Medical Terminology Suffixes PDF

SUFFIX LINKING COMPOUND WORDS WITH SUFFIX COMBINING + WORD + SUFFIX = MEDICAL WORD MEANING FORM ROOT Gastr/o + Enter + itis = Gastroenteritis I...

SUFFIX LINKING COMPOUND WORDS WITH SUFFIX COMBINING + WORD + SUFFIX = MEDICAL WORD MEANING FORM ROOT Gastr/o + Enter + itis = Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestine (stomach) (intestine) (inflammation) Oste/o + Arthr + itis = Osteoarthritis Inflammation of bone and joint (bone) (joint) (inflammation) Encephal/o + mening + Itis = Encephalomeningitis Inflammation of brain and meninges (inflammation) WORD ROOTS AND COMBINING FORMS WITH SUFFIXES ELEMENT + SUFFIX = MEDICAL WORD MEANING WORD ROOTS Gastr + itis = Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach (stomach) (inflammation) Hemat + Emesis = Hematemesis Vomiting of blood (blood) (vomiting) Arthr + Itis = Arthritis Inflammation of the joint (joint) (inflammation) COMBINING FORMS Gastr/o + Dynia = Gastrodynia Pain in the stomach (stomach) (pain) Hemat/o + Logy = Hematology Study of blood (blood) (study of) Arthr/o + Centesis = arthrocentesis Surgical puncture of a joint (joint) (surgical puncture)  SUFFIX TYPES COMMON SURGICAL SUFFIXES SUFFIX MEANING WORD ANALYSIS Centesis Surgical puncture Arthr/o/centesis (arthr/o = joint) -Puncture of a joint space with a needle and the withdrawal of fluid. Clasis To break; Oste/o/clasis Surgical fracture (Oste/o = bone) -surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity Desis Binding, fixation (of a Arthr/o/desis bone or joint) -binding together of a joint Ectomy Excision or removal Append/ectomy (Append = appendix) -excision of the appendix Lysis Separation, destruction, Thromb/o/lysis loosening (thromb/o = blood clot) -destruction of a blood clot Pexy Fixation (of an organ) Mast/o/pexy (mast/o = breast) -fixation of the breast(s) in sagging breasts to improve breast Plasty Surgical repair Rhin/o/pexy (rhin/o = nose) -surgical repair of the nose Rrhaphy Suture My/o/rrhaphy (my/o = muscle) -suture of a muscle Stomy Forming an opening Trache/o/stomy (mouth) (Trache/o = trachea (windpipe) -forming an opening into the trachea (to form an artificial opening to bypass an obstructed upper airway) Tome Instrument to cut Oste/o/tome (oste/o = bone) -intrument to cut bone Tomy Incision Trache/o/tomy -incision through the neck into the trachea (performed to gain access to an airway below a blockage) tripsy crushing Lith/o/tripsy Lith/o = stone, calculus) -crushing a stone (in the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder for elimination  COMMON DIANOSTIC, PATHOLOGICAL AND RELATED SUFFIXES SUFFIX MEANING WORD ANALYSIS DIAGNOSTIC Gram Record, writing Electr/o/cardi/o/gram (electr/o/ = electricity) (cardi/o/ = heart) -record of the electrical activity of the heart Graph Instrument for recording Cardi/o/graph -instrument for recording electrical activity of the heart Graphy Process of recording Angi/o/graphy (angi/o/ = vessel (usually blood or lymph) -process of recording blood vessels (after injection of the contrast medium) Meter Instrument for measuring Pelv/i/meter (pelv/i/ = pelvis) -instrument for measuring the pelvis Metry Act of measuring Pelv/i/metry -act of process of measuring the dimensions of the pelvis Scope Instrument for examining Endo/scope (endo = in, within) -instrument for examining within Scopy Visual examination Endo/scopy -visual examination within PATHOLOGICA L AND RELATED Algia Pain Neur/algia (neur = nerve) -pain of a nerve Dynia Pain Ot/o/dynia (ot/o/ = ear) -pain in the ear or earache Cele Hernia, swelling Hepat/o/cele (hepat/o/ = liver) -hernia of the liver Ectasis Dilation, expansion Bronchi/ectasis -dilation or expansion of one or more bronchi Edema Swelling Lymph/edema (lymph = lymph) -swelling and accumulation of tissue fluid Emesis Vomiting Hyper/emesis (hyper = excessive, above normal) -excessive vomitting Emia Blood condition An/emia (an = without, not) -blood condition caused by a decrease in red blood cells (erythrocytes) Gen Forming, producing, origin Carcin/o/gen (carcin/o/ = cancer) -forming, producing or origin of cancer Genesis Same as (GEN) Carcin/o/genesis -forming or producing cancer iasis Abnormal (produced by Chol/e/lith/iasis something specific) (chol/e/ = bile, gall) (lith = stone, calculus) -abnormal condition of gallstones (presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder) Itis Inflammation Gastr/itis (gastr = stomach) -inflammation of the stomach Lith Stone, calculus Chol/e/lith (chol/e/ = bile, gall) -enlargement of the heart Malacia Softening Chondr/o/malacia (chondr/o/ = cartilage) -softening of the articular cartilage, usually involving the patella Megaly Enlargement Cardi/o/megaly (cardi/o/ = heart) -enlargement of the heart Oma Tumor Neur/oma (neur = nerve) -tumor composed of nerve tissue Osis Abnormal condition; increase Cyan/osis (used primarily with blood (cyan = blue) cells -dark blue or purple discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane (which indicates a deficiency of oxygen in the blood) Pathy Disease My/o/pathy (my/o/ = muscle) -disease of muscle Penia Decrease, deficiency Erythr/o/penia (Erythr/o/ = red) -decrease in red blood cells Phagia Eating, swallowing Dys/phagia (dys = bad, painful, difficult) -inability or difficulty in swallowing  Phasia Speech a/phasia (a = without, not) -absence or impairment of speech Phobia Fear Hemo/phagia (hem/o/ = blood) -fear of blood Plasia Formation, growth Dys/plasia (dys = bad, painful, difficult) -abnormal formation or growth of cells, tissues, or organs Plasm SAME AS (PLASIA) Neo/plasm (neo = new) -new formation or growth of tissue (usually such as tumor or growth) Plegia paralysis Hemi/plagia (hemi = one half) -paralysis of one side of the body (usually caused by a brain injury or a stroke) Ptosis Prolapse, downward, Blephar/o/ptosis displacement (blepha/o/ = eyelid) -drooping of the upper eyelid Rrhage Bursting forth (of) Hem/o/rrhage (hem/o = blood) -bursting forth of blood (loss of a large amount of blood within a short period) Rrhagia Bursting forth (of) Men/o/rrhagia (men/o = menses, menstruation) -profuse discharge of blood during menstruation Rrhea Discharge, flow Dia/rrhea (dia = through, across) -abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel Rrhexis Rupture Arteri/o/rrhexis (arteri/o/ = artery) -rupture of an artery Sclerosis Abnormal condition of Arteri/o/sclerosis hardening -abnormal condition of hardening of an artery Spasm Involuntary contraction, Blephar/o/spasm twitching -twitching of the eyelid Stenosis Narrowing, stricture Arteri/o/stenosis -abnormal narrowing of an artery Toxic Poison Hepat/o/toxic -poisonous to the liver trophy Nourishment, development Dys/trophy (dys = bad, painful, difficult)  -bad nourishment GRAMMATICAL SUFFIXES SUFFIX MEANING WORD ANALYIS ADJECTIVE Ac PERTAINING TO Cardi/ac -pertaining to the heart Al PERTAINING TO Neur/al -pertaining to the nerve Ar PERTAINING TO Muscul/ar (muscul = muscle) -pertaining to the muscle Ary PERTAINING TO Pulmon/ary (pulmon = lung) -pertaining to the lung Eal PERTAINING TO Esophag/eal (esophag = esophagus) -pertaining to esophagus ic PERTAINING TO Thorac/ic (thorac = chest) -pertaining to the chest ical PERTAINING TO Path/o/log/ical (combinatio (path/o/ = disease) (log = study of) n of -ic & -al) -pertaining to the study of disease ile PERTAINING TO Pen/ile (pen = penis) -pertaining to the penis ior PERTAINING TO Poster/ior (poster = back (of body) behind) -pertaining to the back of the body Tic PERTAINING TO Acous/tic (acous = hearing) -pertaining to hearing Ous Also means: composed of or Cutane/ous producing (cutane = skin) -pertaining to the skin NOUN Esis CONDITION Di/ur/esis (di = double) (ur = urine) -abnormal secretion of large amounts of urine ia CONDITION Pneumon/ia  (pneumon = air; lung) -infection of the lungs usually caused by bacteria, viruses or diseases ism CONDITION Hyper/thyroid/ism (hyper = excessive, above normal) (thyroid = thyroid gland) -condition characterized by overactivity of the thyroid gland iatry Medicine; treatment Pod/iatry (pod = foot) -specialty concerned with treatment and prevention of conditions of the feet ician SPECIALIST Obstetr/ician (obstetr = midwife) -physician who specialize in the branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth ist SPECIALIST Hemat/o/log/ist (hemat = blood) (log = study) -physician who specializes in the treatment of disorders of blood and blood – forming tissues Y Condition; process Neur/o/path/y (neur = nerve) (path = disease) -disease condition of the nerves DIMINUTIVE icle Small, minute Ventr/icle (ventr = belly, belly side) -small cavity, as of brain or heart Ole Small, minute Arteri/ole (arteri = artery) -smallest of the arteries; minute artery (arteries > arterioles > capillaries) Ule Small, minute Ven/ule (ven = vein) -small vein continuous with a capillary  RULES FOR SINGULAR AND PLURAL SUFFIXES RULES EXAMPLE SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL -a Retain -a & add -e Pleura Pleurae -ax Drop –x & add -ces Thorax Thoraces -en Drop -en & add -ina Lumen Lumina -is Drop -is & add -es Diagnosis Diagnoses -ix Drop -ix & add -ices Appendix Appendices -ex Drop -ex & add -ices Apex Apices -ma Retain -ma & add -ta Carcinoma Carcinomata -on Drop -on & add -a Ganglion Ganglia -um Drop -um & add -a Bacterium Bacteria -us Drop -us & add -i Bronchus Bronchi -y Drop -y & add -ies deformity Deformities PREFIXES PREFIX MEANING WORD ANALYSIS POSITION Sub Under Sub/nas/al -under the nose Inter Between Inter/cost/al (cost = ribs) -between the ribs Post After, behind Post/nat/al (nat = birth) -pertaining to the period after birth Pre Before, in front of Pre/nat/al -pertaining to the period before birth Pro Before, in front of Pro/gnosis (gnosis = knowing) Knowing before (the prediction of the course and end of a disease and the estimated chance of recovery) Retro Backward, behind Retro/vision (version = turning)  -turning backwards (tipping backwards of an organ – such as the uterus – from its normal position) NUMBER AND MEASUREMENT Bi Two Bi/later/al (later = side) -pertaining to two sides Dipl Double Dipl/opia (opia = vision) -double vision Diplo Double Diplo/bacteri/al (bacteri = bacteria) -bacteria linked together in pairs Hemi One half Hemi/plegia -paralysis of one half of the body Hyper Excessive, above normal Hyper/calc/emia (calc = calcium) (emia = blood condtion) -calcium in the blood is above normal macro Large Macro/cyte (cyte = cell) -large cell Micro Small Micro/scope -instrument for examining small objects Mono One Mono/therapy (therapy = treatment) -one treatment Uni One Uni/nucle/ar (nucle = nucleus) -pertaining to one nucleus Multi Many, much Multi/gravida (gravida = pregnant woman) -woman who has been pregnant more than once Poly Many, much Poly/phobia -fear of many things Primi First Primi/gravida -woman during her first pregnancy Quadri Four Quadri/plegia -paralysis of four limbs Tri Three Tri/ceps (Ceps = head)  -three heads DIRECTION Ab Away from Ab/duction (duction = act of leading, bringing, conducting) -movement of a limb away from (an axis of) the body Ad Toward Ad/duction -movement of a limb toward (an axis of) the body Circum Around Circum/renal -pertaining to around the kidney Peri Around Peri/odont/al (odont = teeth) -pertaining to around a tooth Dia Through, across Dia/rrhea -abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel Trans Through, across Trans/vagin/al (vagin = vagina) -pertaining to across or through the vagina Ecto Outside, outward Ecto/gen/ous (gen = forming, producing, origin) -forming outside the body or structure Exo Outside, outward Exo/tropia (tropia = turning outward – of one or both eyes) -turning outward (of one or both eyes) Extra Outside, outward Extra-crani/al (crani = cranium (skull) -outside the skull Endo In, within Endo/crine (crine = secrete) -secrete within (a gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream) Intra In, within Intra/muscul/ar -within the muscle Para – (maybe Near, beside, beyond Para/nas/al used as suffix – to (nas = nose) bear offspring) -behind the nose Super Upper, above Super/ior (ior = pertaining to)  -pertaining to the upper part of the structure Supra Excessive, above, superior Supra/ren/al (ren = kidney) -pertaining to above the kidney Ultra Excess, beyond Ultra/son/ic (son = sound) -pertaining to the sound beyond (that which can be heard by the human ear) OTHER COMMON PREFIXES A – usually used Without, not A/mast/ia before consonant -without breast An Without, not An/aesthesia (esthesia = feeling) -without feeling (with or without loss of consciousness) Anti Against Anti/bacteri/al -against bacteria Contra Against Contra/caption (caption = conceiving) -against conception or impregnation Brady Slow Brady/cardia (cardia = heart) -slow heart rate Dys Bad, painful, difficult Dys/tocia (tocia = childbirth, labor) -difficult childbirth Eu Good, normal Eu/pnea -normal breathing Hetero Different Hetero/graft (or xenograft) (graft = transplantation) -different transplantation (ex. Tissue from another species) Homo Same Homo/graft (or allograft) -same transplant Homeo Same Homeo/plasia -formation of new tissue similar to that already existing in a part Mal Bad Mal/nutrition -bad nutrition (inadequate or excessive food intake) Pan All Pan/arthr/itis  -inflammation of all (or many) joint Pseudo False Pseudo/cyesis (cyesis = pregnancy) -false pregnancy Syn – appears as Union, together, joined Syn/dactyl/ism SYM – before b, (dactyl = fingers, toes) p, ph, or m) -condition of joined fingers or toes Tachy rapid Tachy/pnea (pnea = breathing) -rapid breathing DIRECTIONAL TERMS TERM DEFINITION Abduction Movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts Adduction Movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body Medial Pertaining to the midline of the body or structure Lateral Pertaining to a side Superior (cephalad) Toward the head or upper portion of a structure Inferior (caudal) Away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure Proximal Nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body Distal Further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body Anterior (ventral) Front of the body Posterior (dorsal) Back of the body Parietal Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity Visceral Pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs Prone Lying on the abdomen, face down  Supine Lying horizontally on the back, face up Inversion Turning inward or inside out Eversion Turning outward Palmar Pertaining to the palm of the hand Plantar Pertaining to the sole of the foot Superficial Toward the surface of the body (external) Deep Away from the surface of the body (internal) MEDICAL TERMS RELATED TO BODY STRUCTURE ELEMENT MEANING WORD ANALYSIS COMBINING FORMS Cellular Structure cyt/o cell cyt/o/logist: (-logist: specialist in the study of) - specialist in study of cells hist/o tissue hist/o/logy: (-logy: study of) - study of tissues (Histology is the branch of science that investigates the microscopic structures and functions of tissues) kary/o kary/o/lysis: (-lysis: separation; destruction; loosening) - destruction of the nucleus (Karyolysis results in death of nucleus the cell) nucle/o nucle/ar: (-ar: pertaining to) - pertaining to the nucleus Position and Direction anter/o anterior, front anter/ior : (-ior: pertaining to) - pertaining to the front  caud/o tail caud/ad: (-ad: toward) - toward the tail (Caudad is opposite of craniad) crani/o cranium (skull) crani/al: (-al: pertaining to) - pertaining to the cranium dist/o far, farthest dist/al: - pertaining to the farthest (point of attachment) (Distal refers to the point furthest from the center (trunk) of the body or from the point of attachment to the body. Thus, the fingers are distal to the wrist) dors/o back (of body) dors/al: - pertaining to the back (of the body) infer/o lower, below infer/ior: - pertaining to a lower (structure or surface) (The inferior surface is the under surface of a structure or organ, or a place below a structure or organ) later/o side, to one side later/al: - pertaining to a side medi/o middle medi/ad: (-ad: toward) - toward the middle poster/o back (of body), poster/ior : behind, - pertaining to the back (of the body) posterior proxim/o near, nearest proxim/al: - pertaining to the nearest (point of attachment) (Proximal refers to the point closest to the center (trunk) of the body or to the point of attachment to the body. Thus, the elbow is proximal to the wrist) ventr/o belly, belly side ventr/al: - pertaining to the belly side (front of the body) Regions of the Body abdomin/o abdomen abdomin/al: - pertaining to the abdomen cervic/o neck; cervix cervic/al: uteri (neck of - pertaining to the neck uterus) crani/o cranium crani/al: (skull) - pertaining to the cranium gastr/o stomach hypo/gastr/ic:  (hypo-: under, below) (-ic: pertaining to) - pertaining to (the area) below the stomach ili/o ilium (lateral, ili/al: flaring portion - pertaining to the ilium of hip bone) inguin/o groin inguin/al: - pertaining to the groin (The groin is the depression located between the thigh and trunk) lumb/o lumb/o lumb/ar: - pertaining to the loins (lower back) pelv/i pelv/i/meter: (-meter: instrument for measuring) pelvis - instrument for measuring the pelvis pelv/o pelv/ic: - pertaining to the pelvis spin/o spine spin/al: - pertaining to the spine thorac/o chest thorac/ic: - pertaining to the chest umbilic/o umbilicus, navel umbilic/al: - pertaining to the navel Color albin/ism: albin/o white (-ism: condition) - condition of whiteness (Albinism is characterized by a partial or total lack of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes) leuk/o leuk/o/cyte: (-cyte: cell) - white cell (A leukocyte is a white blood cell) chlor/o green chlor/opia: (-opia: vision) - green vision (Chloropia is a disorder in which viewed objects appear green. It is associated with a toxic reaction to digitalis) chrom/o color hetero/chrom/ic: (hetero-: different) - pertaining to different colors (Heterochromia is associated with the iris or sections of the iris of the eyes. Thus, the individual with heterochromia may have one brown iris and one blue iris) cirrh/o cirrh/osis: (-osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)  - abnormal yellowing (ln cirrhosis, the skin, sclera of the eyes, and mucous membranes take on a yellow color. Cirrhosis of the liver is usually associated with alcoholism or chronic hepatitis) jaund/o yellow jaund/ice: (-ice: noun ending) - yellowing (Jaundice is caused by an abnormal increase of bilirubin (a yellow compound formed when red blood cells are destroyed) in the blood) xanth/o xanth/o/cyte: - yellow cell cyan/o blue cyan/o/tic: (-tic: pertaining to) - pertaining to blueness (Cyanosis is associated with lack of oxygen in the blood) erythr/o red erythr/o/cyte: - red cell (An erythrocyte is a red blood cell.) melan/o black melan/oma: (-oma: tumor) - black tumor (Melanoma is a malignancy that arises from melanocytes.) poli/o gray; gray poli/o/myel/itis: matter (myel: bone marrow; spinal cord) (of brain or - inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord spinal cord) Others acr/o extremity acr/o/cyan/osis: (cyan: blue) (-osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) - abnormal condition in which the extremities are blue eti/o cause eti/o/logy: - study of the causes of disease idi/o unknown, idi/o/path/ic: peculiar (path: disease) - pertaining to an unknown (cause of ) disease morph/o form, shape, morph/o/logy: structure - study of form, shape, or structure path/o disease path/o/logist: - specialist in the study of disease (Pathologists examine tissues, cells, and body fluids for evidence of disease) radi/o radiation, x-ray; radi/o/logist:  radius (lower - specialist in the study of radiation arm bone on (Radiologists are physicians who employ imaging techniques thumb side) for diagnosing and treating disease.) somat/o body somat/ic: - pertaining to the body son/o sound son/o/graphy : (-graphy: process of recording) - process of recording sound; also called Ultrasonography (Sonography employs ultrasound (inaudible sound) to produce images. It is a painless, non-invasive imaging technique that does not use x-rays.) viscer/o internal organs viscer/al: - pertaining to internal organs xer/o dry xer/osis: (-osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) - abnormal condition of dryness (Xerosis refers to abnormal dryness of the skin, mucous membranes, or conjunctiva. SUFFIXES -genesis forming, path/o/genesis: producing, (path/o: disease) origin - origin of disease (Pathogenesis refers to the origin or cause of an illness or abnormal condition.) -gnosis knowing pro/gnosis: (pro-: before, in front of) - knowing before (Prognosis is the prediction of the course and end of a disease and the estimated chance of recovery.) -gram record, writing arteri/o/gram: - record of an artery (An arteriogram is an x-ray f ilm of an artery taken after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium.) -graph instrument for radi/o/graph: recording (radi/o: radiation, x-rays; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side) - instrument for recording x-rays -graphy process of arthr/o/graphy: recording - (arthr/o: joint) - process of recording a joint (Arthrography is an x-ray examination of a joint, such as the knee, shoulder, or elbow, usually with the use of a contrast medium.) -logist specialist in the dermat/o/logist: study of - (dermat/o: skin) - specialist in the study of the skin -logy study of hemat/o/logy: (hemat/o: blood) - study of blood -meter instrument for therm/o/meter: measuring (therm/o: heat) - instrument for measuring heat -metry Act of mesuring ventricul/o/metry: (ventricul/o: ventricle (of heart or brain) - act of measuring the ventricles -pathy disease gastr/o/pathy: (gastr/o: stomach) - disease of the stomach PREFIXES ab from, away ab/duction: from (-duction: act of leading, bringing, conducting) - act of bringing away from (midline of the body) (Abduction is the movement of a limb or body part away from the midline of the body.) ad toward ad/duction: (-duction: act of leading, bringing, conducting) - act of bringing toward (midline of the body) (Adduction is the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.) hetero different hetero/morph/ous : (morph: form, shape, structure) (-ous: pertaining to) - different form or shape (Heteromorphous refers to any deviation from a normal type or shape.) homeo same, alike homeo/plasia: (-plasia: formation, growth) - formation of same (tissue) (Homeoplasia is the formation of new tissue similar to that already existing in a part.) infra below, under infra/cost/al: (cost: ribs) - pertaining to (the area) below the ribs peri around peri/cardi/al: (cardi: heart) - pertaining to (the area) around the heart super upper, above super/ior: (-ior: pertaining to) - pertaining to the upper (area) trans across, through trans/abdomin/al: (abdomin: abdomen)  - pertaining to (a direction) across or through the abdomen ultra excess, beyond ultra/son/ic: (son: sound) - pertaining to beyond (audible) sound (Ultrasound includes sound frequencies too high to be perceived by the human ear.) INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM MEDICAL WORD ELEMENTS ELEMENT MEANING WORD ANALYSIS COMBINING FORMS Adip/o adip/osis: (-osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily fat with blood cells) - abnormal condition of fat (Adiposis is an abnormal accumulation of fatty tissue in the body.) Lip/o lip/o/cele: (-cele: hernia, swelling) - hernia containing fat steat/o steat/itis: - inflammation of fatty (adipose) tissue cutane/o sub/cutane/ous : (sub-: under, below -ous: pertaining to) - pertaining to beneath the skin dermat/o dermat/o/plasty : skin (-plasty: surgical repair) - surgical repair of the skin derm/o hypo/derm/ic: (hypo-: under, below -ic: pertaining to) - pertaining to under the skin (A hypodermic injection is one in which the needle is inserted under the skin.) hidr/o hidr/aden/itis: (aden: gland) sweat - inflammation of the sweat glands Do not confuse hidr/o (sweat) with hydr/o (water) sudor/o sudor/esis: (-esis: condition)  - profuse sweating ichthy/o dry, scaly ichthy/osis: (-osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) - abnormal condition of dry or scaly skin Ichthyosis can be any of several dermatological conditions in which the skin is dry and hardened (hyperkeratotic), resembling fish scales. A mild form of ichthyosis, called winter itch, is commonly seen on the legs of older patients, especially during the winter months. kerat/o horny tissue; kerat/osis: hard; cornea (-osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) - abnormal condition of horny tissue (Keratosis is a thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin, such as a callus or wart. melan/o black melan/oma: (-oma: tumor) - black tumor (Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes that commonly begins in a darkly pigmented mole and can metastasize widely.) myc/o fungus (plural, dermat/o/myc/osis : fungi) (dermat/o: skin) - fungal infection of the skin onych/o onych/o/malacia: (-malacia: softening) - softening of the nails ungu/o nail ungu/al: (-al: pertaining to) - pertaining to the nails pil/o pil/o/nid/al : (nid: nest) - pertaining to hair in a nest A pilonidal cyst commonly develops in the skin at the hair base of the spine. It develops as a growth of hair in a dermoid cyst. trich/o trich/o/pathy: (-pathy: disease) - disease involving the hair scler/o hardening; scler/o/derma: sclera (white - hardening of the skin of eye)  (Scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder that causes the skin and internal organs to become progressively hardened due to deposits of collagen. It may occur as a localized form or as a systemic disease.) seb/o sebum, seb/o/rrhea: sebaceous (-rrhea: discharge, flow) - discharge of sebum (Seborrhea is an excessive secretion of sebum from the sebaceous glands.) squam/o scale squam/ous: (-ous: pertaining to) - pertaining to scales (or covered with scales) xen/o foreign, strange xen/o/graft: (-graft: transplantation) - skin transplantation from a foreign donor (usually a pig) for a human; also called heterograft. (Xenografts are used as a temporary graft to protect the patient against infection and fluid loss.) xer/o dry xer/o/derma: - dry skin (Xeroderma is a chronic skin condition characterized by dryness and roughness and is a mild form of ichthyosis.) SUFFIXES -cyte cell lip/o/cyte: (lip/o: fat) - fat cell -derma skin py/o/derma: (py/o: pus) - pus in the skin (Pyoderma is an acute, inflammatory, purulent bacterial dermatitis. It may be primary, such as impetigo, or secondary to a previous skin condition.) -logist specialist in the dermat/o/logist: study of - specialist in treatment of skin disorders -logy study of dermat/o/logy: - study of the skin (and its diseases) -therapy treatment cry/o/therapy: (cry/o: cold) - use of cold in the treatment (of disease) (Cryotherapy is used to destroy tissue by freezing with liquid nitrogen. Cutaneous warts and actinic keratosis are common skin disorders that respond well to cryotherapy treatment.) PREFIXES an without, not an/hidr/osis :  (hidr: sweat -osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) - abnormal condition of absence of sweat dia through, across dia/phoresis : (-phoresis: carrying; transmission) - excessive or profuse sweating; also called sudoresis or hyperhidrosis epi above, upon epi/derm/is : - above the skin homo same homo/graft: (-graft: transplantation) - transplantation of tissue between individuals of the same species; also called allograft hyper excessive, above hyper/hidr/osis : normal (hidr: sweat) - excessive or profuse sweating; also called diaphoresis or sudoresis sub under, below sub/ungu/al: (ungu: nail -al: pertaining to) - pertaining to beneath the nail of a finger or toe DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - also called the GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) system - consists of a digestive tube called the GI TRACT or ALIMENTARY CANAL, and several accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, and pancreas) - primary function is to break down food, prepare it for absorption, and eliminate waste - food processing along the GI tract is mixed with digestive enzymes and broken down into nutrient molecules, which are absorbed in the bloodstream STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION The Digestive System consists of the alimentary canal and several accessory organs. PARTS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL  Mouth Small Intestine Pharynx Large Intestine Esophagus Rectum Stomach Anus MOUTH - is also called the oral cavity - where the process of digestion begins - formed by the cheeks (bucca), lips, teeth, tongue, hard and soft palates. (CHEEKS, LIPS)  - food is taken into the mouth and chewed with assistance of cheek muscles - the lips protect the mouth from receiving food that is too hot or too rough on the surface (TEETH) - there are 2 sets of teeth: temporary and permanent - there are 20 temporary teeth (10 upper and lower 10 lower), to be replaced by: - 32 permanent teeth (16 upper and 16 lower) - The process of chewing is called mastication (TONGUE) - The tongue moves the food around to prepare it for deglutition (swallowing) - Small raised areas are called papillae are located on the tongue and they contain taste buds (sweet, sour, salty, bitter) - The frenulum connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth (HARD AND SOFT PALATE) - The two structures forming the roof of the mouth are the: (1) hard palate (anterior portion) (2) soft palate (posterior portion) - A downward cone shaped projection called the uvula is located at the back of the soft palate - Both the lingual tonsils and the palatine tonsils are located in the oral cavity and these play an important role in the immune system (PHARYNX) - Muscular tube about 5 inches long in adults - Also known as the throat - The lowest portion divides into two tubes: - Trachea, leads to the lungs - Esophagus, leads to the stomach - A small flap of cartilage, called the epiglottis, folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus  (ESOPHAGUS) - Muscular tube about 9 – 10 inches long in the adult that contracts rhythmically (peristalsis) to propel food toward the stomach - Contain a group of muscles called the lower esophageal sphincter that closes off the entrance to the stomach to prevent reflux of food, emesis and regurgitation (vomiting). (STOMACH) - Pouch-like organ located in the left hypochondriac region of the abdominal cavity. - Receives food from the esophagus and mixes it with gastric juice to form a semifluid mass called chyme.  (SMALL INTESTINE) - 20 feet long consisting of three parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum - First site of absorption and nutrients pass from the intestinal walls and into the bloodstream through the villi. (LARGE INTESTINE) Consist of 3 parts: Cecum – a wormlike pouch – appendix filled with lymphatic tissue extend from this Colon – ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid Rectum Undigested waste may remain in the large intestine from 12-24 hours Process of turning waste material into a semisolid waste (feces) begins in the cecum and released from the through defecation.  (LIVER) Located in the RUQ of the abdominal cavity (divided into right and left lobes) Produce bile, used in the small intestine to emulsify and absorb fats Maintain normal glucose levels in the blood Destroy old erythrocytes and releasing bilirubin (GALLBLADDER) A saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver Stores bile from the liver Releases bile when it is needed for the emulsification (breakdown) of fat Without bile, digestion of fat is impossible (PANCREAS) Is an elongated, somewhat flattened organ that lies posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach Performs both endocrine and exocrine function As an endocrine gland, it secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream to maintain normal glucose levels  As an exocrine gland, it produces digestive enzymes: trypsin, which breaks down proteins; amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates; and lipase, which breaks down fat. TRACING A PIECE OF TOAST THROUGH THE ALIMENTARY CANAL DIAGNOSTIC, PROCEDURAL, AND LABORATORY TERMS TYPES OF ENDOSCOPES ESOPHAGOSCOPY GASTROSCOPY COLONOSCOPY SIGMOIDOSCOPY X-RAY AND OTHER IMAGING TECHNIQUES MRI CAT SCAN BARIUM SWALLOW  BARIUM ENEMA UPPER GI SERIES CHOLANGIOGRAPHY CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY LIVER SCAN ULTRASOUND PATHOLOGICAL TERMS EATING DISORDERS Anorexia – a morbid refusal to eat because the person wants to be dangerously thin. Bulimia – eating, then purposefully purging or vomiting to achieve weight loss. Obesity - excessive body weight that often results from overeating. ORAL CONDITIONS Cheilitis – lips inflammation Sialoadenitis – salivary gland inflammation Aphagia Dysphagia Glossitis – tongue inflammation Halitosis – bad breath Parotitis DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX Esophageal varices – twisted veins in the esophagus that are prone to hemorrhage and ulcers Esophagitis – any inflammation of the esophagus Gastroesophageal reflux – malfunctioning of the sphincter muscle at the bottom of the esophagus DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH Achlorhydria – lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach Dyspepsia – difficulty with digesting food Gastritis – any inflammation of the stomach Gatroenteritis – inflammation of both the stomach and small intestine  Flatulence – accumulation of gas in the stomach or intestines Eructation – belching to release gas Hematemesis – vomiting of blood from the stomach Hiatal hernia – protrusion of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm LIVER DISORDERS Hyperbilirubinemia – excessive bilirubin in the blood causing a yellow discoloration of the skin Cirrhosis – chronic liver disease caused by poor nutrition and excessive alcohol consumption Hepatomegaly – enlarged liver Hepatitis – term for several types of contagious diseases of the liver CONDITIONS OF THE GALLBLADDER Cholelithiasis – another term for gall stones Cholangitis – any inflammation of the bile ducts Cholecystitis – any inflammation of the gallbladder DISORDERS OF THE INTESTINES Duodenal ulcers – a form of peptic ulcer thought to be bacterial in origin Appendicitis – inflammation of the appendix, which lies on the side of the duodenum, and becomes inflamed if gastric substances leak into it from the duodenum Ileus – an intestinal blockage Colitis – general term for inflammation in the small intestine Ulcerative colitis – a chronic type of irritable bowel disease OTHER PATHOLOGICAL TERMS Diverticulosis – presence of small pouches in the intestinal wall that trap food or bacteria Dysentery – general term for inflammation of the intestinal tract with loose stools and other symptoms such as abdominal pain and weakness  Volvulus – twisting of the intestine that causes a blockage INTESTINAL CONDITIONS (CONT’D) OTHER TERMS ASCITES PERITONITIS PROCTITIS CONSTIPATION DIARRHEA FLATUS MELENA HEMORRHOIDS ANAL FISTULA STEATORRHEA SURGICAL TERMS Abdominocentesis – incision into the intestinal tract to relieve fluid pressure as in ascites Cholelithotripsy – crushing of gallstones using sound waves Cholelithotomy – incision for the removal of stones  SURGICAL REPAIR PROCEDURES CHEILOPLASTY GLOSSORRHAPHY ESOPHAGOPLASTY PROCTOPLASTY Openings may be made in the gastrointestinal tract for temporary or permanent alternatives to waste elimination. Ileostomy – opening made in the ileum to allow fecal material to discharge into a bag outside the bag. Colostomy – opening in the colon to create a place for waste to exit the body other than through anus. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MEDICAL WORD ELEMENTS ELEMENT MEANING WORD ANALYSIS COMBINING FORMS MOUTH or/o Or/al: (-al: pertaining to) mouth - pertaining to the mouth stomat/o stomat/it is - inflammation of the mouth Gloss/o gloss/ectomy: (-ectomy: excision, removal) tongue - removal of all or part of the tongue Lingu/o lingu/al: - pertaining to the tongue Bucc/o cheek bucc/al: - pertaining to the cheek Cheil/o cheil/o/plasty : (-plasty: surgical repair) lips - surgical repair of a defective lip  Labi/o labi/al: - pertaining to the lips Dent/o dent/ist: (-ist: specialist) - specialist who diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of teeth Odont/o teeth orth/odont/ist: (orth: straight) - dentist who specializes in correcting and preventing irregularities of abnormally positioned or aligned teeth Gingiv/o Gum(s) gingiv/ectomy : - excision of diseased gingival tissue (Gingivectomy is performed as a surgical treatment for periodontal disease.) Sial/o Saliva, sial/o/lith: Salivary gland (-lith: stone, calculus) - calculus formed in a salivary gland or duct ESOPHAGUS, PHARYNX, STOMACH Esophag/o esophagus esophag/o/scope: (-scope: instrument for examining) - instrument used to examine the esophagus Pharyng/o pharynx pharyng/o/tonsill/it is: (tonsill: tonsils -itis: inflammation) - inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils Gastr/o stomach gastr/algia: (-algia: pain) - pain in the stomach; also called stomachache Pylor/o pylorus pylor/o/spasm: (-spasm: involuntary contraction, twitching) - involuntary contraction of the pyloric sphincter of the stomach, as in pyloric stenosis SMALL INTESTINE Duoden/o duodenum duoden/o/scopy : st (1 part of small (-scopy: visual examination) intestine) - visual examination of the duodenum Enter/o intestine enter/o/pathy: (-pathy: disease) - disease of the intestine Jejun/o jejunum jejun/o/rrhaphy: nd (2 part of small (-rrhaphy: suture) intestine) - suture of the jejunum ile/o/stomy:  Ile/o ileum (3rd part of (-stomy*: forming an opening (mouth) small intestine) - creation of an opening between the ileum and the abdominal wall (An ileostomy creates an opening on the surface of the abdomen to allow feces to be discharged into a bag worn on the abdomen.) LARGE INTESTINE Append/o appendix append/ectomy: - excision of the appendix (Appendectomy is performed to remove a diseased appendix in danger of rupturing.) Appendic/o appendic/itis: - inflammation of the appendix Col/o colon col/o/stomy: - creation of an opening between the colon and the abdominal wall (A colostomy creates a place for fecal matter to exit the body other than through the anus.) Colon/o colon colon/o/scopy: (-scopy: visual examination) - visual examination of the colon (Colonoscopy is performed with an elongated endoscope called a colonoscope.) Sigmoid/o Sigmoid colon sigmoid/o/tomy : (-tomy: incision) - incision of the sigmoid colon Terminal end of the LARGE INTESTINE Rect/o rectum rect/o/cele: (-cele: hernia, swelling) - herniation or protrusion of the rectum; also called proctocele Proct/o Anus, rectum proct/o/logist: (-logist: specialist in the study of) - physician who specializes in treating disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus An/o anus peri/an/al: (peri-: around - pertaining to the area around the anus Accessory organs of DIGESTION Hepat/o liver hepat/o/megaly: (-megaly: enlargement) - enlargement of the liver Pancreat/o pancreas pancreat/o/lysis:  (-lysis: separation; destruction; loosening) - destruction of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes Cholangi/o Bile vessel cholangi/ole: (-ole: small, minute) - small terminal portion of the bile duct chole Bile, gall chol/e/lith: (-lith: calculus, stone) - gallstone (Gallstones are solid masses composed of bile and cholesterol that form in the gallbladder and common bile duct.) Cholecyst/o gallbladder cholecyst/ectomy: - removal of the gallbladder Choledoch/o Bile duct choledoch/o/plasty: (-plasty: surgical repair) - surgical repair of the common bile duct SUFFIXES -emesis vomit hyper/emesis: (hyper-: excessive, above normal) - excessive vomiting -iasis Abnormal condition chol/e/lith/iasis: (produced by (chol/e: bile, gall lith: stone, calculus) Something specified) - presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct (When gallstones form in the common bile duct, the condition is called choledocholithiasis) -megaly enlargement hepat/o/megaly: (hepat/o: liver) - enlargement of the liver (Hepatomegaly may be caused by hepatitis or infection, fatty infiltration (as in alcoholism), biliary obstruction, or malignancy.) -orexia appetite an/orexia: (an-: without, not) - loss of appetite -pepsia digestion dys/pepsia: (dys-: bad; painful; difficult) - epigastric discomfort felt after eating; also called indigestion -phagia Swallowing, eating aer/o/phagia: (aer/o: air)  - swallowing air -prandial meal post/prandial: (post-: after, behind) - following a meal -rrhea Discharge, flow steat/o/rrhea: (-rrhea: discharge, flow) - excessive amount of fat discharged in fecal matter PREFIXES Dia- Through, across dia/rrhea: (-rrhea: discharge, flow) - abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel Peri- around peri/sigmoid/itis: (peri-: around) - inflammation of peritoneal tissue around the sigmoid colon Sub- Under, below sub/lingu/al: (lingu: tongue -al: pertaining to) - pertaining to the area under the tongue RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - (or ventilatory system) - Is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration (breathing) in an organism - Is responsible for the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) - The cardiovascular system helps in this vital function by providing blood vessels for carrying these gasses PARTS (3 MAJOR PARTS) 1. The AIRWAY: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles 2. The lungs 3. The muscle of respiration: diaphragm, intercostal muscles (ribs) AIRWAY NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY  - the main external opening for the respiratory system and are the first section of the body’s airway - function – to warm, moisturize, and filter air entering the body before it reaches the lungs MOUTH - also known as the oral cavity, is the secondary external for the respiratory tract - function: supplement or replace the nasal cavity’s function when needed (mouth is shorter that the pathway for air entering from the nose, but it can’t warm and moisturize the air entering the lungs) PHARYNX - also known as the throat - passageway for both air and food - is divided into 3 regions: - 1.) nasopharynx – located in the posterior of the nasal cavity where inhaled air from the nasal cavity passes (contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)) - 2.) oropharynx – located in the posterior of the oral cavity where air inhaled through the oral cavity enters - 3.) laryngopharynx – bottom section of the pharynx where the respiratory tract divides into the esophagus and the larynx - EPIGLOTTIS – a movable flap of cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx (voice box): also prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing LARYNX  - Also known as the voice box - Is a short section of the airway that connects the laryngopharynx and the trachea - Contains special structures known as vocal folds, which allow the body to produce the sounds of speech and singing TRACHEA - Or windpipe - Is composed of smooth muscle embedded with C-shaped rings of cartilage, which provide rigidity to keep the air passage open BRONCHI - At the inferior end of the trachea, the airway splits into left and right branches known as the primary bronchi running into each lung - Split into many smaller bronchioles that spread throughout the lungs BRONCHIOLES - tiny terminal bronchioles conductors to the alveoli of the lungs - alveoli – tiny air sacs which connect to lung capillaries  CO2 diffuses from the blood within the pulmonary capillaries and enters the alveoli, while O2 from the alveoli diffuses into the blood LUNGS - are a pair of large, spongy organs found in the thorax lateral to the heart and superior to the diaphragm - are divided into lobes: three lobes in the right lung and two lobes in the left lung DIAPHRAGM - principal muscle of respiration in the human body  - when it contracts: it moves inferiorly a few inches into the abdominal cavity expanding the space within the thoracic cavity and pulling air into the lungs (inhalation) - when it relaxes: allows air to flow back out the lungs during (exhalation) INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES - assists the diaphragm with expanding and compressing the lungs - 2 groups: (1) internal = deeper set of muscles and depress the ribs to compress the thoracic cavity and force air to be exhaled from the lungs. (2) external = found superficial to the internal intercostals and function to elevate the ribs, expanding the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing air to be inhaled into the lungs EXTERNAL RESPIRATION - Gas exchange - Between lungs (alveoli) and blood - At the level of the lungs (alveoli) INTERNAL RESPIRATION - Gas transport - Between blood - At the level of the rest of the body HOMEOSTASIS - Refers to the ability of an organism or environment to maintain stability in spite of changes - Inability to maintain it leads to disease and often death - The respiratory system helps maintain homeostasis by bringing in necessary levels of oxygen while removing harmful carbon dioxide DIAGNOSTIC, PROCEDURALS, AND LABORATORY TESTS METHODS USED TO DIAGNOSE RESPIRATORY DISORDERS: - Auscultation - is the term for listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope. Auscultation is performed for the purposes of examining the circulatory system and respiratory system (heart sounds and breath sounds), as well as the gastrointestinal system (bowel sounds). - Assessing respiratory rate - is the number of breaths a person takes per minute. - Percussion - produces sounds on a spectrum from flat to dull depending on the density of the underlying tissue. Areas of well-aerated lung will be resonant, or tympanic, to percussion. Dullness to percussion indicates denser tissue, such as zones of effusion or consolidation. - Sputum analysis - involves an analytical approach to investigate the cellular and acellular components expelled from the patient's upper respiratory tract. This procedure is essential in the evaluation and management of lower respiratory infections or other longstanding health conditions. A normal adult’s respiratory rate is 15 to 20 respirations per minute. Abnormalities such as masses and restricted blood flow within the lungs can be detected via: - Chest x-rays - MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) - Lung scans Structures of the respiratory system can be observed via: - Endoscopy  PATHOLOGY INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS - ADENOIDITIS - LARYNGITIS - RHINITIS - TONSILITIS - LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS - SINUSITIS - PNEUMONITIS - PHARYNGITIS - EPIGLOTTITIS - BRONCHITIS BREATHING PATTERNS - EUPNEA - BRADYPNEA - TACHYPNEA - HYPOPNEA - HYPERPNEA - DYSPNEA - APNEA Upper respiratory infection is a term that covers an infection of some or all of the respiratory tract. OTHER CONDITIONS: - CROUP - refers to an infection of the upper airway, which obstructs breathing and causes a characteristic barking cough. - DIPTHERIA - is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make toxin (poison). It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. - EPISTAXIS – nosebleed/s - RHINORRHEA - is the free discharge of a thin nasal mucus fluid or runny nose  - PERTUSSIS - also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis is known for uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe. CHRONIC AND OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) – a term for any disease with chronic obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs such as: - EMPHYSEMA - one of the diseases that comprises COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Emphysema develops over time and involves the gradual damage of lung tissue, specifically the destruction of the alveoli (tiny air sacs). - CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - long-term inflammation of the bronchi. It is common among smokers. People with chronic bronchitis tend to get lung infections more easily. They also have episodes of acute bronchitis, when symptoms are worse. ASTHMA causes narrowing of the bronchi leading to dyspnea, wheezing, and coughing. CONDITIONS CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS - PNEUMOCONIOSIS = caused by dust in the lungs - ANTHRACOSIS = caused by coal dust - ASBESTOSIS = caused by asbestos particles released during construction of ships and buildings DISORDERS OF THE PLEURA - PNEUMOTHORAX = accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity - EMPYEMA = pus in the pleural cavity - HEMOTHORAX = blood in the pleural cavity - PLEURAL EFFUSION = escape of fluid into the pleural cavity SURGICAL TERMS OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGISTS are physicians that specialize in disorders of the upper respiratory tract. SURGICAL REMOVAL CONDITIONS - TONSILLECTOMY - ADENOIDECTOMY - LOBECTOMY - LARYNGECTOMY - PNEUMONECTOMY SURGICAL TERMS - LARYNGOTRACHEOTOMY - SINUSOTOMY - THORACOTOMY - TRACHEOTOMY - ENDOTRACHEAL INCUBATION is the insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx and into the trachea to establish an airway. PHARMACOLOGY – mechanical devices that aid in RESPIRATION - VENTILATORS – actually serve as a breathing substitute for patients who can not breathe on their own - NEBULIZERS – deliver medication through the mouth or nose to ease breathing problems RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MEDICAL WORD ELEMENTS ELEMENT MEANING WORD ANALYSIS COMBINING FORMS UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT Nas/o Nose nas/al: (-al: pertaining to) - pertaining to the nose Rhin/o rhin/o/plasty : (-plasty: surgical repair) - surgical repair of the nose Sept/o septum sept/o/plasty : - surgical repair of the septum Sinus/o Sinus, cavity sinus/o/tomy : (-tomy: incision) - incision of any of the sinuses Sinusotomy is performed to improve ventilation or drainage in unresponsive sinusitis. Adenoid/o adenoids adenoid/ectomy: (-ectomy: excision, removal) - excision of adenoids Tonsil/o tonsils peri/tonsill/ar : (peri-: around -ar: pertaining to) - pertaining to (the area) around the tonsils Pharyng/o pharynx pharyng/o/scope: (-scope: instrument for examining)  - instrument for examining the pharynx Epiglott/o epigottis epiglott/itis : - inflammation of the epiglottis Laryng/o Larynx laryng/o/plegia: (-plegia: paralysis) - paralysis of the (vocal cords and) larynx Trache/o trachea trache/o/plasty: - surgical repair of the trachea LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT Bronchi/o Bronchus bronchi/ectasis: (bronchi – plural) (-ectasis: dilation, expansion) - dilation of (one or more) bronchi Bronch/o bronchus bronch/o/scope: (-scope: instrument for examining) - instrument for examining the bronchus or bronchi Bronchiol/o bronchiole bronchiol/itis : - inflammation of the bronchioles Alveol/o Alveolus, alveol/ar: Air sac (-ar: pertaining to) - pertaining to the alveoli Pleur/o pleura pleur/o/centesis: (-centesis: surgical puncture) - surgical puncture of the pleural cavity; also called thoracocentesis or thoracentesis Pneum/o pneum/ectomy: (-ectomy: excision) - excision of (all or part of ) a lung Pneumon/o Air; lung pneumon/ia: (-ia: condition) - condition of inflammation of the lungs Pulmon/o lung pulmon/o/logist: (-logist: specialist in the study of) - specialist in the study (and treatment) of lungs (and respiratory diseases) OTHERS Anthrac/o Coal, coal dust anthrac/osis: (-osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) - abnormal condition of coal dust (in the lungs) Anthracosis is a chronic occupational disease found in coal miners and those associated with the coal industry. Atel/o Incomplete; atel/ectasis: imperfect (-ectasis: dilation, expansion)  - incomplete expansion of the lung; also called airless lung or collapsed lung Coni/o dust pneum/o/coni/osis : (pneum/o: air; lung) (-osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) - condition of dust in the lungs Cyan/o blue cyan/osis : - abnormal condition of blueness Lob/o lobe lob/ectomy: - excision of a lobe Orth/o straight orth/o/pnea: (-pnea: breathing) - breathing in a straight (or upright position) Ox/i oxygen ox/i/meter: (-meter: instrument for measuring) - instrument used for measuring oxygen Ox/o hyp/ox/emia: (hyp-: under, below, deficient) (-emia: blood condition) - deficiency of oxygen in blood Pector/o pector/algia: (-algia: pain) - pain in the chest; also called thoracalgia, thoracodynia, and pectorodynia Steth/o chest steth/o/scope: (-scope: instrument for examining) - instrument used for examining the chest Thorac/o thorac/o/pathy: (-pathy: disease) - disease of the chest Phren/o Diaphragm; phren/o/spasm: mind (-spasm: involuntary contraction, twitching) - involuntary contraction of the diaphragm Spir/o breath spir/o/meter: (-meter: instrument for measuring) - instrument for measuring breathing SUFFIXES -capnia Carbon dioxide hyper/capnia: (hyper-: excessive, above normal) - excessive CO2  -osmia smell an/osmia: (an-: without, not) - without (the sense of ) smell -phonia voice dys/phonia: (dys-: bad; painful; difficult) - bad (impaired) voice quality Dysphonia includes hoarseness, voice fatigue, or decreased projection. -pnea breathing a/pnea: (a-: without, not) - not breathing -ptysis spitting hem/o/ptysis: (hem/o: blood) - (coughing up or) spitting of blood Bloody sputum is usually a sign of a serious condition of the lungs. -thorax chest py/o/thorax: (py/o: pus) - pus in the chest (cavity); also called empyema PREFIXES Brady- slow brady/pnea: (-pnea: breathing) - slow breathing Dys- bad; painful; dys/pnea: difficult - difficult breathing Eu- Good; normal eu/pnea: - normal breathing The normal range for a resting adult respiratory rate is 12 to 20 breaths/minute. Tachy- rapid tachy/pnea: - rapid breathing pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood and arteries carries oxygenated blood atrium up ventricle down all the deoxygenated blood is carried to the right part of the body arterioles – small capillaries – smallest and occurs exchange pulmonary artery – carries deoxygenated blood pulmonary vein – carries oxygenated blood the sound of the heart beat is lap-dap, lap,dap heart is also a muscular tissue CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Heart and circulatory system (also called the cardiovascular system) make up the network that delivers blood to the body’s tissues - Is composed of the heart and blood vessels HEART - Is a muscular pumping organ located medial to the lungs along the body’s midline in the thoracic region - the body’s hardest-working organ - is only about the size of a closed fist - even at rest, the average heart easily pumps over 5 liters of blood throughout the body every minute  - the bottom tip of the heart, known as its apex, is turned to the left, so that about 2/3 of the heart is located on the body’s left side with the other 1/3 on right. - The top of the heart, known as the heart’s base, connects to the great blood vessels of the body: aorta, vena cava, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins CIRCULATORY LOOPS 1. Pulmonary Circulation – transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs (gas exchange) then returns to the left side of the heart. 2. System Circulation – carries highly oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all of the tissues of the body. CIRCULATORY PUMP - The heart is a four-chambered “double pump”, where each side (left and right) operates as a separate pump - Each heartbeat results in the simultaneous pumping of both sides of the heart Normal heart rates at rest: - Children (ages 6 - 15) = 70 – 100 beats/minute - Adults (ages 18 and over) = 60 – 100 beats/minute BLOOD PRESSURE - The pressure of blood in the vessels when the heart beats: systolic pressure (120) - The pressure between beats when the heart relaxes: diastolic pressure (80) - High blood pressure = 140/90 mmhg or higher - Prehypertension = between 120-139 mmhg and/or 80-89 mmhg - Normal blood pressure = less than 120/80 BLOOD VESSELS ARTERIES - are b