Endocrine System PDF

Medical Terminology A Living Language Chapter 11 Endocrine System...

Medical Terminology A Living Language Chapter 11 Endocrine System Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Endocrine System at a Glance  Endocrineglands secrete hormones  Hormones regulate body activities  Metabolic rate  Water and mineral balance  Immune system reactions  Sexual functioning Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Endocrine System at a Glance  Organs of the Endocrine System  Adrenal glands  Ovaries  Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)  Parathyroid glands  Pineal gland  Pituitary gland  Testes  Thymus gland  Thyroid gland Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Endocrine System Combining Forms  acr/o extremities  adren/o adrenal glands  adrenal/o adrenal glands  andr/o male  calc/o calcium  crin/o secrete  estr/o female Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Endocrine System Combining Forms  glyc/o sugar  glycos/o sugar  gonad/o sex glands  home/o sameness  kal/i potassium  natr/o sodium  ophthalm/o eye Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Endocrine System Combining Forms  pancreat/o pancreas  parathyroid/o parathyroid gland  pineal/o pineal gland  pituitar/o pituitary gland  thym/o thymus  thyr/o thyroid gland  thyroid/o thyroid gland  toxic/o poison Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Endocrine System Suffixes  –crine to secrete  –dipsia thirst  –prandial relating to a meal  –tropin stimulate Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology  Collectionof glands  Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream  Chemicals that act on target organs  Increase or decrease target’s activity level  Instrumental in maintaining homeostasis  Maintain stable internal environment Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Types of Glands  Two types of glands in body  Exocrine glands and endocrine glands  Exocrine glands  Release secretions into duct that carries them to outside of body  Example: sweat glands  Endocrine glands  Release hormones directly into bloodstream  Have no ducts, referred to as ductless glands  Example: thyroid gland Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Glands of the Endocrine System  Adrenal glands – two  Parathyroid glands – four  Pancreas  Pineal gland  Pituitary gland  Ovaries – two in females  Testes – two in males  Thymus gland  Thyroid gland Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Adrenal Glands  Two glands, one located above each kidney  Each gland is composed of two sections:  Adrenal cortex  Adrenal medulla Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 11.1 – The adrenal glands. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Adrenal Cortex  Hormones are referred to as corticosteroids  Secreted by adrenal cortex  Steroid hormones  Three different families of corticosteroids  Mineralocorticoids  Glucocorticoids  Steroid sex hormones Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Adrenal Cortex  Mineralocorticoid  Example: aldosterone  Regulates sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels  Glucocorticoid  Example: cortisol  Regulates carbohydrates  Steroid sex hormones  Androgens, estrogen, and progesterone  Regulate secondary sexual characteristics Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Adrenal Medulla  Innerportion  Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine  Epinephrine is also called adrenaline  Critical during emergency situations  Increases blood pressure  Increases heart rate  Increases respiration rate Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Ovaries  Two ovaries located in pelvic cavity of females  Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone  Estrogen is responsible for:  Female sexual characteristics  Regulation of menstrual cycle  Progesterone  Maintains suitable uterine environment for pregnancy Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 11.2 – The ovaries. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pancreas  Located along lower curvature of stomach  Only organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pancreas  Exocrine portion  Releases digestive enzymes through duct into duodenum  Endocrine sections of the pancreas  Islets of Langerhans  Produce insulin and glucagon Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pancreas  Insulin  Produced by beta cells  Stimulates cells of body to take in glucose from bloodstream  Lowers blood sugar level  Occurs after eating a meal and absorbing carbohydrates Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pancreas  Glucagon  Produced by alpha cells  Stimulates liver to release stored glucose into bloodstream  Raises blood sugar levels  Occurs when body needs more glucose Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 11.3 – The pancreas. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Parathyroid Glands  Four tiny glands  Located on dorsal surface of thyroid gland Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Parathyroid Glands  Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)  Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream  If calcium levels in blood fall too low:  Parathyroid hormone levels in the blood increase  Stimulate bone breakdown  Releasing more calcium into bloodstream Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 11.4 – The parathyroid glands. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pineal Gland  Small pine cone- shaped gland  Part of thalamus region of brain Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pineal Gland  Secretes melatonin  Not well understood, but plays a role in regulating body’s circadian rhythm  24-hour clock that governs periods of wakefulness and sleepiness Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 11.5 – The pineal gland is a part of the thalamus region of the brain. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pituitary Gland  Small marble- shaped gland  Located underneath brain  Divided into anterior and posterior lobes  Regulated by hypothalamus Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Figure 11.6 – The pituitary gland lies just underneath the brain. It is subdivided into anterior and posterior lobes. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Anterior Pituitary  Referred to as “master gland”  Secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands  Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)  Regulates function of thyroid gland  Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)  Regulates function of adrenal cortex Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Anterior Pituitary  Gonadotropins  Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)  Luteinizing hormone (LH)  FSH  Responsible for development of ova and sperm  Also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen  LH  Stimulates secretion of sex hormones  Plays a role in releasing ova in females Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Anterior Pituitary  Growth hormone (GH)  Also called somatotropin  Stimulates cells to grow and divide  Prolactin (PRL)  Stimulates milk production in breast  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)  Stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 11.7 – The different hormones and target tissues for the anterior pituitary. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Posterior Pituitary  Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)  Also called vasopressin  Promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules  Oxytocin  Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery  After birth stimulates release of milk from breast Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Testes  Two oval glands located in scrotum  Secrete male sex hormone, testosterone  Testosterone  Produces male secondary sexual characteristics  Regulates sperm production Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 11.8 – The testes. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Thymus Gland  Located in mediastinum  Part of immune system  Also endocrine gland  Secretes thymosin Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Thymus Gland  Thymosin  Essential for growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells  Critical part of body’s immune system  Present at birth and grows to largest size during puberty  At puberty begins to shrink and eventually is replaced with connective and adipose tissue Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 11.9 – The thymus gland. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Thyroid Gland  Located on either side of trachea  Resembles a butterfly in shape  Divided into right and left lobes Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Thyroid Gland  Thyroid hormones  Thyroxine (T4)  Triiodothyronine (T3)  Needs iodine to make hormones  These hormones:  Regulate energy production  Adjust metabolic rate Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Thyroid Gland  Also secretes calcitonin  Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream  If calcium levels in blood rise too high:  Calcitonin levels in blood increase  Increases deposition of calcium into bone  Lowers levels of calcium in bloodstream  Its action is opposite of parathyroid hormone Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Figure 11.10 – The thyroid gland is divided into a left and right lobe. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with adren/o & adrenal/o –al adrenal pertaining to adrenal gland –megaly adrenomegaly enlarged adrenal gland –pathy adrenopathy adrenal gland disease –ectomy adrenalectomy removal of adrenal gland inflammation of adrenal –itis adrenalitis gland Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with calc/o & crin/o excessive calcium in hyper– –emia hypercalcemia blood hypo– –emia hypocalcemia low calcium in blood specialist in endocrine endo– –ologist endocrinologist system endocrine system endo– –pathy endocrinopathy disease Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with glyc/o, kal/i, & natr/o hyper– –emia hyperglycemia excessive sugar in blood hypo– –emia hypoglycemia low sugar in blood excessive potassium in hyper– –emia hyperkalemia blood hypo– –emia hyponatremia low sodium in blood Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with parathyroid/o & pancreat/o –al parathyroidal pertaining to parathyroid –ectomy parathyroidectomy removal of parathyroid hyper– state of excessive hyperparathyroidism –ism parathyroid hypo– state of insufficient hypoparathyroidism –ism parathyroid –ic pancreatic pertaining to pancreas Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with pituitar/o & thym/o –ary pituitary pertaining to pituitary hypo– –ism hypopituitarism state of low pituitary state of excessive hyper– –ism hyperpituitarism pituitary –ic thymic pertaining to thymus –ectomy thymectomy removal of thymus –itis thymitis inflammation of thymus –oma thymoma thymus tumor Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with thyr/o & thyroid/o –megaly thyromegaly enlarged thyroid –al thyroidal pertaining to thyroid –ectomy thyroidectomy removal of thyroid state of excessive hyper– –ism hyperthyroidism thyroid hypo– –ism hypothyroidism state of low thyroid Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Endocrine System Vocabulary acidosis excessive acidity of body fluids edema excessive fluid in body tissues diagnosis and treatment of conditions of endocrinology endocrine glands exophthalmos protruding eyeballs gynecomastia development of breast tissue in males hirsutism excessive amount of hair Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Figure 11.11 – A photograph of a woman with exophthalmos. This condition is associated with hypersecretion of the thyroid gland. (Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.) Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Endocrine System Vocabulary excessive hormone production by hypersecretion endocrine gland insufficient hormone production by hyposecretion endocrine gland obesity having abnormal amount of fat group of symptoms and signs that syndrome combine to present a clinical picture of disease or condition Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Adrenal Gland Pathology hyposecretion of adrenal cortex; Addison’s symptoms include generalized weakness disease and weight loss hypersecretion of estrogen by adrenal adrenal cortex in males; develops female feminization secondary sexual characteristics like gynecomastia hypersecretion of testosterone by adrenal adrenal cortex in females; develops male virilism secondary sexual characteristics Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Adrenal Gland Pathology hypersecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include weakness, Cushing’s syndrome edema, excess hair growth, and osteoporosis hypersecretion of epinephrine by adrenal medulla tumor; usually pheochromocytoma benign; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, and headache Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pancreas Pathology  Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism  Results in hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus glycosuria (DM)  Two very distinct types: - insulin-dependent - non-insulin-dependent Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Diabetes Mellitus  Insulin-dependent  Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (NIDDM)  Also called Type 1  Also called Type 2  Develops early in life  Develops later in life  Destruction of islet cells  Person makes enough  Person makes too little insulin, but it has lost insulin ability to regulate cells  Must take insulin  Do not take insulin injections  Treated by diet, exercise, and oral medications Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pancreas Pathology diabetic accumulation of damage to retina; retinopathy complication of diabetes mellitus acidosis due to excess of acidic ketone ketoacidosis bodies; serious complication of diabetes mellitus peripheral damage to nerves in lower legs and neuropathy hands as a result of diabetes mellitus islet of Langerhans tumor; secretes insulinoma excessive amount of insulin Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Parathyroid Gland Pathology nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps due to tetany hypocalcemia; may be caused by hypoparathyroidism hypersecretion of parathyroid Recklinghausen hormone; causes degeneration of disease bones Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pituitary Gland Pathology chronic hypersecretion of growth acromegaly hormone in adults; causes enlargement of bones of head and extremities hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; diabetes symptoms include polyuria and insipidus (DI) polydipsia hyposecretion of growth hormone in dwarfism children; causes short stature Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Figure 11.13 – Acromegaly. The hand on the right is from a normal person, the hand on the left is a person with acromegaly. (Bart's Medical Library/Phototake NYC) Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Sue Suzanne Frucht S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pituitary Gland Pathology hypersecretion of growth hormone gigantism in child; results in very tall adult hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones; results in problems with panhypopituitarism the glands controlled by pituitary gland Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Thyroid Gland Pathology congenital hyposecretion of thyroid; cretinism results in poor physical and mental development goiter enlarged thyroid gland hypersecretion of thyroid; symptoms Graves’ disease include exophthalmos and goiter Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 11.14 – Goiter. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Thyroid Gland Pathology Hashimoto’s autoimmune destruction of thyroid; disease results in hyposecretion disorder hyposecretion disorder in adult; myxedema symptoms include anemia, edema, and mental lethargy marked hypersecretion; symptoms thyrotoxicosis include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Endocrine Gland Pathology cancerous tumor in gland that produces hormones secreted by that adenocarcinoma gland; results in hypersecretion pathologies Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Clinical Laboratory Tests measures level of substances, such blood serum test as calcium, glucose, or hormones, in blood measures calcium in blood; used to total calcium diagnose parathyroid or bone disorders radioimmunoassay measures levels of hormones in (RIA) blood Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Clinical Laboratory Tests fasting blood measures glucose in bloodstream after sugar (FSB) 12-hour fast glucose measures blood sugar level over tolerance test several hours after person drinks large (GTT) dose of glucose two-hour postprandial measures blood glucose level two glucose hours after a meal tolerance test Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Clinical Laboratory Tests protein measures T4 blood level; iodine in the bound iodine hormone becomes bound to blood test (PBI) proteins thyroid measures levels of T3, T4, and TSH in function test blood (TFT) Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Diagnostic Imaging thyroid ultrasound image of thyroid gland echogram nuclear medicine image based on thyroid scan accumulation of radioactive iodine in thyroid gland Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Medical Treatments large dose of radioactive iodine is given chemical to kill a portion of the thyroid gland; thyroidectomy avoids surgery hormone administering replacement hormones; replacement treats hyposecretion disorders therapy Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Surgical Treatments removal of adrenal gland through laparoscopic small abdominal laparoscopic adrenalectomy incision lobectomy removal of a lobe of thyroid gland Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Endocrine System Pharmacology antithyroid blocks production of Tapazole agents thyroid hormones replaces adrenal cortex corticosteroids Deltasone hormones human growth replaces growth Genotropin, hormone hormone Protropin therapy Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Endocrine System Pharmacology treats type 1 diabetes insulin Humulin L mellitus oral decreases blood sugar Glucophage, hypoglycemic in type 2 diabetics Glucotrol agents thyroid replaces thyroid Levo-T, replacement hormones Cytomel hormone Desmopressin, vasopressin treats diabetes insipidus Vaprisol Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.