Medical Terminology Prelims PDF

PRELIM COVERAGE CHAPTER 1 Introduction to medical terminology This chapter comprises of the basic concepts and terms that will be widely used in the succeeding chapters and lessons. It will...

PRELIM COVERAGE CHAPTER 1 Introduction to medical terminology This chapter comprises of the basic concepts and terms that will be widely used in the succeeding chapters and lessons. It will enable the learners to better understand the subject matter. Duration: 2.0 hours MAJOR TOPICS 1. Concepts of Medical Terminology ⮚ Basic Concepts ⮚ Key Concepts 2. Roots/Base word 3. Suffixes 4. Prefixes 5. Combining Elements 6. Compound Words Before you proceed… Intended Learning Outcomes: 1. Explain the purpose of medical terminology 2. Name the languages from which most medical word parts are derived 3. Explain what combining forms are, why they are used 4. Determination of medical terms using roots, prefixes, and suffixes. 5. Medical terms and word part dissection Key Terms: Roots Suffixes Prefixes Elements Compound Words 1  Let’s Begin! MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES ⮚ Professional language of those who are directly or indirectly engaged in the art of healing ⮚ Difficulties gradually disappear as students assimilate a working knowledge of the elements of medical terms , which in turn, enables them to analyze words etymologically and according to their meaning. ⮚ Memorization – stepping stone to better understanding ⮚ Primary Goal: to help develop the ability to read and understand the language of medicine ⮚ Promoting knowledge on elements of medical terms, understanding standard abbreviations, being able to spell medical terms and appreciating the logical method found in analyzing medical terms A. BASIC CONCEPTS ⮚ Majority of medical terms came from Greek and Latin ancestry; some from modern language like German and French ⮚ Study of medical terminology can enrich one’s understanding of history, language, and medicine ⮚ Pronunciation of medical terms have no rigid rules 🡪 flexibility 🡪 different languages used ⮚ Many medical terminologies are combinations of components from these ancient languages ⮚ As vocabulary grows notice patterns 🡪 increased knowledge 🡪 recall and recognize easily and quickly ⮚ Word building 🡪 misleading: take the word apart/break the word to better understand the word 2  ⮚ Not learned overnight B. KEY CONCEPTS 1. ROOT OR BASE WORD ⮚ Example: adenoma Aden- (base/root) = gland -oma (suffix) = tumor Adenoma = gland tumor 2. PREFIX ⮚ Example: hemigastrectomy Hemi (prefix) = half Gastr (base/root) = stomach -ectomy = removal or excision Hemigastrectomy = removal of the half of the stomach 3. SUFFIX ⮚ Example: hysterectomy Hyster-(base/root) = uterus -ectomy = removal or excision Hysterectomy = removal of uterus ⮚ Example: Pathologist Path (root/base) – disease or morbid condition O (combining-form element, vowel) -logy (suffix) = science or study of -ist (suffix) = one who 3  Pathologist = one who studies disease or morbid conditions ⮚ Example: hemic Hem- (base/root) = blood -ic (suffix) = pertaining to Hemic = pertaining to blood 4. COMBINING-FORM ELEMENT ⮚ Example: proctitis Procto- (combining form) = denoting relationship to the rectum -itis (suffix) = inflammation of Proctitis = correct combination Proctoitis = incorrect combination (o should be dropped) Proctitis = inflammation of the rectum 5. COMPOUND WORDS ⮚ Example: myocardiopathy Myo- (combining form element) = relationship to muscle Cardio- (combining-form element) = relationship to heart -pathy (suffix) = disease or morbid condition Myocardiopathy = disease of the heart muscle *Caution and flexibility are required in breaking down terms ⮚ Example: anemia -emia (suffix) = blood An- (prefix) = without, not Anemia = without blood *In the strict sense, the term “anemia” may seem to mean no blood (absence or total lack of blood) rather than the attenuated quality of blood. EXAMPLES: 4 Root words COMPONENT MEANING EXAMPLE MEANING Blast Germ/ immature Blastoma Cancer made of immature cell cell Carcin Cancer Carcinogenic Cancer causing Cardio Heart Cardiotoxicity Toxicity to the heart Cyto Cell Cytotoxic Toxic to the cell Derma Skin Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin Histio Tissue Histology Study of tissue Hepati Liver Hepatoblastoma Liver cancer Malign Bad/harmful Malignant Growing or spreading Nephron Kidney Nephrotoxic Harmful to the kidney Toxo Poison Toxicology Study of poison Suffixes Component Meaning Example Meaning Aemia Condition of blood Leukaemia Cancer of the blood cell Ectomy Excision or removal Nephrectomy Excision of the kidney It is Inflammation Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver Logy Study/science of Cytology Study of cell Oma Tumor Retinoblastoma Tumor of the eye Pathy Disease Nephropathy Diseases of the kidney Osis Disease condition Necrosis Dying cells Prefix Meaning Example Meaning An/A Without/absence or lack of AB Away from AD Near/toward Bi Two or both Dys Difficulty/painful Ecto Outside Ectopic Pregnancy outside the uterine cavity Endo Inside Endoscope Instrument use to look inside the body cavities Epi Upon Epidermis Outer layer of the skin Hyper Excessive or above Hyperglycemia Increase blood sugar Hypo Beneath or below Hypodermis Below the skin Inter Between Intercostal Between the ribs 5 Intra Within/ inside Intravenous Into the vein Para Beside/about/near Parathyroid Beside thyroid gland Peri Around Pericardium Membrane around the heart Pre Before Prenatal Before birth Post After Post surgical state Stage after surgery Sub Below/under Submucosa Tissue below mucosa membrane Syn Together Syndrome Group of symptoms occurring together End of Chapter 1…. 6 Reminders: Before proceeding to the exercises, if you have other topics not fully clear to you, feel free to browse again on the topics and you can also do additional readings from other textbooks and references. No cheating in the self- assessment exercises. Answer it on your own without looking at your notes. Good Luck CHAPTER 2 BODY STRUCTURES This chapter comprises of the basic concepts of structural organization of the body which includes anatomical positions, body planes and positions, body cavities and abdominal regions. This chapter will aim to Duration: 1.5 hours MAJOR TOPICS A. Body Cavities B. Abdominal Regions C. Positions D. Word parts pertaining to body structures Before you proceed… Intended Learning Outcomes: 6. Explain the purpose of medical terminology 7. Name the languages from which most medical word parts are derived 8. Explain what combining forms are, why they are used 9. Determination of medical terms using roots, prefixes, and suffixes. 10. Medical terms and word part dissection Key Terms: Anatomical position Body planes Body positions Body cavities Let’s Begin! 7  ANATOMICAL POSITION OF THE BODY ⮚ Body is erect ⮚ Eyes look straight to the front ⮚ Upper limbs hang at the sides with palms facing forward ⮚ Lower limbs are parallel with the toes pointing forward ⮚ Whether the body lies face upward or downward, or in any other positions, the relationships of structure are always described as if the body were in the anatomic position Figure 1 Anatomical Position of the body PLANES OF THE BODY 1. Frontal or coronal – vertical plane parallel to coronal suture of the skull; divides body or structure into anterior and posterior portions 2. Horizontal – plane parallel to the horizon 3. Longitudinal – plane parallel to the long axis of the structure 4. Median – lengthwise plane that divides the body or structure into right and left halves 8 5. Sagittal – any vertical plane parallel to the sagittal suture of the skull and the median plane Figure 2 Planes of the body POSITIONS AND DIRECTION TERMS Afferent – conducting toward a structure Efferent – conducting away from a structure Anterior or ventral – toward the belly Posterior or dorsal – toward the back Caudal – Toward the back, toward the tail Lateral – toward the side Intermediate – between medial and lateral Medial – toward the median plane/ middle/midline Superficial – near the surface Deep – away from the surface Distal or peripheral – away from the beginning of a structure; away from the center 9  Proximal – toward the beginning of a structure Inferior or caudal – away from the head; situated below another structure Superior or cephalic – toward the head; situated above the another structure Median – in the middle of the structure Central – toward the center Supine: When lying face downward Prone: When lying face downward Bilateral: Involving both sides of the body Unilateral: Involving one side of the body Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body Contralateral: On opposite sides of the body Parietal: Relating to a body cavity wall Visceral: Relating to organs within body cavities BODY CAVITIES ⮚ Human’s internal organs are called visceral organs; located within specific cavities TWO MAIN CAVITIES 1. Dorsal Cavity ⮚ Cranial cavity –holds the brain ⮚ Spinal cavity – spinal cord and is protected by secretions of the vertebrae 2. Ventral Cavity 10  ⮚ 0Thoracic cavity – lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus gland ⮚ Abdominopelvic cavity – Abdominal cavity –stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, most of the large and small intestines – Pelvic cavity – remaining portions of the large and small intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs ⮚ Oral cavity – teeth and tongue ⮚ Nasal cavity – divided into left and right by the nasal septum ⮚ Orbital cavity – contain the eyes and related muscles and nerves ⮚ Middle ear cavities – middle ear bones ABDOMEN Figure 3 - Regions and Quadrants of the Abdomen ANATOMIC DIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN ⮚ Hypochondriac region (upper lateral regions beneath the ribs) ⮚ Epigastric region (region of the pit of the stomach) 11 ⮚ Lumbar region (middle lateral regions) ⮚ Umbilical region (region of the navel) ⮚ Inguinal region (lower lateral regions) ⮚ Hypogastric region (region below the umbilicus) CLINICAL DIVISION OF THE ABDOMEN ⮚ Upper right quadrant – URQ ⮚ Upper left quadrant – ULQ ⮚ Lower right quadrant – LRQ ⮚ Lower left quadrant – LLQ BACK Figure 4 ANATOMIC DIVISION OF THE BACK ⮚ Cervical region – neck ⮚ Thoracic region – chest ⮚ Lumbar region – loin ⮚ Sacral region – sacrum 12 End of Chapter 2… Reminders: Before proceeding to the chapter end activities, if you have other topics not fully clear to you feel free to browse again on the topics and you can also do additional readings from other textbooks and references. CHAPTER 3 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The integumentary system consists of the skin and accessory structures such as hair, nails and glands. This chapter will also include general functions and different terminologies related to the integumentary system Duration: 2.5 hours MAJOR TOPICS 1. Normal Structure And Function 2. Roots Pertaining to the Integumentary system 3. Clinical symptoms and disorders of Integumentary System 4. Types of Lesion 5. Other medical terminologies and abbreviations related to the Integumentary Activities: 1. Self-Assessment Exercises a. Identification b. Multiple Choice questions 13  2. Short Answers/Short Essay Before you proceed… Intended Learning Outcomes: 1. Identify the general functions of integumentary system 2. Identify the different terminologies related to the anatomy of integumentary system 3. Give the terminologies needed for physical examination of the integumentary system 4. Recognize tests that help diagnose integumentary system disorder 5. Identify and define clinical symptoms and disorders of the Integumentary system and their treatments. Key Terms: Integumentary System Hair Skin Nails Glands Let’s Begin! A. FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 2. Protection ⮚ Against abrasion and UV light ⮚ Prevents entry of microorganisms ⮚ Prevents dehydration 3. Sensation ⮚ Sensory receptors that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain ⮚ Temperature regulation by controlling ⮚ Blood flow through the skin ⮚ Sweat gland activity 3. Vitamin D production 14  4. Excretion of small amounts of waste products B. NORMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CUTANEOUS Pertaining to the skin (from Latin cutis, meaning “skin”) DERMA Skin (from Greek) DERMIS the layer of the skin between the epidermis and the subcutaneous tissue; the true skin or corium EPIDERMIS The outermost layer of the skin (from epi-, meaning “upon or over” and derm, meaning “skin” HAIR A thread-like keratinized outgrowth from the skin (root: trich/o) HAIR FOLLICLE The sheath in which a hair develops INTEGUMENTARY the skin and its associated glands, hair and nails SYSTEM KERATIN A protein that thickens and roughens the skin and makes up hair and nails (root: kerat/o) MELANIN A dark pigment that gives color to the hair and skin and protects the skin against the sun’s radiation (root: melano/o) 15 NAIL A plate-like keratinized outgrowth of the skin that covers the dorsal surface of the terminal phalanges (root: onych/o) SEBACEOUS A gland that produces sebum; usually associated with a hair follicle GLANDS (root: seb/o) SEBUM A fatty secretion of the sebaceous glands that lubricates the hair and the skin (root: seb/o) SKIN The tissue that covers the body; the integument (roots: derm/o, dermat/o) SUBCUTANEOUS The layer of the tissue beneath the skin; also called hypodermis TISSUE SUDORIFEROUS A sweat glands (root: hidr/o) GLAND C. ROOTS PERTAINING TO THE SKIN, HAIR AND NAIL ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE derm/o, skin dermabrasion surgical procedure use to resurface the dermat/o skin and remove imperfections kerat/o keratin, horny keratinous containing keratin, horny layer of the skin melan/o dark, black, melanosomes a small cellular body that produces melanin melanin hidr/o sweat, anhidrosis absence of sweating perspiration seb/o sebum, sebaceous seborrhea excess flow of sebum (adjective: gland seborrheic) trich/o hair trichomycosis fungal infection of the hair 16 onych/o nail onychia inflammation of the nail sand nail bed (not an –it is ending) D. CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS AND DISORDERS ACNE An inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles usually associated with excess sebum secretion; acne vulgaris Actinic Pertaining to the effects of radiant energy, such as sunlight , ultraviolet light , and x-ray Albinism A hereditary lack of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes Alopecia Absence or loss of hair; baldness Beau lines White lines across the fingernails; usually a sign of systemic disease or injury Bromhidrosis Sweat that has a foul odor because of bacterial decomposition; also called staphylococcus, also spelled bromidrosis (bro-mi-DRO-sis) Carbuncle A localized infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, usually caused by staphylococus,and associated with pain and discharge of pus Comedo A plug od sebum, often containing bacteria, in a hair follicle; a blackhead (plural:comedones) Dermatophytosis Fungal infection of the skin, especially between the toes; athlete’s foot (roor: phyt/o means “plant”) Diaphoresis Profuse sweating Dysketoresis Any abnormality in keratin formation in epithelial cells Ecchymosis A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels Erysipelas An acute infectious skin disease with localized redness and swelling and systematic symptoms 17 Erythema Inflammation of subcutaneous tissue resulting in tender, erythematous nodosum nodules; may be an abnormal immune response to a systemic disease, an infection, or a drug Exanthema Any cutaneous eruption that accompanies a disease, such as measles; a rash Excoriation Lesion caused by scratching or abrasion Folliculitis Inflammation of a hair follicle Furuncle A painful skin nodule caused by staphylococci that enter through a hair follicle; a boil Hemangioma A benign tumor of blood vessels; in the skin, called birthmarks or port wine stain Herpes simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus. Type I herpes simplex virus produces fluid-filled vesicle, usually on the lips, after fever sun exposure, injury, or stress; cold sore, fever blister. Type II infections usually involve the genital organs Hirsutism Excessive growth of hair Itchyosis A dry, scaly condition of the skin ( from the root: ichthy/o, meaning “fish” Impetigo A bacterial skin infection with pustules that rupture and form crusts; most commonly seen in children, usually on the face Keratosis Any skin condition marked by thickened or horny growth. Seborrheic keratosis is a benign tumor, yellow or light brown color that appears in the elderly. actinic keratosis is caused by exposure to sunlight and may lead to squamous cell carcinoma Lichenification Thickened marks caused by chronic rubbing, as seen in atopic dermatitis (a lichen is a flat, branching type of plant that grows on rocks and bark) 18 Mycosis fungoides A rare malignant disease that originates in the skin and involves the internal organs and lymph nodes. There are large, painful ulcerating tumors Nevus A defined discoloration of the skin; congenital vascular skin tumor; a mole, birthmark Paronychia Infection around the nails. Caused by bacteria and fungi and may affect multiple nails Pediculosis Infestation with lice Petechiae Flat, pinpoint, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or mucous membrane (singular: petechia) Photosensitization Sensitization of the skin to light, usually from the action of drugs, plant products, or other substances Purpura A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin and other tissues Rosacea A condition of unknown cause involving redness of the skin, pustules, and overactivity of sebaceous glands, mainly on the face Scabies A highly contagious skin disease caused by a mite Senile lentigines Brown macule that appear on sun-exposed skin in adults; liver spots Shingles An acute eruption of vesicle along the path of a nerve; herpes zoster; caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox Tinea A fungal skin infection; ringworm Tinea versicolor Superficial chronic fungal infection that causes varied skin pigmentation Urticarial A skin reaction marked by temporary, smooth raised areas (wheals) associated with itching; hives Venous stasis Ulcer caused by venous insufficiency and stasis of venous blood; ulcer usually forms near the ankle Verruca En epidermal tumor; a wart Vitiligo Patchy disappearance of pigment of the skin; leukoderma 19 Xeroderma A fatal hereditary disease that begins in childhood with skin pigmentosum discolorations and ulcers and muscle atrophy. There is increased densitivity to the sun and increased susceptibility to cancer DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT ALOE A gel from leaves of the plant Aloe vera that is used in treatment of burns and minor skin irritations Antipruritic Agent that prevents or relieves itching Cautery Destruction of tissue by physical or chemical means; cauterization; also the instrument or chemical used for this purpose Dermabrasion A plastic surgical procedure for removing scar or birthmarks by chemical or mechanical destruction of epidermal tissue Dermatoplasty Transplantation of human skin; skin grafting Diascopy examination of skin lesion Fulguration Destruction of tissue by high-frequency electric sparks Skin turgor Resistance of the skin to deformation. Evidenced by the ability of the skin to return to position when pinched. Skin turgor is to measure of the skin’s elasticity and state of hydration. It typically declines with the age and when decreased may also be a sign of poor nutrition Wood lamp An ultraviolet light used to diagnose fungal infection E. TYPES OF SKN LESIONS 20 LESION DERCRIPTION Bulla raised, fluid-filled lesion larger than a vesicle (plural: bullae) Fissure crack or break in the skin Macule flat, colored spot Nodule solid, raised lesion larger than a papule; often indicative of systemic disease Papule small, circular, raised lesion at the surface of the skin Plaque superficial, flat, or slightly raised differentiated patch more than 1 cm in diameter Pustule raised lesion containing pus; often hair follicle or sweat pore Ulcer lesion resulting from destruction of the skin and perhaps subcutaneous tissue Vesicle small, fluid-filled, raised lesion; a blister or bleb Wheal smooth, rounded, slightly raised area often associated with itching; seen in ulticaria (hives), such as that resulting from allergy F. OTHER TERMINOLOGY-KEY TERMS Atopic dermatitis Hereditary, allergic, chronic skin inflammation with pruritus (itching); eczema Basal cell An epithelial tumor that rarely metastasizes and has a high cure rate carcinoma with surgical removal 21 Cicatrization The process of scar formation; a scar is a cicatrix Debridement Removal of dead or damaged tissue, as from a wound Dehiscence Splitting or bursting, as when the layers of a wound separate Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin, often associated with redness and itching; may be caused by allergy, irritants (contact dermatitis), or a variety of diseases Dermatology Study of the skin and diseases of the skin Dermatome Instrument for cutting thin skin sections for grafting Eczema A general term for skin inflammation with redness, lesion, and itching; atopic dermatitis erythema Diffused redness of the skin Escharotomy Removal of scab tissue resulting from burns or other skin injuries; a scab or crust is an eschar (ES-kar) Evisceration Protrusion of internal organs (viscera) through an opening , as through a wound Exudate Material, which may include fluid, cells, pus, or blood, that escapes from damage tissue Kaposi sarcoma Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues seen most often in patients with AIDS Keloid A raised, thickened scar caused by tissue overgrowth during scar formation Lupus A chronic, inflammatory , autoimmune disease of connective tissue that erythematosus often involves the skin; types include the more widespreasd systemic (LE) lupus erythematosus (SLE) and a discoid form (DLE) that involves only the skin Malignant A metastasizing pigmented skin tumor melanoma 22  Pemphigus An autoimmune disease of the skin characterized by sudden, intermittent formation of bullae (blisters); may be fetal if untreated Pressure ulcer An ulcer caused by pressure to an area of the body, as from a bed or chair; decubitus ulcer, bedsore, pressure sore Pruritus Severe itching Psoriasis A chronic hereditary dermatitis with red lesions covered by silvery scales Rule of nines A method for estimating the extent of body surface area involved in a burn by assigning percentages in multiples of nine to various body regions Scleroderma A chronic disease that is characterized by thickening and tightening of the skin and that often involves internal organs in a form called progressive systematic sclerosis (PSS) Squamous cell An epidermal cancer that may invade deeper tissues but tends not to carcinoma metastasize End of Chapter 3… Reminders: Before proceeding to the exercises, if you have other topics not fully clear to you, feel free to browse again on the topics and you can also do additional readings from other textbooks and references. No cheating in the self- assessment exercises. Answer it on your own without looking at your notes. Good Luck! THIS IS THE END OF THE PRELIMS COVERAGE REFERENCES: Textbook 23  1. Medical Language: Focus on Terminology, Moisio 2016 Other References: 1. Medical Terminology Complete 4th Wingerd 2019 2. Medical Terminology: an illustrated guide 8th ed (T) Cohen 2017 3. Bates pocket guide to physical examination and history taking (R) Bickley 2017 5. Fundamental Concepts and Skills for Nursing 4th ed Dewit, S. 2014 6. Introduction to Medical Terminology 3rd ed. Ehrlich, 2014 7. Fundamental Concept and Skills for Nursing 4th ed, Dewit, 2014 8. Mosby’s Dictionary Of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions 9th ed. 2013 9. Medical Terminology, incredibly Easy 3rd Editionby Lippincot Williams & Wilkins 10. Mosby’s Dictionary of Medicine, nursing and Health Profession 9th ed., Mosby, 2013 Website References: www.e-rehab.com www.finditonline.ws www.aquaticnet.com www.yahoo.com www.google.com 24