Medical Terminology Lecture Notes - Ashur College of Medicine

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫(وقل ربي زدني علما‬ ‫صدق هللا العلي العظيم‬ ‫; ‪LECTUERS OF‬‬ ‫‪MEDICAL LANGUAG‬‬ ‫‪GOOD LUCK‬‬ ‫‪AND TERMINOLOGY‬‬ ‫]‪[ML‬‬  MEDICAL LANGUAGE. [M.L ] ‫المصطلحات الطبية‬ LECTURE 1 -PART 1&2 First year...

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫(وقل ربي زدني علما‬ ‫صدق هللا العلي العظيم‬ ‫; ‪LECTUERS OF‬‬ ‫‪MEDICAL LANGUAG‬‬ ‫‪GOOD LUCK‬‬ ‫‪AND TERMINOLOGY‬‬ ‫]‪[ML‬‬  MEDICAL LANGUAGE. [M.L ] ‫المصطلحات الطبية‬ LECTURE 1 -PART 1&2 First year ASHUR Collage of Medicine By Dr. Sawsan Dari Sabri MBChB.CABP.Dip in Paediatrics & Neonatology  THE OBJECTIVES OF MEDICAL LANGUAGE MODULE Identify basic word elements within medical terms. State the meanings of common word roots, prefixes, suffixess Distinguish singular and plural words. Identify the meanings of medical terms. Pronounce medical terms properly. Define body systems and common medical terms related to them ,.Identify general information about systemic ;Anatomy physiology, pharmacology, some diseases and investigations. THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS LECTURE Distinguish the four elements of medical terms: roots, suffixes, prefixes, and combining forms. Define some medical terms. Demonstrate some pronunciation hints. Distinguish singular and plural words. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ? Medical terminology is the language used to describe components and processes of the human body, medical procedures, diseases, disorders, and pharmacology. It is the key to the clinical process and clinical documentation. Its used for the communication between health care professionals. So it is like learning anew language. You must be able to put words together or build words from their parts this is like putting togethers the pieces of puzzle Medical terms have been taken from many languages, however, the majority are from Greek and Latin. pieces of puzzles BASIC ELEMENTS OF A MEDICAL WORD: many common medical terms can be broken down into the followings 1-Word root ‫اصل الكلمة‬ 2-Combining form ‫أداة الربط‬ 3-Suffixes ‫الالحقة‬ 4-Prefixes ‫البادئة‬ ‫‪j‬‬ ‫زيادة او فرط افراز الغدة الدرقية‬  ‫‪BASIC WORD PARTS‬‬ ‫حول‬ ‫الطبيب المتخصص بدراسة اللثة‬  ‫‪HYPO-CALC-EM-IA‬‬ ‫‪Root‬‬ ‫‪Root‬‬ ‫‪prefix‬‬ ‫‪Suffix‬‬ ‫حالة هبوط او انخفاض الكالسيوم في الدم‬ ‫; ‪Hypo‬‬ ‫انخفاض او قلة او هبوط‬ ‫; ‪Calc‬‬ ‫الكالسيوم‬ ‫; ‪Em‬‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫; ‪Ia‬‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫‪Cardi‬‬ ‫تسارع ضربات القلب‬ ‫التهاب عضلة القلب‬ ‫اعتالل عضلة القلب‬  WORD ROOT Represents the main part of the word. It is the base of the words on which medical term built by adding the other parts All words have at least one word root. Example: Nephr /o /logy – Cardi /o /logy  EXAMPLES OF WORD ROOTS The word root the meanining Leuk White ‫ابيض‬ Hepat Liver ‫الكبد‬ Cardi Heart ‫القلب‬ Nephr Kidney ‫الكلية‬ Gastr Stomach‫المعدة‬ Dermat Skin ‫الجلد‬ Pancreat Pancreas ‫البنكرياس‬ My Muscle ‫العضالت‬ Nas Nose ‫االنف‬ Nerve ‫العصب‬ Neur Eye ‫العين‬ Ocul ROOTS : COLORS Alb\o ,albin\o , leuk\o-white ‫ابيض‬ Chlor\o- green ‫اخضر‬ Cirrh\o – orage-yellow ‫اصفر‬ Cyan\o- blue ‫ازرق‬ Eosin\o,erythr\o, rhod\o, rose\o,rubr\i\o- red ,rosy Flav\o, jaund\o,lute\o , xanth\o – yellow ‫اصفر‬ Fusc\o- dark brown ‫جوزي غامق‬ Glauc\o- gray, bluish green or black ‫رمادي اواخضر مزرق‬ Poli\o, tephr\o – gray , ashen‫رمادي‬ Purpur\i – purple ‫ارجواني‬  COMBINING FORMS The combining form is the combination of a word ; root and root. or root and suffix by using combining vowel. The combining vowel is usually an “o”, others may be used.as ;i or. e a. or u This used to make the word easy. R+R OR R+S [prefix not involve]. Gaster-o-enter -itis. ‫التهاب المعدة واالمعاء‬ ‫الحروف المتحركة او ‪VOWEL SOUND‬‬ ‫‪ A…E…I…O….U‬حروف العلة‬ ‫ اذا كانت الالحقة تبدا بحرف متحرك ال نستعمل حروف الوصل‬ ‫‪. a-e-i-o-u‬‬ ‫ اما اذا الالحقة تبدا بحرف ساكن فنستعمل حروف الوصل ‪.‬‬ ‫ حروف الوصل تصل بين الجذر والجذر ‪...‬او الجذر والالحقة ‪.‬‬ ‫ ال تستعمل حروف الوصل مع البادئة‬ Arthritis  Basic rule one: The combining vowel not used before a suffix that begins with a vowel. Example: Scler/ + osis= sclerosis. Basic rule two: A combining vowel is used to link a word root to a suffix that begins with consonant. and to link a word root to another word root to form a compound word. Examples: colon/o + scope = colonoscope osteo/ o/ chondr/ itis= osteochondritis. COMBINING FORM NEPH/O NEUR /O Use the hyphen ( -), after the prefix, and before the suffix. It is used for connect 2 words to form a new word Examples: intra-muscul–ar intra: muscul: muscle ar: relating to EXAMPLES OF COMBINING FORMS The combining form meaning Nephr/o Kidney Cardi/o Heart Hepat/o Liver Gastr/o Stomach Neur/o Nerve Arthr/o Joint Oste/o Bone  ‫البطن‬ ‫غدة‬ ‫يتعلق بالذكر‬ ‫شريان‬ ‫مفصل‬ ‫السمع‬ ‫يتعلق بالذراع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫القصبة الهوائية‬ ‫السرطان‬ ‫القلب‬ ‫الرسغ‬ ‫الراس‬ ‫الجمجمة والدماغ‬ ‫عنق‬ ‫عقار‬ ‫المرارة‬ ‫القولون‬  ‫االمعاء‬ ‫احمر‬ ‫الوجه‬ ‫المعدة‬ ‫االنثى‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫انسجة‬ ‫ماء‬ ‫الرحم‬ ‫البطن جانب البطن‬ ‫الحنجرة‬ ‫ابيض‬ ‫ما يتعلق بالجهاز اللمفاوي‬ ‫الثدي‬ ‫االغشية المحيطة بالدماغ والنخاع‬ ‫الشوكي‬  SUFFIXES The suffix is the few letters that are added to the end of a word root or a combining form. It may indicate: Surgical or diagnostic procedure, disorder, disease, condition ,process, specialty. etc. Examples: Arthr/o –centesis(Arthr /o /centesis): puncture of a joint. Throac/o –tomy (Thoracotomy): incision of the chest. SUFFIXES OF SOME DISORDERS ‫تغذوي ضمور‬ -trophy; nourishment (atrophy) -ia; condition of(anemia) ‫حالة فقر الدم‬ -iasis; ‫حالة مرضية‬ abnormal condition(chololethiasis) ‫للقناة الصفراوية‬ megaly- enlargement (splenomegaly) ‫تضخم الطحال‬ -oma; ‫ورم عادة يكون‬ tumour(mass which could be ‫خبيث‬ malignant).(melanoma ) ‫تيبس‬ -osis; abnormal condition(sclerosis) -ptysis; spitting up(hemoptysis) dripping ‫بصق الدم‬ blood(epistaxis) ‫نزف الدم‬ -staxis; ‫تورم‬ Ema ; Swelling [myxedema ] MORE SUFFIXES -algia , algesia ;– pain ‫الم‬ -cele-; ; herniation or swelling ‫انتفاخ‬ -cide-; killing, agent that kills ‫قاتل‬ -cyte-; cell ‫خلية‬ -emia; ;-blood condition‫حالة تتعلق بالدم‬ -ism; - condition , disease‫مرض او حالة‬ -ist ; – specialist ‫اختصاص‬ - itis-; inflammation ‫التهاب‬ -logist; -one who studies, specialist‫اخصائي‬ -logia-logy; -the study of ‫دراسة‬ -lysis; -destruction , break down ‫تحلل‬ -oid; -resembling , like ‫يشبه‬  SUFFIXES OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES -centesis–surgical puncture (amniocentesis ) ‫ثقب‬ -desis–surgical binding (pleurodesis )‫التصاق طبقات غشاءالجنب‬ -ectomy–excision, removal, cut out ( tonsillectomy )‫قطع ازالة‬ -pexy–surgical fixation (hysteropexy ) ‫تثبيت الرحم‬ -plasty–surgical repair, correction ( rhinoplasty ) ‫تصحيح‬ -rrhaphy–suture ( cystorrhaphy ) ‫خياطة المثانة‬ -scopy –examination ( endoscopy ). ‫ناظور‬ -stomy–forming a new opening (colostomy )‫عمل فتحة لالمعاء‬ -tomy–incision into, cut into ( tracheotomy )‫عمل شق في القصبة‬ -tripsy–to crush, break down ( lithiotripsy )‫تفتيت الحصى‬ - sect – to cut (‫قطع‬ SUFFIXES OF DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES -gram –written record, recording (mammogram ) -graph –instrument for recording (mammograph ) -graphy–process of recording ( mammography ) -meter –instrument for measuring ( spirometer) -metery–process of measuring ( spirometry ) -opsy–visual examination ( biopsy ) -scope -instrument for examining ( gastroscope ) -scopy–process of examining, examination ( gastroscopy ) SUFFIXES – 5 RRH ‘S E.g. :Menorrhagia rrhagia – excessive fluid Hemorrhage rrhage- excessive fluid Cardioraphy rrhaphy- suture rrhea- flow or discharge Rhinorrhea Hystrorrhexis rrhexis - rupture SUFFIXES PERTAINING TO -ac ( cardiac) -al( dental) -ar (tonsilar) -ia(bradycardia - -ic(gastric) -ical(chemical) -ous(mucous) Tic [ pancreatic] -ium(cardium) Us [hydrocephalus  MORE SUFFIXES -opia; -opsia-vision --myopia -pathy ; –disease --Neuropathy -plasm; -growth or formation of disease --Neoplasm A ; Nil or not present e.g. A-pnea; no-breathing An ; Nil or not present e.g. Anemia -porosis- porous; ,decrease in density.. e.g osteoprosis -spasm-; twitching , involantary contraction …. muscularspasm - therapy; - treatment e.g.--radiotherapy  PREFIXES‫البادئة‬ A syllable or syllables, or element placed at the beginning of the word to adjust or qualify its meaning so it located before a word or word root. It can alter the meaning or create a new word. It may indicate: number, disorder ,location ,direction ,quantity ,amount ,size , etc. Examples: hyper-therm-ia (means excessive heat condition) hypo-insulin-emia( means low insulin in the blood)  PREFIXES OF DISORDERS Prefixes Meanings a, an Without ( anemia ) Dys difficult or painful( dysphagia ) hyper above ( hyperthyrodism ) hypo Below ( hypothyrodism ) tachy fast (tachycardia ) brady slow( bradycadia ) poly Many (polycystic kidney ) oligo Few ( oligodactyly ) PREFIXES OF NUMBERS Prefixes Meanings Mono– One Bi– Two Tri– Three Quad– Four Uni– One Multi– Many Nulli– None Hemi– Half Semi– Partial, Half  ‫خالل‬ OUT SIDE OUT SIDE  SOME PREFIXES Ab- away from midline Ad – toward midline Anti – against Auto – self Hetero – opposite, different Homo – same , similar Re – back , again Super – above , beyond  MORE PREFIXES Meta – after Multi – many Neo – new , abnormal Post –after Pro – before Retro – behind Sub – under Supra- above Trans – across hydro – fluid Intra – within DEFINITIONS OF SOME MEDICAL TERMS Aetiology: the cause of the diseases ‫ أسباب المرض‬. Signs: clinical evidence of cause of the diseases or the Disorders‫عالمات المرض‬ Symptoms: indicators of the disease that the patient is Experiencing ‫اعراض المرض‬ Disease: set of signs and symptoms that disrupts normal function of a body system or organ‫المرض او العلة‬ Diagnosis: identifying the disease from its signs and symptoms‫التشخيص‬  Prognosis forecast of the outcome / recovery from the disease.‫التنبؤ بسير المرض‬ Morbidity: presence of illness or disease ‫سير المرض‬ ‫ومضاعفاته‬ Mortality:: death ‫نسبة الوفاة من المرض‬ Acute: beginning abruptly and usually ‫الحالة الحادة‬ Chronic: persisting for a long time or constantly recurring‫مزمن‬ Terminal: will cause death ‫نهاية المرض عادة يستعمل للوفاة‬. Afebrile ; with out fever. ‫بدون حرارة او حرارة طبيعية‬ Febrile ; increase body temperature. ‫ارتفاع درجة الحرارة‬ Anemia ; condition of low blood cell count or low haemoglobin ‫فقر الدم‬ Angina ; chest pain. ‫االم الصدر الذبحة الصدرية‬ Auscultation ; listening of heart and chest sound. ‫فحص القلب والصدرباالستماع الى الصوت‬ Stethoscope ; insterment use for Auscultation. ‫السماعة الطبية‬ Diabetes ; Disease where there is little or No Insulin resulting in high Blood sugar ‫داء‬ ‫ السكري‬. Dyspnea ; shortness or difficulty in breathing. ‫صعوبة التنفس‬ Epistaxis ; medical term for nasal bleeding. ‫نزف االنف‬ Gastroenteritis ; vomiting and diarrhea  PRONUNCIATION Consonant Examples c (before a,o,u) = k cavity,colon, cure c (before e,i) = s cephalic,cirrhosis ch= k cholesterol g (before a, o, u) = g gallstone,gonad g (before e, i) = j generic,giant ph= f phase, pharynx rhythm, rh,rrh= r haemorrhoid pn= n pneumonia ps= s psychiatry,psycholog DISTINGUISHING SINGULAR AND PLURAL  SUMMARY HOW TO DEFINE MEDICAL WORDS MEDICAL TERM FORM OF 4 COMPONENT First;, define the prefix Second ; define the suffix. Third, define the word root Example: Tachycardia Tachy ;fast Cardi ;heart. Ia ; condition  MEDICDL TERMINLOGY Thank you for Listening QUIZ 1: WHAT ARE THE BASIC ELEMENT OF MEDICAL WORD Quiz 2 : The word root Cardi mean : Liver Skin Heart White  HOME WORK 1—Define the Basic element of Medical Term. 2—Give the meaning of the following words ,And relate the to their basic element. trophy-----megaly---pathy----oma—cyte----cervic----logist--- cardia---hepat---derm----algia---cephal—----cele---carcin--- col----osis---scopy---—lysis—O—Nepher---Gaster--- aden—audi---hemat---osteo----Neur. The word………the meaning…………………….basic element. Hyper ‫زيادة او افراط‬.increase preffix GOOD LUCK GOOD LUCK