Medical Terminology 1st Year Pharmacy PDF

1st Year Pharmacy Stage Lecture 4 @ 2024 By Dr. Murtadha Alshareifi 1 Gland Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Hormone Pituitary-regulating hormones  Either stimulate or inhibit pituitary secretions GH (growth hormone)  Promotes growth of all body tissues TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) ACTH (adren...

1st Year Pharmacy Stage Lecture 4 @ 2024 By Dr. Murtadha Alshareifi 1 Gland Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Hormone Pituitary-regulating hormones  Either stimulate or inhibit pituitary secretions GH (growth hormone)  Promotes growth of all body tissues TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)  Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones LH (luteinizing hormone) Prolactin Posterior pituitary Principal Functions ADH (antidiuretic hormone; vasopressin) Oxytocin Thyroid Thyroxine (T4) and (T3) Parathyroid parathyroid hormone (PTH) Adrenal cortex Cortisol (hydrocortisone) Aldosterone Sex hormones  Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortical hormones  Stimulates growth and hormonal activity of ovarian follicles; stimulates growth of testes; promotes sperm cell development  Causes development of corpus luteum at site of ruptured ovarian follicle in female; stimulates testosterone secretion in male  Stimulates milk secretion by mammary glands  Promotes water reabsorption in kidney tubules;  Causes uterine contraction; causes milk ejection from mammary glands  Increase metabolic rate and heat production, stimulates growth  Regulates calcium exchange between blood and bones; increases blood calcium level  Aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; active during stress  Aids in regulating electrolytes and water balance  May influence secondary sexual characteristics 2 Adrenal medulla Epinephrine (adrenaline) Pancreatic islet Insulin Glucagon Pineal Melatonin Ovary Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone Testis  Response to stress; increases respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate  Aids glucose transport into cells;; decreases blood sugar levels  Stimulates liver to release glucose, thereby increasing blood sugar levels  Regulates mood and daily cycles in response to environmental light  Promote development of female sex characteristics, regulate menstrual cycle (MC), reproductive functions  promote development of male sex characteristics, sperm production Normal Structure and Function key term Term Definition Adrenal gland  A gland on the superior surface of the kidney. The outer region (cortex) secretes steroid hormones; the inner region (medulla) secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) in response to stress (root: adren/o) Androgen  Any male hormone, such as testosterone. Endocrine  Pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes hormones into the blood Exocrine Hormone Hypothalamus Metabolism Pancreatic islet Parathyroid gland Pineal gland Pituitary gland Steroid hormone Thyroid gland  Any gland that releases substances through ducts  to a specific location.  A secretion of an endocrine gland. A substance that travels in the blood and has a regulatory effect on tissues, organs, or glands  A portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis  The chemical changes in cells that provide energy for vital processes and activities and through which new material is assimilated.  Cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secretes hormones to regulate glucose metabolism; also called islet of Langerhans or islet cells (root insul/o means “island”)  A small endocrine gland on the posterior thyroid that acts to increase blood calcium levels; (roots: parathyr/o, parathyroid/o); the name literally means “near the thyroid”  A small gland in the brain appears to regulate mood, daily rhythms, in response to environmental light. Secretes the hormone melatonin  A small endocrine gland at the base of the brain. The anterior lobe secretes growth hormone and hormones that stimulate other glands; the posterior lobe releases ADH and oxytocin (root: pituitar/i) A hormone made from lipids and including the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex.  An endocrine gland on either side of the larynx and upper trachea. It secretes hormones that affect metabolism and growth (roots: thyr/o, thyroid/o) 3 Roots Pertaining to the Endocrine System ROOT Endocrin/o Pituitar/i Hypophysi/o MEANING endocrine glands or system pituitary gland, hypophysis pituitary gland,hypophysis EXAMPLE DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE endocrinopathy any disease of the endocrine glands pituitarism condition caused by any disorder of pituitary function Hypophysial pertaining to the pituitary gland hormone that aids in growth of gonads conversion of glycogen to glucose Gonad(o) sex glands gonadotropin Glyc(o) glycogen glycolysis thyroid gland thyrolytic destroying the thyroid gland parathyroid gland hyperparathyroidism overactivity of a parathyroid gland adrenal gland,epinephrine adrenergic activated (erg) by or related to epinephrine (adrenaline) adrenal cortex adrenocorticotropic acting on the adrenal cortex Thyr/o, thyroid/o Parathyr/o, Parathyroid/o Adren/o, adrenal/o Adrenocortic/o Disorders of Endocrine System Term Acromegaly Addison disease Conn syndrome Cushing syndrome Definition Of Example  Overgrowth of bones, especially in the hands, feet, and face, caused by excess growth hormone in an adult. The name comes from acro meaning “extremity” and megal/o meaning “enlargement”  A disease resulting from deficiency of adrenocortical hormones. It is marked by darkening of the skin, weakness, and alterations in salt and water balance  Hyperaldosteronism caused by an adrenal tumor  A condition resulting from an excess of hormones from the adrenal cortex. It is associated with obesity, weakness, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hirsutism (excess hair growth) Diabetes insipidus  A disorder caused by insufficient release of ADH from the posterior pituitary. It results in excessive thirst and production of large amounts of very dilute urine. The word insipidus means “tasteless,” referring to the dilution of the urine Diabetes mellitus (DM)  A disorder of glucose metabolism caused by deficiency of insulin production or inadequate tissue response to insulin. Type 1 results from destruction of pancreatic islet cells; it generally appears in children and requires insulin administration. Type 2 generally occurs in obese adults; it is treated with diet, exercise, and oral hypoglycemic drugs to improve insulin production or activity, and sometimes insulin. The word mellitus comes from the Latin root for honey, referring to the urine’s sugar content 4 Dwarfism  Abnormally stunted growth caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone, Exophthalmos  Protrusion of the eyeballs, as seen in Graves’ disease Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)  Measurement of blood glucose after a fast of at least eight hours. A reading equal to or greater than 126 mg/dL indicates diabetes. Also called fasting blood glucose (FBG) or fasting blood sugar (FBS)  Overgrowth caused by excess growth hormone from the pituitary during childhood; Gigantism Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test Goiter  A test that measures the binding of glucose to hemoglobin during the lifespan of a red blood cell. It reflects the average blood glucose level over two to three months and is useful in evaluating long-term therapy for diabetes mellitus. Normal value < 6.25  Enlargement of the thyroid gland. May be toxic or nontoxic. Simple (nontoxic) goiter is caused by iodine deficiency Graves’ disease  An autoimmune disease resulting in hyperthyroidism. A prominent symptom is exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs). Hypoglycemia  Abnormally low level of glucose in the blood sometimes resulting from an overdose of insulin (insulin shock) Hypothyroidism  Underactivity of the thyroid gland characterized by myxedema Impaired glucose Tolerance (IGT)  High blood glucose levels after glucose intake that may signal borderline diabetes mellitus Ketoacidosis  Acidosis (increased acidity of body fluids) caused by excess ketone bodies, as in diabetes mellitus; diabetic acidosis Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X)  A state of hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin, as seen in type 2 diabetes, in association with other disorders such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension ;  A benign tumor of the adrenal medulla; phe/o means “brown” or “dusky.” The adrenal tumor causes increased production of epinephrine characterized by hypertension.  a disorder of impaired water excretion caused by excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), the ensuing water retention leads to the hyponatremia and hypo-osmolality Pheochromocytoma Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) Tetany  Irritability and spasms of muscles; may be caused by low blood calcium and other factors Thyrotoxicosis  Condition resulting from overactivity of the thyroid gland. Symptoms include anxiety, irritability, weight loss, and sweating. The main example of thyrotoxicosis is Graves disease 5 Nervous System :  Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord  Peripheral Nervous System o Cranial nerves and spinal nerves o Fibers are sensory or motor  Autonomic Nervous System o Sympathetic nervous system o Parasympathetic nervous system Acetylcholine (ACh) Norepinephrine (NE) A neurotransmitter mainly in the Parasympathetic nervous system and CNS ; activity involving Ach is described as cholinergic. A neurotransmitter Sympathetic nervous system and CNS; very similar in chemical composition and function to the hormone epinephrine; also called noradrenaline. activity involving NE is described as cholinergic. 6 7 The brain (The nervous tissue contained within the cranium) has four major divisions: 1. Brainstem: connects the brain to the spinal cord 2. Cerebrum: has two hemispheres, with an outer portion called the cerebral cortex. 3. Cerebellum: coordinates musculoskeletal movement 4. Diencephalon: the deep portion of the brain o Reticular activating system (RAS) : A widespread system in the brain that maintains o Wernicke area: An area in the temporal lobe concerned with speech comprehension Roots for the Central Nervous System and the Spinal Cord Root Meaning nervous system, nerve Example Definition Of Example neurotoxic poisonous to a nerve or nervous tissue neuroglia glioma a neuroglial tumor ganglion ganglionectomy surgical removal of a ganglion meninges meningocele hernia of the meninges through the skull or spinal column myel/o spinal cord myelodysplasia abnormal development of the spinal cord encephal/o brain encephalomalacia softening of brain tissue cerebr/o cerebrum (loosely, brain) decerebrate having no cerebral function psych/o mind psychosomatic pertaining to the mind and body(soma) narc/o stupor, unconsciousness narcosis state of stupor induced by drugs somn/o, somn/i sleep somnolence sleepiness neur/o, neur/i gli/o gangli/o, ganglion/o mening/o, meninge/o 8 Suffixes for the Nervous System Suffixe Meaning Example Definition Of Example -phasia speech heterophasia uttering words that are different from those intended -lexia reading dyslexia difficulty in reading -plegia paralysis tetraplegia paralysis of all four limbs -paresis partial paralysis hemiparesis partial paralysis of one side of the body -lepsy seizure narcolepsy condition marked by sudden episodes of sleep -phobia persistent, irrational fear agoraphobia fear of being in a public place (from Greek agora, meaning “marketplace”) -mania excited state, obsession megalomania exaggerated self-importance; “delusions of grandeur” Key Terms of Normal Structure and Function Terms Afferent Autonomic Nervous system (ANS) Axon Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Dendrite Efferent Ganglion Interneuron Nervous system Neurotransmitter Sensory Sympathetic nervous system Synapse Definition of Example Carrying toward a given point, such as the sensory neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS The division of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities, controlling smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands; the visceral nervous system The fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord for protection A fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body Carrying away from a given point, such as the motor neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS A collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS Any neuron located between a sensory and a motor neuron in a neural pathway, such as the neurons that transmit impulses within the CNS The part of the automatic nervous system that reverses the response to stress and restores homeostasis. It slows heart rate and respiration rate and stimulates digestive, urinary, and reproductive activities A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse. Examples are norepinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin, and dopamine Pertaining to the senses or sensation; describing afferent neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS The part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes a response to stress, increases heart rate and respiration rate, and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles The junction between two neurons; also the junction between a motor neuron and a muscle or gland 9 Neurologic Disorders Disorder Description Alzheimer disease Aphasia A disease that is characterized by progressive mental deterioration includes dementia and caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex; presenile dementia. Loss of memory (from Greek word mneme meaning “memory” and the negative prefix a-) Specifically, loss or defect in speech communication Ataxia Lack of muscle coordination; dyssynergia Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of cerebral blood flow; possible causes are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke A nervous condition marked by involuntary twitching of the limbs or facial muscles State of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused Amnesia Chorea Coma Dementia A state of reduced comprehension, coherence, and reasoning ability resulting in inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli A series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions usually associated with Epilepsy A sudden and temporary state of confusion marked by excitement, physical restlessness, and incoherence A gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain Epilepsy Hemiparesis A chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric activity from the brain resulting in seizures Partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body Hemiplegia Paralysis of one side of the body hydrocephalus Increased accumulation of CSF in or around the brain Insomnia Insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite ample opportunity to sleep Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges Multiple Sclerosis (MS) A chronic, progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS Narcolepsy Brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day Paralysis Temporary or permanent loss of function Parkinsonism A disorder originating in the brain’s basal ganglia and characterized by slow movements, tremor, rigidity, and mask-like face. Also called Parkinson disease Seizure Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Tremor A sudden attack, as seen in epilepsy. The most common forms of seizure are tonic– clonic, or grand mal (from French, meaning “great illness”); absence seizure, or petit mal, meaning “small illness;” A sudden, brief, and temporary cerebral dysfunction usually caused by interruption of blood flow to the brain A shaking or involuntary movement Trigeminal neuralgia Short periods of severe pain radiating along the fifth cranial (trigeminus) nerve Confusion Convulsion Delirium 10 Symptoms & Behavioral Disorders Disorder Description Anxiety A feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread Bipolar disorder A form of depression with episodes of mania (a state of elation); manic depressive illness Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Autism A condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by attention problems, easy boredom, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity Delusion A false belief inconsistent with knowledge and experience Depression A mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness and hopelessness Euphoria An exaggerated feeling of well-being; elation Hallucination A false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli Lethargy A state of sluggishness or stupor Mania A state of elation, which may include agitation, hyperexcitability, or hyperactivity; adjective, manic Chronic intense, throbbing headache that may result from vascular changes in cerebral arteries. Possible causes include genetic factors, stress, trauma, and hormonal fluctuations. Headache might be signaled by visual disturbances, nausea, photophobia, and tingling sensations Migraine A disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, lack of response to social contact and affection Obsessive– compulsive disorder (OCD) Panic disorder A condition associated with recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images, and repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety Paranoia A mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm An extreme, persistent fear of a specific object or situation Phobia A form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear Psychosis A mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusions and hallucinations Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Schizophrenia Persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threatening, catastrophic events, such as trauma, abuse, natural disasters, and warfare Mental disorders with features of psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn Stupor A state of unconsciousness or lethargy with loss of responsiveness sciatica Neuritis characterized by severe pain along the sciatic nerve and its branches Tic Involuntary, spasmodic, recurrent, and purposeless motor movements or vocalizations Dizziness vertigo 11