Media Industry PDF

MEDIA INDUSTRY Culture Industry Refers to the mass production and commercialization of culture within capitalist societies. Golding's Perspective on Media Organizations 1. Horizontal Integration: differentiate n across different media sectors. For instance, a newspaper comp...

MEDIA INDUSTRY Culture Industry Refers to the mass production and commercialization of culture within capitalist societies. Golding's Perspective on Media Organizations 1. Horizontal Integration: differentiate n across different media sectors. For instance, a newspaper company may expand by acquiring stakes in other media, like broadcasting. EX: A newspaper company buys a TV channel. Now, the company not only prints news but also broadcasts it on television 2. Vertical Integration: different stages of production and distribution within a media sector. In the film industry, for example, studios handle production, while cinemas handle distribution. EX: A movie studio buys a chain of cinemas. Now, the studio not only makes movies but also controls how and where they are shown to the audience. Horizontal VS Vertical Integration Horizontal integration is when a company expands by buying or merging with other companies in the same industry but at the same level of production, like a newspaper company buying a TV channel. Vertical integration is when a company expands by buying businesses at different stages of production or distribution, like a movie studio buying a chain of cinemas to control both making and showing the movies. Takeovers and Mergers: Expansion through acquiring other companies. EX: A big TV network buys a smaller TV channel. Now, the big network owns both, expanding its reach and audience. 1. Expansion Within Existing Sectors: Increasing market share within the same s ector. EX: A radio company opens more radio stations to reach more listeners and dominate the radio market. 2. Expansion Across Sectors: Diversifying into new sectors.  EX: A newspaper company starts making TV shows, moving from print media to television, to reach new audiences. 3. Expansion Down the Production Process: Increasing control over the production process. EX: A TV network buys a company that makes cameras, so they can control how shows are produced from start to finish. Concentration of Relationship Integration and mergers lead to fewer companies controlling more of the industry. Sources of Revenue 1. Advertising Revenue: Money earned from advertisements. 2. Direct User Payment: Income from subscriptions and pay-per-view. 3. Payments Between Media Companies: Financial exchanges between media entities. 4. Maximizing Audience: Attracting and retaining the largest possible audience. 5. Sponsors: Financial support from sponsors. Government and Regulation 1. Access Restrictions: Government controls which entities can access media mark ets through licensing. The government decides which TV stations can broadcast by giving them licenses to operate. 2. Ownership Restrictions: Rules that limit who can own media companies. Laws limit how many TV or radio stations one company can own to prevent monopolies. 3. Content Regulation: Government sets standards to avoid harmful or offensive con tent.  The government sets rules to ensure TV shows don’t have harmful or offensive content. 4. Reregulation: Encourages free market competition by reducing government intervention. The government reduces its control to let more companies compete freely in the media industry. Copyrights Economic Determinism: The idea that economic factors drive the shape and structure of media.