Medical Terminology, Lecture-1 chapter 1 and 2 2021.pdf

1 Chapter 1 Prof/Ahmed Mohamadin...

1 Chapter 1 Prof/Ahmed Mohamadin Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill  ‫اشتقاق المصطلحات الطبية‬ Derivation of Medical Terminology The study of the origin of words is called etymology. Many medical terms used today are based on Ancient Greek and Latin. Word building became and remains the primary way to describe new medical discoveries. The word heart is derived from Old English heorte which comes from a word related to Greek kardia which means heart. 2  Forming Medical Terms Medical Term Word root Prefix Suffix Combining forms 3  Forming Medical Terms Part 2 Medical terms are formed from two or more word parts. Word root Prefix Suffix Word parts The main part of Word parts attached to the a word which attached to end of a word contains the basic the beginning that modifies of a word that meaning. the meaning. modifies the meaning. Combining forms The word root and a combining vowel that enable two parts to be connected. 4  Word Roots and Combining Forms Combining Forms [ACANTH(O)] Meaning actin (o) light aer (o) air; gas athero plaque; fatty substance bacill (i) bacilli; bacteria bar (o) weight; pressure 5  Word Roots and Combining Forms Combining Forms [BLAST(O)] Meaning blasto immature cells carcin(o) cancer chrondro cartilage cyan(o) blue 6  Word Roots and Combining Combining Forms Meaning Forms [CYT(O)] cyt(o) cell dextr(o) right dips(o) thirst dors(o) back erythr(o) red tono tension; pressure xanth(o) yellow 7  Word Roots and Combining Combining Forms[GALACT(O)] Forms Meaning galact(o) milk gluco glucose gero old age glyco sugars gyn(o) women 8  Word Roots and Combining CombiningForms Forms [KINESI(O) Meaning lact(o) milk leuk(o) white lith(o) stone narco sleep; numbness necro death; dying 9  Word Roots and Combining Combining Forms Forms [NOCT(O)] Meaning noct(i) night oncho tumor path(o) disease phago eating phon(o) sound; voice pseud(o) false pus pyo 10  Word Roots and Combining Combining Forms Meaning pyro Forms [PYRO] fever schiz(o) split; division scler(o) hardening somato body spiro breath; breathe 11  12 Chapter 2 Prefixes & Suffixes Prof/Ahmed Mohamadin Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill  Prefixes Prefix Prefixes are attached to the beginning of words Modifies the meaning of the word or word root Indicates size, quantity, position of, and location 13  Prefixes Add a prefix to the beginning of a word root 1. to qualify the meaning of a word (intelligent, superintelligent); 2. to indicate number (angle, triangle); 3. to indicate time (view, preview); 4. to change meaning (scope, microscope). pre micro tri super angle view scope + intelligent = superintelligent preview triangle microscope 2-14  Chapter Topics 1. Prefixes that denote Degree, Time, and Position a. hypo- under, beneath, deficiency [degree] b. hyper- excessive amount [degree] c. peri- around [position] d. anti- against [position] e. pre- before [time] 2-15 Chapter Topics 2. Prefixes that denote Direction a. de- away from b. ad- toward c. dextro- to the right d. levo- to the left e. trans- through 2-16 Chapter Topics ‫تشير إلى النفي‬ 3. Prefixes that denote Negation, Number, and Color a. a-, an- not, without b. primi-, mono- one [number] c. bi-, di two, double, both [number] d. hemi- half [number] 2-17  Chapter Topics 3. Prefixes that denote Negation, Number, and Color (cont’d) e. alb-, leuko- white [color] f. erythro- red [color] g. cyano- blue [color] h. xantho- yellow [color] i. Melano- black [dark pigment] j. Chloro green 2-18 Chapter Topics 4. Miscellaneous Prefixes a. brady- slowness b. auto- self c. cryo- cold d. neo- new 2-19 Prefix PrefixesMeaning (a–aut) a Without (Asepsis) ‫عقم‬ ‫بعيدا عن‬ ‫االختطاف‬ ab away from (abduct) ana up, toward (anaphylactic) ante Before (Antemortem) ‫قبل الوفاة‬ anti against aut(o) self 20  Prefixes Prefix (brachy–hypo) Meaning brachy short brady slow contra against dys abnormal; difficult hemi half hyper above normal hypo below normal 21 Prefix Meaning Prefixes (inter–peri) inter between iso equal; same mal bad; inadequate meta after micr(o) small olig(o) few; little; scanty peri around; about; near 22 Prefix Meaning Prefixes (pro–un) pro before; forward ‫أمامي‬ re again; backward ‫خلف ؛ الى الوراء‬ retro behind; backward semi half supra above; over tachy fast 23  Suffixes Prefix Attaches to the end of the word and carries the underlying meaning of the word Suffixes can also be combining forms 24 Chapter Topics 1. Suffixes that denote Diagnoses, Symptoms, and Procedures a. –algia pain b. –tomy an incision c. –scopy a visual examination d. –plasty plastic surgery or surgical repair 1-25 Chapter Topics 1. Suffixes that denote Diagnoses, Symptoms, and Procedures (cont’d) e. –ectomy excision, removal f. –graphy process of recording g. –pexy surgical reattachment; to fix, or to fasten h. –centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid or tissue i. –pathy disease 1-26  Chapter Topics 2. Suffixes that denote Diseases and Abnormal Conditions a. –ptosis falling, downward displacement, prolapse b. –itis inflammation c. –osis abnormal condition d. –mycosis abnormal condition of fungus 1-27 Chapter Topics 2. Suffixes that denote Diseases and Abnormal Conditions (cont’d) e. –cele tumor, swelling , or hernia f. –megaly abnormal enlargement g. –malacia abnormal softening h. –rrhagia excessive flow, bleeding 1-28  Chapter Topics 3. Suffixes that denote Dilation, Constriction, Narrowing, and Deficiencies a. –stenosis narrowing b. –ectasis expansion, dilation c. –penia deficiency, decreased amount 1-29  Chapter Topics 4. Miscellaneous Suffixes a. –plegia paralysis b. –lysis to dissolve, to break down c. –rrhea a flow d. –logy the study of 1-30 Suffix Suffixes (ad–crine) Meaning -ad toward ‫باتجاه‬ -algia pain -blast immature; forming -cidal destroying; killing -clast breaking 31 Suffix Suffixes (crit–ectomy) Meaning -cyte cell condition of cells -cytosis -derma skin -dynia pain -ectasis expanding; dilating -ectomy removal of 32 SuffixSuffixes (emesis–graphy) Meaning -emesis vomiting -emia blood -esthesia sensation -globin protein -gram a recording -graph recording instrument -graphy process of recording 33 Suffix Suffixes (ic–malacia) Meaning -ic pertaining to -ism condition; disease -itis inflammation -logist one who practices -lysis destruction of -malacia softening 34  Suffix Suffixes (mania-pathy) Meaning megalomania ‫جنون العظمة‬ -mania obsession ‫استحواذ‬ -megaly enlargement -opia vision -ostomy opening -pathy disease 35 Suffix Suffixes (penia-phrenia) Meaning -penia deficiency -pepsia digestion -pexy fixation -phage eating; devouring -phobia fear -phonia sound schizophrenia ‫فصام‬ -phrenia of the mind ‫عقل‬ 36 SuffixSuffixes (phylaxis-rrhaphy) Meaning -phylaxis protection -plasty surgical repair -plegia paralysis -pnea breath -ptosis falling down; drooping -rrhagia heavy discharge -rrhaphy surgical suturing 37  Suffix Suffixes (rrhexis-tropia) Meaning -rrhexis rupture -spasm contraction -stasis stopping; constant -stenosis narrowing -tomy cutting operation 38  Apply Your Knowledge Using various word parts, build terms for the following meanings. Meaning Term Absence of blood anemia Bluish color of hands and feet cyanosis Fast heart tachycardia Breakdown of sugar glycolysis 39  Apply Your Knowledge Part 2 Using various word parts, build terms for the following meanings. Meaning Term ‫نقص في عدد كريات الدم البيضاء‬ Lack of white blood cells leukopenia Softening of bone osteomalacia ‫لين العظام‬ Inflammation of a vein phlebitis ‫االلتهاب الوريدي‬ Nerve pain neuralgia ‫األلم العصبي‬ Science of skin and its dermatology diseases 40  The suffix meaning removal is: A. -ectomy B. -clasis C. -lysis D. -iasis The suffix meaning inflammation is: A. -itis B. -plasty C. -malacia D. -phagy The suffix meaning new opening is: A. -lysis B. -clasis C. -ostomy D. -ectomy The prefix meaning slow is: A. brachy- B. oligo- C. meso- D. brady- 41 42