovum that divides Gene in two early in prenatal development; MZ twins thus Basic unit of heredity share the same genetic code; also called identical twins Chromosomes o Dizygotic twins - develop from two fertilized ova and Structure within cell nucleus that carry who are thus as closely genes related as brothers and sisters in general; also called Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) fraternal twins DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Substance that forms chromosomes Double helix – contains genetic code GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER III HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GENPSY PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT of the brain and the organ systems Prenatal period Genetic code (XX or XY) causes Conception to birth and lasts about 266 sex organs to differentiate (7th days (around nine months). week) o Y sex chromosome – testes It consists of three successive phases: form and produce androgens the germinal, embryonic, and fetal (male sex hormones) stages. o The embryo is 1 inch long During the prenatal period, a single cell and weighs one thirtieth of an will divide and grow to form 200 billion once cells. Embryo is suspended in amniotic sac o Nutrients and wastes are Zygote exchanged with mother a fertilized ovum (egg cell) through placenta o Connected to placenta by single cell formed by the union of umbilical cord sperm and egg Amniotic sac – a sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or divides repeatedly as it proceeds on its fetus three- to four-day voyage to the uterus. Placenta – a membrane that permits Germinal stage the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her period from conception to developing child but does not allow implantation the maternal and fetal bloodstreams first stage of prenatal development and to mix refers to the two-week period following Umbilical cord – a tube between the conception. mother and her developing child through which nutrients and waste the zygote divides and becomes product are conducted implanted in the uterine wall Embryonic stage Fetal stage implantation until about the eighth week Beginning of third month until of development birth Characterized by maturation and second stage of the prenatal period and gains in size spans the 2–8 weeks o 3rd mo. – major organ during this stage, cells divide and begin systems and finger and toes to differentiate into bone, muscle, and o 4th mo. – first fetal body organs. movements o 6th mo. – vigorous Major organs form: movements o heart, lungs, and so on—also During the three months prior to precedes the growth of the birth, the organ systems of the fetus extremities. early maturation continue to mature. GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER III HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GENPSY CHILDHOOD Object Permanence o Before 6 months of age does Piaget’s Cognitive-Development Theory not mentally represent objects o recognition that objects Piaget described human thought, or removed from sight still intelligence, in terms of the concepts of exist assimilation and accommodation. Preoperational Stage 2-7 yrs old Schema o “Mental structure” that Characterized by illogical use of permits classification and words and symbols, spotty logic, organization of knowledge and egocentrism Assimilation Use words and symbols to represent o Respond to new stimuli objects and relationships among through existing habit, the them (tend to think one inclusion of a new event dimensionally-one situation at a into an existing schema time) Accommodation Egocentrism o Create new ways of o the assumption that others responding to objects or view the world as one does looking at the world, oneself transform existing schemas o Preoperational children to incorporate new events. cannot understand that other people do not see Four major stages of cognitive things the same way they do. development: Animism o attribute life and Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete consciousness to physical operational, Formal operational. objects Artificialism Sensorimotor Stage 0-2 yrs old o belief that natural objects have been created by During this phase, infants learn about human beings the world through their senses and Conservation actions. They explore their o recognition that basic environment by touching, looking, properties of substances such and moving as weight and mass remain Coordination of sensory information the same when superficial and motor activity, early exploration features change of the environment, and lack of Objective Responsibility language (with purposeful/repeating behavior patterns that are pleasurable Concrete Operational Stage 7 y/o – 12 y/o like sucking fingers, coordination of vision with grasping or looking at Beginning of capacity for adult held objects) logic (tangible) GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER III HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GENPSY Decentration (center on 2 ▪ A situation in w/c a dimensions of a problem)- can child carries out tasks consider multiple aspects of a with the help of situation someone more Reversibility- recognition that skilled- adult processes can be reversed/undone so represents culture that things are restored to their o Scaffolding- temporary previous condition support, cognitive structure Subjective Moral Judgment or method of solving (motives and damage done)- problems that help the child understanding of right and wrong is to function independently shaped by personal experiences, o Children internalize social interactions, and the context of explanations that encourage situations skill development Children are less egocentric – recognize that people see the world Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral in different ways Development Sets of values begin to emerge Use of “moral dilemma” story to Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory explore reasoning of right and wrong Stages of moral reasoning follows a Piaget tended to underestimate specific sequence children’s abilities o Children must go through o Children are less egocentric stage 1 before stage 2 and capable of conservation According to Kohlberg, there are 3 in earlier ages levels of moral development and 2 Egocentrism and conservation appear stages within each level to be more continuous than Piaget thought – it doesn’t occur in stages Preconventional Level (about 9 y/o) Developmental sequences do not vary Base judgment on consequences of behavior Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Stage 1 – Obedience and punishment Continuous theory focused on Stage 2 – Good behavior allows people to influence of culture and children’s satisfy their needs and of other interactions with elders (Transmission of cognitive Conventional Level skills/information is from generation to generation and involves teaching Base judgment on conformity to and learning) conventional standards of right and wrong (religion, family) Key Concepts o Zone of proximal development (ZPD) GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER III HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GENPSY Stage 3 – Good-boy orientation - moral -During this period, their relationships with behavior meets the needs and expectations parents and friends can encourage the of others development of self-direction and initiative, or feelings of shame and guilt Moral behavior is what normal is – majority (eg.good husband tries to help/care for wife -Toddlers learn to be independent. If they vs good people do not steal) are encouraged to explore, they develop autonomy. If they are overly controlled, they Stage 4 – Judgments are based on rules that may feel shame and doubt. maintain social order – showing respect for authority and doing one’s duties are valued initiative versus guilt highly -through about the age of five, in which they Postconventional Level begin to assert control over the environment and strive to master adult skills. –Base judgment on need to maintain social order and personal conscience -Children begin to assert power and control over their environment. If encouraged, they ERIK ERIKSON’S STAGES OF feel capable; if discouraged, they may feel PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT guilty about their needs and desires. -Eight stages that represent life crises industry versus inferiority -According to Erik Erikson, we undergo -during which children meet academic and several stages of psychosocial development. social challenges in school. These are the first three stages of Erikson’s theory representing the years of infancy -Kids learn to work and cooperate with through childhood others. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure can result in trust versus mistrust feelings of inferiority. -Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial Attachment By Ainsworth development, during which children do—or do not—come to trust that primary Strange Situation caregivers and the environment will meet their needs. Method to assess infants’ response to separations and reunions with -In this stage, infants learn to trust caregivers and a stranger caregivers for their needs. If needs are met consistently, they develop trust; if not, they Three Types of Attachment may feel insecure. Secure attachment Autonomy versus shame and doubt o mildly protest mother’s departure, seek interaction GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER III HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GENPSY upon reunion and readily Permissive comforted Avoidant attachment warm and supportive but poor o least distressed, playing w/o communication, easy going fuss and ignores mother when she returns Uninvolved Ambivalent/resistant attachment o most emotional, severe signs parents who generally leave their of distress, show ambivalence children to themselves Parenting Styles Outcomes from Parenting Styles Diana Baumrind Authoritative Connection between parental greatest self-reliance, self esteem, behavior and development of social competence, achievement instrumental competence motivation Instrumental competence – ability to Authoritarian manipulate the environment to achieve one’s goals withdrawn or aggressive She focused on strictness, warmth Permissive and involvement, communication ability and demands for the child to less mature, often impulsive, moody, achieve intellectual, emotional and aggressive social maturity Uninvolved Diana Baumrind’s styles of parenting more likely to use drugs Authoritative ADOLESCENCE knows what they want but also loving and respectful to their Physical Development children, they reason with their children with love and support Adolescence Authoritarian the period of life bounded by puberty and the assumption of adult rely on force and communicates responsibilities poorly and do not respect their children, cold and rejecting Growth spurt – lasts 2 to 3 years frontal lobes less active and amygdala more active GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER III HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GENPSY Puberty o EX: A teenager going through a breakup might body becomes sexually mature think, “No one has ever felt Begins with appearance of secondary this level of pain before; sex characteristics (body hair, nobody can possibly deepening of the voice, rounding of understand what I'm going the breast and hips) through.” This feeling can Menarche lead them to isolate o Usually occurs between 11 themselves, believing their and 14 y/o emotions are more intense o Ovulation may begin two than anyone else’s. years after Moral Reasoning Cognitive Development Kohlberg’s Postconventional Level Piaget’s Formal Operations Stage Many people do not reach this level Classification, logical thought, Judgment is based on person’s own ability to hypothesize moral standards Abstract thinking Stage 5 – Laws are made to preserve Able to deal with hypothetical order but exceptions can occur situations and deductive reasoning Stage 6 – Adherence to universal Proud of their new logical abilities ethical principles (sanctity of human life, individual dignity, justice and Adolescent Egocentrism the Golden rule) Imaginary Audience Erikson’s Psychosocial Development o The belief that other people are as concerned with our Ego Identity - Erickson’s term for a thoughts and behavior as we firm sense of who one is and what are one stands for o EX: A teenager might feel Role Diffusion- Erickson’s term for anxious about wearing a new lack of clarity in one’s life roles (due outfit to school, believing to failure to develop ego identity) that everyone is paying close attention to how they look. Adolescent Sexuality o EX. If one trips in the hallway, they may think it’s About 50% of American teens the most embarrassing engage in sexual intercourse moment ever, feeling like everyone is laughing at them. ADULTHOOD Personal Fable o is the belief that our feelings Physical Development and ideas are special that we are invulnerable Young adulthood GENPSY | 2024 CHAPTER III HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GENPSY Usually height of physical prowess It is a disease, not a normal progression Middle adulthood Young adulthood Gradual physical decline Women – menopause (late 40s-early Intimacy versus Isolation - 50s, the cessation of menstruation, Erickson’s life crisis of young caused by a decline in secretion of adulthood, which is characterized by female sex hormones) the task of developing abiding intimate relationships Late Adulthood Middle adulthood Bones become brittle – greater risk for falls Generativity - doing things Slower response time worthwhile (rearing children/producing on the job), Cognitive Development maintains self-esteem, involves making the world a better place Creativity can be evidenced through joining church or civic throughout lifetime groups Memory functioning declines with Stagnation- treading water, as in age keeping the same job at the same pay o Crystallized intelligence - for thirty years, damages self-esteem one’s lifetime of intellectual achievement, as shown Midlife transition - (40-45 y/o), largely through vocabulary they begin to think of their age in and knowledge of world terms of the number of years they affairs have left o Fluid intelligence- mental Midlife crisis (a crisis experienced flexibility as shown in by many people during the midlife learning rapidly to solve new transition when they realize that life kinds of problems maybe more than halfway over and Tasks that require speed and visual reassess their achievements in terms spatial skills decline of their dreams- feel a sense of entrapment and loss of purpose) Alzheimer’s Disease Late adulthood Progressive form of mental deterioration characterized by loss of memory, language, Ego integrity versus Despair - problem solving, and other cognitive Erickson’s term for the crisis of late functions adulthood, characterized by the task of maintaining one’s sense of Affects 1% of people at age 60; 50% identity despite physical past age 85 deterioration GENPSY | 2024