Medical Terminology Introduction PDF

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Introduction to medical terminology Faculty of Nursing Sawsan A Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example Definition Of Example A, An Without, not Aseptic Steri...

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Introduction to medical terminology Faculty of Nursing Sawsan A Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example Definition Of Example A, An Without, not Aseptic Sterile, Free of Infection. Anoxia Lack Of Oxygen Ab- Away from Abduct To move away from the midline Acro- Extremity Acromegaly Disease marked by enlargement of the extremities Ad- To, toward Adduct To move toward the midline Ambi- Both Ambidextrous Able to use either hand Ante- Before Antenatal Occurring before birth, prenatal Anti- Against Antidote Substance that neutralizes a poison Auto- Self Autoimmunity An immune response to one's body owns tissues Bi- Two, double Binocular Pertaining to both eyes Brady- Slow Bradycardia Slow heart rate Circum- Around Circumduction Circular movement of a limb at a ball-and- socked joint Co- Together Coherent Sticking together, logical Contra- Against Contraindicate on A condition that makes it inadvisable to use a certain for treatment De- Without, Dehydration Removal of water removal Di- Two, twice Diatomic Having two atoms Dia Through Dialysis Separation of substances by passages through a semi permeable membrane Mes/O- Middle mesoderm Middle germ layer of the embryo Meta- Beyond, over, metamorphosis Change in form or structure change Micro/O Small, one microscope Sage from one stage to another instrument millionth for view extremely small objects Mon/O One monocyte White blood cell with a single large nucleus Multi- Many Multipara Women who as born more than one viable fetus Neo- New Neoplasm A new, abnormal growth of tissues, growth of tumor Noct/I- Night Nocturnal Occurring at night Non- Not Nontoxic Not poisonous Olig/O- Little, deficiency Oliguria Decreased amount of urine formation Ortho- Straight, correct Orthopedics Medical specially that deals with prevention and correction of deformities Pan" All Pandemic Presence of a disease in most of a large population Para- Besides, near Paramedic Trained medical assistant Per- By, through Percutaneous Through the skin Peri- Around periosteum membrane surrounding a bone Poly- Many polyuria production of excessive amounts of urine Post- After, behind Post partum Occurring after birth Pre- Before Pre-existing Present or occurring before a given time Prim/i- First primigravida Woman during her first pregnancy Diplo- Double, two Diplopia Double vision Dis- Removal, Disinfect Remove infectious organism separation Dys- Abnormal, Dysmenorrheal Painful menstruation difficult, painful Ecto- Outside, within Ectopic Outside the normal position Endo- Within Endoscope Instrument for viewing the inside of the body space Epi- Above Epigastric Above the stomach Erythr/R/ O- Red Erythrocyte Redness of the skin red blood cell Eu- Normal, good, Eupnea Normal breathing true Ex/O- Out, out of Excise To remove surgically Extra- Outside, in Extracellular outside the cell addition Hemi- Half Hemiplegia Paralysis of one half of the body Hetero- Other, different Heterosexual Pertaining to the opposite sex Homo- Same Homograft Transplant of tissue from same species State Homeo- homeostasis of internal constancy Hyper- High, excessive Hypertension High blood pressure Hypo- Under, decrease Hypoglycemia Low blood sugar In-, Im- In, within Inhale, Impacted To breath in Hold firmly In-, Im- Not Indigestion Incomplete design Unable to be penetrated Impermeable Infra- Below Infrared Penetrating to heat waves beyond the red spectrum Inter- Between Interstitial Between cells Intra- Within Intracranial Within the skull Iso- Equal, same Isotonic Having the same concentration as cellular fluids Juxta- Near Juxtaglomerular Near the glomerulus's of kidney Leuk/O- White, colorless Leukemia Malignant overgrowth of white blood cells Macro- Large Macromolecule Large molecule composed of subunits Mal- Bad, poor Malnutrition Poor nutrition Melan/O Black, dark Melanin Dark pigment found in skin, hair the brain.and the eye Pro- Before Prognosis Prediction of the outcome of a disease Pseudo- False Pseudo, stratified Appearing to be in layers Quad/R/I- Four Quadriplegia Paralysis of all four limbs Re- Back, again Reflux Backward flow Sclera/o Hard, hardening Scleroderma Disease characterized by hardening of the skin Semi- Half Semi lunar Shaped like a half moon Sub- Below, under Subcutaneous Under the skin Super Above, excessive Super infection Second infection after an initial infection and caused by a different organism Supra- Above Suprapubic Above the pubis Syn- Sym- Together Synthesis Union of elements or molecules, a joining of parts correspondence in position of parts Tachy- Fast Tachypnea Rapid respiration rate Trans- Through, across Transfusion Injection of a substance into the blood stream Tri- Three Tricuspid Having three points or cusps Ultra- Beyond Ultrasound sound waves beyond the audible range Un- Not Unconscious Lacking in awareness, insensible Uni- One Unicellular Having one cell Word Root Root Meaning Example Definition Of Example Aden/O Gland Adenoma A Neoplasm of Glandular Epithelium Angi/O Vessel Angioplasty Surgical Removal of a Blood Vessel Arteri/O Artery Endarteritis Inflammation Of the Lining of An Artery Arthr/ O Joint Arthroscopy Instrument For Examining The Interior Of A joint Audio/ O Hearing Audiologist Specialist In the Study And Treatment Of Hearing Disorders Bio Life Biopsy Removal And Examination Of Living Tissue Blast/O Immature Osteoblast A Growing Cell That Produces Bone Tissues Form, Growing From Bracha/ O Arm Antebrachium Forearm Bronch/O Bronchus Bronchogenic Originating in a Bronchus Bronchi/O Bronchiectasis Chronic dilation of the bronchi Carcin/ O Cancer Carcinogen Agent that causes cancer Cardi/O Heart Cardiomyopathy Any disease affecting the heart muscle Cerebr/ O Brain Cerebrospinal Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord Cephal o/O Head Hydrocephalus Accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain Cervie/ O Neck, Cervix Cervical Pertaining to the neck or cervix Chol/E Bile Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of gall stone Cholecyst/O Gallbladder Cholecystectomy Surgical removal of the gall bladder Chondr/O Cartilage Endochondral Located or occurring within cartilage Cleid/O Clavicle Cleidomastoideus Pertaining to the clavicle and mastoid process Col/O Colon Colostomy Surgical formation of an opening between the colon and the surface of the body Colp/O Vagina Colpocentesis Surgical puncture of the vagina Cost/O Rib Intercostals Between the ribs Cranio/ O Skull Craniotomy Surgery on the cranium Cyst/O Sac, Cystitis Inflammation of the urinary bladder Bladder Cyt/O Cell Cytology Study of cells Enceph Brain Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain al/O Derm Dermat Skin Hypodermic Beneath the skin /O Enter/O Intestine Enterotoxin toxin that acts on the cells lining the intestine Gastr/O Stomach Epigastric Above the stomach Genesis Origin Spermatogenesis Formation of sperm cells Glomer Glomerulus's Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the Glomeruli of the ule/O kidney Gloss/O Tongue Hypoglossal Under the tongue Hem/O Blood Hemoglobin The pigment that carries oxygen in red Hemat/ Hematoma blood cells Localized collection of clotted O blood Hepat/ O Liver Hepatomegaly Enlargement of the liver Hist/O Tissue Histologist One who studies tissue Hydro/ O Water, Fluid Hydrophilic Readily absorbing water Hyster/ O Uterus Hysterectomy Surgical removal of the uterus Ile/O Ileum Ileoceca Pertaining the ileum and cecum Ili/O Ilium Iliac Pertaining to the ilium Kerat/ O Cornea, Keratoplasty Keratosis Plastic surgery of the cornea, Corneal Horny grafting Any horny growth such as wart or Layer Of callus The Skin Labi/O Lip, Labiodental Pertaining to the lips and teeth Labium Lact/O Milk Lactogenic Promoting formation of milk Laryng/ O Larynx Laryngospasm Spasmodic closing of the larynx Lith/O Stone Sialolith Stone in salivary gland or duct Lymph/ O Lymph Lymphadenopathy Any disease of lymph node Mast/O Breast Mastectomy Surgical removal of the breast Medulla/ O Central Part Medullary Pertaining to the central region of a Medulla structure or to the medulla oblongata Oblongata Mening /O Meninges Meningocele Hernia of meanings Metr/O Uterus Endometrium Lining of the uterus My/O Muscle Myofiber Muscle cell Myc/O Fungus Dermatomycosis Any fungal infection of the skin Myel/O Marrow, Myelogenous Originating in bone marrow Defective Spinal Myelodysplasia formation of the spinal card Cord Myring/ O Tympanic Myringotomy Incision of the tympanic membrane Membrane Nas/O Nose Paranasal Near the nose Necr/O Death Necrosis Death of tissue Nephr/ O Kidney Hydronephrosis Accumulation of fluids in the renal pelvis due to obstruction Neur/O Nerve Neuralgia Pain along the path of nerve Ocul/O Eye Oculomotor Pertaining to eye movement Odont/ O Tooth Orthodontics Branch of dentistry that deals with prevention and correction of irregularities in the teeth Onc/O Tumor, Oncolytic Destructive for tumor cells Swelling Onych/ O Nail Paronychia Infection of the area around a nail Oo Egg, Ovum Oocyte Developing the ovum Oophor/O Ovary Oophorectomy Removal of an ovary Opthal m/O Eye Exophthalmia Protrusion of the eye ball Orchid/O Testis Orchiopexy Surgical fixation of an undescended testis Orchid/O Dropping of the testis Os Bone Ossification Formation of bone Membrane that covers Oste/O Periosteum the bone Ot/O Ear Otosclerosis Formation of bone tissues in the inner ear leading to hearing loss Ovari/ O Ovary Ovariorrhexis Rupture of an ovary Path/O Disease Pathophysiology Study of the physiology of disease Ped/O Child, Foot Pediatrics Pedometer Branch of medicine that deals with care of children Instrument for recording numbers of steps Phag/O Eating Phagocyte Cell that takes in and destroys waste or foreign particles Phak/O Lenses Of the Phacolysis Destruction of the lens Phac/O Eye Phleb/O Vein Phlebotomist One who draw blood from a vein Pneum/O Lung, Air, Pneumothorax Accumulation of the air in the pleural space Pneumo n/O Berating Pneumonia Inflammation of the lung Proct/O Rectum Proctoscopy Endoscopic examination of the rectum Psych/ O Mind Psychogenic Of mental or emotional origin Ptosis Dropping Blepharoptosis Drooping of the eye lid Py/O Pus Empyema Accumulation of pus in a body cavity Pyel/O Pelvis, Renal Pyelography x-ray study of the renal pelvis and uterus Pelvis Pylor/O Pylorus Pylorospasm Spasm of the pylorus Rachi/ O Spine Rachiocentesis Lumber puncture Ren/O Kidney Supra Renal Above the kidney Min/O Nose Rhinorrhea Discharge of thin mucus from the nose Salping/ O Tube, Oviduct Salpingectomy Surgical removal of the arteries Sclera/ Hardening Arteriosclerosis Hardening of the arteries O Splen/O Spleen Splenectomy Removal of the spleen Thorac/ O Chest, Thorax Thoracotomy Surgical incision in the chest wall Throm Blood Clot Thrombosis Formation or presence of a blood clot, b/O usually causing destruction of a vessel Tox/O, Poison Toxoid Modified bacterial toxin used to produce Toxic/O Toxicology immunity The study of poisons Trache/ O Trachea Tracheostomy Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea Trich/O Hair Trichology Study of the ureter Ureter/ O Ureter Ureterectasis Dilation of the ureter Urethra /O Urethras Urethrostenosis Narrowing of the urethra Ur/O Urine Anuria Lack of urine formation Vas/O Vessel, Duct Vasomotor Pertaining to changes in the diameter of a vessel Vesic/O Urinary Vesical Pertaining to the bladder urinary Bladder Suffixes suffix Meaning Example Definition Of Example -algia Pain Gastralgia Pain In the Stomach -cele Tumor, Hernia, Swelling Cystocele Hernia Of the Bladder centesis Puncture, Tap Paracentesis Surgical Puncture of a Cavity for Removal Of fluids. -cide Killing Bactericide Agent That Kills Bacteria -ectasis Dilation, Stretching Atelectasis Incomplete Expansion of The Lungs - Excision Tonsillectomy Surgical Removal of The ectomy Tonsils -emia Blood Ischemia Insufficient Blood Supply to An Area esthesi a Pertaining To Sensation Anesthesia Loss Of Sensation -form Shaped Like Cruciform Shaped Like a Cross -gen - Formation, Fibrinogen Substance In the Blood That Is genic Origin, Cardiogenic Converted to Fibrin During Blood Producing Clotting Originating in The Heart -gram Record Echocardiogram Record Produced by Echocardiogram -graph Recording Instrument Pneumography Instrument For Recording the Rate and Depth Of -graphy Recording Of Data Radiograph y The Taking of X-Ray Pictures -iasis Condition Helminthiasis Infestation With Worms -ism Condition Embolism Blockage Of a Blood Vessel, Usually by A Blood Clot -itis Inflammation Pericarditis Inflammation of Pericardium -lysis Separation, Hemolysis Rupture Of Red Blood Cells Disintegration -malaci a Softening Ostomalacia Softening Of the Bone -megaly Enlargement Splenomegaly Enlargement Of the Spleen -meter Measuring Instrument Calorimeter Instruction For Measuring Heat Production -metry Measurement Pelvimetry Measurement Of the Pelvis -odynia Pain Cephalonia Pain In the Head, Headache -oid Like, Rheumatoid Similar To Rheumatism Resembling -oma Tumor Sarcoma Tumor Of Connective Tissue -osis Condition Narcosis Unconsciousness Due To Narcotics -pathy Disease Myopathy Any Disease of Muscle -penia Lack Of Leucopenia Abnormal Decrease in The Number Of White Blood Cells -pexy Surgical Fixation Hysteropexy Surgical Fixation of The Uterus -phagia Eating Dysphagia Difficulty In Swallowing -phil Attracting Basophil White Blood Cell That Stain with Basic -philie Stain -plasia Formation, Molding Hyperplasia Excessive Growth of Cells -plasty Plastic Repair Rhinoplasty Plastic Surgery of the Nose -plegia Paralysis Paraplegia Paralysis Of Both Legs -pnea Breathing Apnea Absence Of Breathing -poiesis Formation, Production Erythropoiesis Formation Of Red Blood Cells -ptosis Dropping Nephroptosis Dropping Of the Kidney -rrhage Bursting Forth Hemorrhage Bursting Forth of Blood Excessive -rrhagia Menorrhagia Menstrual Bleeding -rhaphy Surgical Repair Hymenorrhaphy Surgical Repair of Hernia -rhea Discharge Pyorrhea Discharge Of Pus -rhexis Rupture Aminorrhexis Rupture Of the Amnion -scope Instrument For Cystoscope Instrument For Examining the Bladder Examining -scopy Visual Examination Bronchoscopy Examination of the Bronchi -stasis Stoppage of Flow Hemostasis Prevention Of Blood Loss -stomy Surgical Formation of Colostomy Surgical Formation of An Opening in An Opening The Colon -tomy Incision Into Tracheostomy Incision Into the Trachea -trophy Nourishing Atrophy Wasting Or Decrease in Size of An Organ or Tissue -tropic Acting On Gonadotropic Acting On the Gonads -tripsy Crushing Lithotripsy Crushing Of a Stone -uresis Urination Diuresis Elimination of Large Amount Of Urine -uria Urine Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning Abbreviation Meaning CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation OOB Out of blood DOA Dead on arrival OR Operating room DON Director of nursing Oz (OZ) Ounce ECG(EKG) Electrocardiogram peds Pediatrics EEG Electroencephalogram Per By. Through ER, ED Emergency room, department PM (pm) After noon Fld Fluid Prep Preparation p.o. (per os) By mouth p.m. When necessary EMS Emergency Medical Services Pt(pt) Patient H(Hr) Hour PT Physical therapy H.S(H.S) Hour of sleep q Every ADR Adverse Drug Reaction q.d Every day ICU Intensive care unit q.h Every hour Q hs Every night at bed time q.2h,q3h.etc Every two hours, three hours....... In Inch q.i.d Four times a day I&O Intake and out put q.o.d Every other day Luq Left upper quadrant Surg Surgery Mid Midnight t.i.d Three times a day Ml Milliliter TPR Temperature, Pulse, respiration NA nursing assistant Min Minute Nil None Neg Negative No Number WBC White blood cell Noc Night RBC Red blood cell Npo Nothing mouth Wt Weight Hct haematocrit Hgb, Hb Hemoglobin MCV Mean corpuscular volume MCH Mean corpuscular homoglobin  EMERGENCY CARE Abrasion: a minor cut or scrape. Abscess: a fluid-filled pocket that forms in tissue, usually due to bacterial infection. Acute: indicates a condition that begins suddenly and can be severe. ALOC: Acute Loss of Consciousness. ANED: Alive No Evidence of Disease. ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome. Occurs when a patient’s lungs fill with fluid, depriving the body of oxygen. ARF: Acute Renal Failure. A sudden and dangerous condition in which the kidneys are unable to filter waste from the blood. BLS: Basic Life Support. The care given to a patient experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress, or an obstructed airway. Contusion: an area of injured tissue; bruise. DNR: Do Not Resuscitate; a medical order indicating that providers should not perform life-saving measures on a patient. Edema: swelling caused by fluid accumulation. Epidermis: the outer layer of the skin. Fracture: broken bone or cartilage. HR: heart rate, expressed as beats per minute. Inpatient: a patient who requires hospitalization. Intravenous: delivered via a vein, such as with medication or other fluid. IV push: a rapid injection of medication that’s delivered intravenously. Outpatient: a patient who receives care without being admitted to a hospital. Tox screen: toxicological analysis of the blood that identifies the drugs ingested in a suspected overdose.  MEDICAL PROCEDURES AND TESTS: Biopsy: a small sample of tissue excised from a patient for testing. Blood culture: a test used to find any unusual bacteria or fungi in a patient’s blood. Blood gas: a test to measure oxygen, carbon dioxide, and the pH of a patient’s blood. Blood pressure: the measure of how well the blood is circulating. CAT scan: Computerized Axial Tomography. A form of diagnostic imaging. Central line: a catheter placed in a large vein that allows multiple IV fluids to be administered and blood to be drawn more easily. Dialysis: a procedure to filter blood for patients with kidney failure. EEG: Electroencephalogram. A diagnostic tool that measures electrical activity in the brain. EKG/ECG: Electrocardiogram. A test that records the electrical signals in the heart. KUB: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder X-ray. Commonly used for diagnosing abdominal pain. LFT: Liver Function Test. Used to measure how well the liver is functioning in order to identify potential disease. MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A form of diagnostic imaging that uses a large magnet and radio waves to view inside of the body. Intubation: the insertion of an endotracheal tube to assist a patient’s breathing. Pulse: the measure of a pulsating artery. Pulse/ox: Pulse Oximetry. A measure of oxygen saturation in the blood. Ultrasound: a form of diagnostic imaging that uses high-frequency sound waves. U/A: Urinalysis. A urine test used to identify a range of disorders or disease. Venipuncture: the drawing of blood from a vein.  MT/ Introduction Definition: Medical terminology is a specialized language used by health care stuffs, allows for quick, efficient communication while minimizing the potential for misunderstanding. Course objectives: ∘ Studying of the basic elements for the formation of medical terms form their origins (Latin, Greek, words). ∘ Correct pronunciation and spelling of medical terms. ∘ basic knowledge of medical terminology and abbreviations concerned with the body system. Body systems: 1- Integumentary. 2- Locomotive systems. 3- Nervous (central/autonomic/eye). 4- Cardiovascular. 5- Endocrine. 6- Respiratory. 7- Digestive. 8- Urinary. 9- Reproductive (genital) 10- Blood and blood forming organ. Basic elements of medical word or term: ‣ Word root ‣ Combining form ‣ Suffix ‣ Prefix ⁕Word Root Examples: “Card” means heart …. Carditis. “Hepat” means liver …. Hepatomegaly. “Gastr” means stomach …. Gastritis. “oste” means bone …. Osteome. › Word root is the main part or basic component of a word. › The word root usually refers to a body part. › Word root provides the general meaning if the term. › All words have at least one word root other terms has 2-word root (myocarditis, gastroenterology). ⁕Combining Form › The combination of word root and combining vowel, at the root is known as a COMBINING FORM (WR+Vowel= CF). › C vowel make the pronunciation of medical terms easier. › The combining vowel (a, e, I, o, u) is usually an “O”. › If the WR have a vowel at its end, we ignore the CV. Examples: “Aden/o” = gland “Card/o” = heart “Neur/o” = nerve “Hepat/o” = liver “Rhin/o” = nose When a medical term has more than one root, the combining vowel is used to link the root to each other for example: Osteoarthritis = oste / o / arthr / itis ⁕Suffixes › A suffix is added to the end of a word root or combining form. › Adding suffix to a word root, create a term with a different meaning. Carditis Inflammation of the heart Cardiomyopathy Disease to heart muscle layer Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the heart ‣ CV is used before a suffix that begins with a consonant. It links root to another or Before suffix that begins with consonant. Suffixes related to symptoms: ‣-algia means pain. Myalgia means pine in the muscle. ‣-rrhagia means excessive blood flow or discharge. Metrorrhagia means blood from the uterus. ‣-rrhea means discharge or flow. Rhinorrhea means discharge from the nose. ‣-megaly means enlargement. Hepatomegaly means enlargement of the liver. ‣-itis means inflammation. Gastritis means inflammation of the stomach. ‣-oma means tumor. Nephroma means tumor of the kidney. ‣-malacia means softening. Osteomalacia means softening of the bone. ‣-ectomy means removal or excision. Gastrectomy means surg removal of the stomach. ‣-scopy means visual inspection or examination. Bronchoscopy means examination of the bronchi. ‣-scope means the instrument used for examination. Bronchoscope means examination of the bronchi. ⁕Prefixes ‣Intra- means inside or within. Intravenous means performed or entering by way of a vein. ‣Endo- means inside or within. Endometritis means inflammation inside the uterus. ‣Peri- means around or surrounding. Pericarditis means inflammation of pericardium. ‣Retro- & post- means behind. Retrocardial means located behind the heart. Postnasal means situated behind the nose. ‣Leuko- means white. Leukocyte means the white blood cell. ‣Erythron- means red. Erythrocyte means the red blood cell. ‣Cyano- means blue. Cyanosis means bluish discoloration as of skin. ‣Melano- means dark or black. Melanoma means dark colored tumor. ‣Ante- & pre- means before. Antepartum means the period before childbirth. Preoperative means occurring before the surg operation. ‣Post- means after. Postoperative complication means having a complication after surg. ‣a- & an- means without or no Afebrile means absence of fever. Anesthesia means loss of sensation. ‣Hypo- means too little, or low. Hypotension means low blood pressure. ‣Hyper- means above or high Hypertension means above normal or high blood pressure. Emesis- means vomiting. Hyperemesis means excessive vomiting. Uni-/mono- =one. Bi- =two. Tri- =three. Quadri-/tetra- =four. Multi-& poly- means many or much. Polyneuritis means inflammation of nerves. Hemi- & semi- means half. Hemiplegia means paralysis on one half of the body. Tachy- means fast. Tachycardia means an abnormally elevated heartbeat. Brady- means slow. Bradycardia means an abnormally slow heartbeat. Oligo- means little or scanty. Oliguria means reduced excretion of urine. Micro- means small. Microcyte means a small cell. Mega- means large. Megacolon means an abnormally large colon. Macro- the opposite of micro, means large. Macrocyte means large cell. Dys- means difficult or painful. Dyspnea means experiencing difficulty in breathing. Hydro- means water. Hydrophobia means fear of water. Mal-means bad. Malodorous means having a bad odor Nox- & noct- means night. Nocturia means urination at night especially when excessive. ⁕Plurality GL Singular Plural a Vertebra Vertebrae ex, ix Appendix Appendices is Diagnosis Diagnoses itis Arthritis Arthritides nx Larynx Larynges On Ganglion Ganglia us Alveolus Alveoli The Respiratory system: ⁕Anatomy of respiratory system: To provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide. ⁕major organs and their function: Nose: internal entry & exit air point. Pharynx: serves as passageway. Larynx: “voice box”, as air passes over the vocal cords. Trachea: “windpipe”, connects the pharynx to the lungs. Epiglottis: a flap of cartilage, covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering. Bronchi: two large passageways, lead from the trachea to the lungs. Alveoli: clusters, like “grapes”. Capillaries surrounding each alveolus (exchange gases with blood). The diaphragm: the muscle that causes breathing. “hiccups” are involuntary contractions of diaphragm. ⁕WR& S: Nas/o nose Pleur/o Membrane Pharyng/o Throat- pharynx surrounding the lung Thorac/o Chest Phern/o Diaphragm Laryng/o Larynx- throat Cost/o Rib Trache/o Windpipe Pector/o Chest Pneum/o Lung- air Ox/o/i/y Oxygen Pneumon/o Atel/o Incomplete Pulm/o Lung cyano Blue/ dark blue Pulmon/o Steth/o Chest Bronch/o Bronchial tube Spir/o To breathe Bronchi/o Bronchus Tiss/i cough Alveol/o Air sac -pnea Breathing -metry To measure -ectasis. -ectasia Steching-dilatation ⁕Medical terms Anoxia: no oxygen to tissues. Hypoxia: decreased oxygen in body tissue. Hemoptysis: coughing of blood (ptysis means spitting). Epistaxis: bleeding from the nose. Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of skin due to lack of oxygen. Hiccup: chronic spam of diaphragm. Apnea: without breathing. Tachypnea: rapid breathing. Dyspnea: slow breathing. Orthopnea: difficult or painful breathing. ⁕RS malfunction Bronchial asthma: spasm & narrowing of bronchial tubes leading to airway obstruction. Pneumonia: abnormal condition of lung inflammation and infection of alveoli “the alveoli become filled with fluids and breathing difficulties”. Pleuritis: inflammation of the pleura. Pyothorax: pus in the pleural cavity. Hydrothorax: fluid in the pleural cavity. Hemothorax: blood in the pleural cavity. Pneumothorax: air in the pleural cavity. Asthma: allergic reaction in which the bronchiole contractions create breathing difficulties. Emphysema: air sacs lose their elasticity and breakdown resulting a loss of respiratory surface in lungs, shortness of breath in the chief symptom ⁕Medical specialist related to the respiratory system Otorhinologist: diagnosis and treating diseases of ear, nose. Pulmonologyist: physician specializes in lung diseases. ⁕Diagnostic procedures Thoracic percussion: when solid lung (dull) not as (resonant). Thoracocentesis: needle aspiration of fluid from the pleural cavity. Laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy: visual examination of larynx and bronchi with an endoscope. Bronchography: radiological examination of the bronchial tree. Spirometry: measuring lung ventilation using spirometer. Stethoscope: instrument used to hear chest sounds. ⁕Drug groups Expector/ant: expels secretion. Anti/tussive: drug inhibit or prevent cough. Muco/lytic: drug dissolve sputum. Inhal/ant: drug administer by inhalation, act locally on respiratory sys. Broncho/dilator: expands the opening of the air passages. ⁕Surgical procedures Trache/otomy: surgical cutting into. Trache/ostomy: surgical opening. Thoraco/plasty: surgical repair. Thorac/otomy: opening the chest cavity. Thoraco/centesis: surgical needle puncture to remove fluid from chest. Pneumon/ectomy: excision of one whole lung. Ventilator: device for artificial respiration. ⁕-scope: the instrument (tool) used for the examination. ⁕-scopy: the visual examination itself (using an instrument). ⁕-ectomy: surgical excise. ⁕-stomy: surgical opening to remove waste. ⁕-otomy: surgical cutting or making an incision. Blood ⁕Components of the blood About 55% plasma and 45% cellular elements. Plasma: Water, ions, plasma protein and substances transported by blood. Cellular elements: Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. WR&S&P Haem/o hemato Blood -emia Blood Leuk/o White -blast Dividing cell Erythr/o Red -cyte Cell Lymph/o Lymph -osis Disease process Mon/o 1 single -penia Too few Granul/o Granules -stasis Constant level Thromb/o Clot -lytic Analysis Myel/o Bone marrow -rrahgia excessive B flow Natr/o codium -oma Tumor Calc/i Calcium -poiesis Developer Kal/i Potassium Pan- All Lip/o. lipid/o Fat An-a- Without-not Py/o Pus Anti - against Acid/o Decrease pH -7.35 Hypo- Decrease Alkal/I Increase pH +7.35 Hyper- Increase ⁕Medical terms Myelopoiesis: formation of blood cells from the stem cells of bone marrow. Erythropoiesis: the production of red blood cells. Leukopoiesis: the formation of white blood cell. Thrombopoiesis: the production of platelets. Anemia: decrease of hemoglobin or number of red blood Erythrocytosis: abnormal increase in RBCs. Leukocytosis: increase in the total WBCs due to infection. Leukopenia: decrease in WBCs number. Lymphocytosis: increase in lymphocytes number. Lymphocytopenia: decrease of lymphocytes number. Lymphoma: tumor of lymphatic system. Myeloma: tumor of bone marrow cells. Toxemia: presence of toxins. Bacteremmia: presence of a few number of bacteria in the circulating blood without toxemia. Septicemia: presence of large number of bacteria with their toxins in the blood. Thrombocytopenia: decrease in thrombocyte number. Pancytopenia: decrease in all the BCs number. Hyponatraemia: decrease in the serum sodium conc below normal. Hypernatraemia: increase in the serum sodium conc above normal. Hypokalaemia: decrease in the serum potassium below normal. Hyperkalaemia: increase in the serum potassium above normal. Hypocalcaemia: decrease in the serum calcium level. Hypercalcaemia: increase in the serum calcium level. Hyperlipidaemia: abnormal increase in level of blood lipids including cholesterol and triglycerides. ⁕Drug groups Anticoagulant: drug inhibits blood coagulation (clot), treatment of thrombosis. Fibrinolytic: dissolve fibrin of the blood clot. Haematenic: antianaemic, Drugs stimulates erythropoiesis. Antineoplastics: cytotoxice, Drug that inhibit rapid cell division (anti- mitotic) used in treatment of malignant disease. Exorcise -Give the meaning of the following terms: 1-erythropoiesis 2-hyponatraemia 3-leukocytosis 4-thrombocytopenia 5-haemostasis 6-Haemorrhage 7-hyperkalemia 8-Leukocyte -The systemic disease caused by the spread of multiplying bacteria and their toxins via the circulating blood is known as: -What is the chemical symbol for sodium? -Blood cells responsible for initiation of blood thrombosis are the: -Decrease in white blood cells number is termed: -What pathological condition does the hematologist suspect? Case Study: A 2-year-old boy is being seen by a hematologist. The child's symptoms include the sudden onset of high fevers, thrombocytopenia, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, petechiae, and ecchymoses after minor traumas. The physician has ordered a bone marrow aspiration to confirm the clinical diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia. If the diagnosis is positive, the child will be placed immediately on intensive chemotherapy. The physician has informed the parents that treatment produces remission in 90% of children with ALL, especially those between the ages of 2 and 8. What pathological condition does the hematologist suspect? List and define each of the patient's presenting symptoms in your own words? What diagnostic test did the physician perform? Describe it in your own words? What do you think the term "remission" means?