Medieval History Capsule PDF (2016)

MEDEIVAL HISTORY CAPSULE 2016 FOR SSC AND RAILWAYS India Between 750-1200 AD 11) Nandivarma III was succeeded by Nrupatungavarma, who The period between AD 750 and AD 1200 is referred to as an had two brothers, Aparajitavarma and Kampavarma. early m...

MEDEIVAL HISTORY CAPSULE 2016 FOR SSC AND RAILWAYS India Between 750-1200 AD 11) Nandivarma III was succeeded by Nrupatungavarma, who The period between AD 750 and AD 1200 is referred to as an had two brothers, Aparajitavarma and Kampavarma. early medieval period of Indian History. The Chola king provoked Aprajitavarman into waging a civil war Introduction in the Pallava kingdom. Subsequently, Aprajita Varma captured We divide the period from AD 750 to AD 1200 in two parts the throne. (a) AD 750–AD 1000; (b) AD 1000– AD 1200. THE CHALUKYAS The first phase was marked by the growth of three important History of the Chalukyas, the Karnataka rulers, can be classified political powers in India. These were Gurjara Pratiharas in north into three eras: India, Palas in eastern India and Rashtrakutas in South India. 1) The early western era (6th -8th century), the Chalukyas of These powers were constantly fighting with each other with an Badami(vatapi); aim to set up their control on Gangetic region in northern India. 2) The later western era (7th - 12th century), the Chalukyas of This armed conflict among these three powers is known as Kalyani; ‗Tripartite struggle‘. 3) The eastern chalukya era (7th - 12th century), the chalukyas of Vengi. In the second phase (1000-1200 ad) we notice the breakup of 1) Pulakesin I (543-566) was the first independent ruler of these powers. It resulted in the rise of many smaller kingdoms Badami with Vatapi in Bijapur as his capital. all over the country. These were the states which fought and 2) Kirthivarma I (566-596) succeeded him at the throne. When resisted the Turkish attacks from northwest India led by he died, the heir to the throne, Prince Pulakesin II, was just Mahmood Ghaznavi and Mohammad Ghori in the 11th and 12th a baby and so the king‘s brother, Mangalesha (597-610), centuries, but had to yield ultimately as they failed to stand was crowned the caretaker ruler. Over the years, he made united against the invaders. many unsuccessful attempts to kill the prince but was ultimately killed himself by the prince and his friends. PALLAVA DYNASTY 1) The Pallava dynasty emerged in South India at a time when the Satavhana dynasty was on the decline. 2) Shivaskandavarman is said to have been the founder of the Pallava dynasty. 3) During their reign, the Pallava rulers made Kanchi their capital. 4) The noteworthy rulers during this period were: Simhavarama I, Sivaskkandavarma I, Veerakurcha, Shandavarma II, Kumaravishnu I, Simhavarma II, and Vishnugopa. Vishugopa is said to have been defeated in battle by Samudragupta after which the Pallavas become weaker. 5) It was Simhavishnu, the son of Simhavarma II, who eventually crushed the Kalabhras‘ dominance in 575 AD and re- established his kingdom. 6) In 670, Parameshwaravarma I came to the throne and restricted the advance of the Chlukyan king Vikramaditya I. However, the Chalukyas joined hands with the Pandya king Arikesari Maravarma, another promients enemy of the Pallavas, and defeated Parameshwaravarma I. 7) Parameshwaravarma I died in 695 and was succeeded by Narasimhavarma II, a peace living ruler.He is also remembered for building the famous Kailashanatha temple at Kanchi. He died grieving his elder son‘s accidental death in 722. 8) His youngest son, Parameshwaravarma II, came to power in 722.He died in 730 with no heirs to the throne, which left the Pallava kingdom in a state of disarray. 3) Pulakesin II (610-642), the son of Pulakesin I, was a 9) Nandivarma II came to power after some infighting for the contemporary of Harshavardhana and the most famous of throne among relatives and officials of the kingdom. the Chalukyan kings.His reign is remembered as the greatest Nandivarma married the Rashtrakuta princess Reetadevi, and period in the history of Karnataka. He defeated re-established the Pallava kingdom. Harshavardhana on the banks of the Narmada. 10) He was succeeded by Dantivarma (796-846) who ruled for 4) After conquering the Kosalas and the Kalingas, and eastern 54 long years. Dantivarma was defeated by the Rastrakuta king, Chalukyan dynasty was inaugurated by his(Pulakeshin II) Dantidurga, and subsequently by the Pandyas. He was brother Kubja Vishnuvardana. succeeded by Nandivarma III in 846. 5) By 631, the Chalukyan empire extended from sea to sea. However, Pulkeshin II was defeated and probably killed in www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.sscadda.com Page 1  642, when the Pallavas under Narsimhavarma I attack on THE RASHTRAKUTA their capital & captured the chalukyan capital at Badami. 1) Dhantidurga (735-756) established this kingdom. They 6) The Chalukyas rose to power once again under the overthrew the Chalukyas and ruled up to 973 ad. leadership of Vikramaditya I (655-681), who defeated his 2) Dhantidurga was succeeded by his son Krishna I (756-774). contemporary Pandya, Pallava, Cholas and Kerala rulers to Krishna I is credited to have built the Kailasa temple at Ellora. establish the supremacy of the Chalukyan empire in the 3) Other kings of this dynasty were Govinda II (774- 780), region. Dhruva (780-790), Govinda III (793-814) and Amoghavarsa 7) Vikramaditya II (733-745) defeated the Pallava king Nrupatunga I (814-887). Nandivarma II to capture a major portion of the Pallava 4) Amoghavarsa was the greatest king of this dynasty & he kingdom. was the son of GOVINDA III. The extend of the Amoghavarsa‘s 8) Vikramaditya II‘s son, Kirtivarma II (745), was disposed by empire can be estimated from the accounts of the Arabian the Rastrakuta ruler, Dhantidurga, who established the traveller, Sulaiman, who visited his court in 851 and wrote in his Rashtrakuta dynasty. book that ‗his kingdom was one of the four great empires of the world at that time.‘ THE PANDYAS OF MADURAI (6TH TO 14TH CENTURY) 5) The Arab traveler Al-Mashdi, who visited India during this 1) The Pandyas were one of the most ancient dynasties to rule period, calls the Rashtrakuta king the, ‗greatest king of India.‘ south India and are mentioned in Kautilya‘s Arthashastra and The dynasty of the Chalukyas of Kalyani was founded by Taila I Megasthenes‘ Indica. after overthrowings the Rashtrakutas in 974-75, 2) The most prominent among them was Nedunchazian, who 6)The dynasty founded by him, with its capital at Kalyani made Madurai his capital. (Karnataka), is known as the later Chalukyas of the Chalukyas 3) The Pandyas founded a Tamil Literary academy called the of Kalyani (the early Chalukyas being the Chalukyas of Badami). Sangam, at Madurai. They adopted the Vedic religion of Tailapa ruled for twenty three years form 974 to 997. sacrifice and patronized Brahmin priests. Their power declined with the invasion of a tribe called the Kalabhras. THE PRATIHARAS (8TH TO 10TH CENTURY) 4) The pandyas rise once again at the end of the 6th century. a) The Pratiharas were also called Gurjar Pratihars probably Their first significant ruler was Dundungan (590-620) who because they originated from Gujarat or Southwest Rajasthan. defeated the Kalabars and brought the pandyas back to the b) Nagabhatta I, defended western India from the Arab path of glory. incursions from Sindh into Rajasthan. 5) The last known Pandya king, Parakramadeva, was defeated c) After the Nagabhatta I, the Pratiharas suffered a series of by Usaf Khan, (a viceroy of Muhmmad-bin-Tughlaq) when the defeats mostly at the hands of the Rashtrakutas. Tughlaq dynasty was in process of extending their kingdom up d) The Pratihara power regained its lost glory only after only to Kanyakumari. after the succession of Mihirbhoja, popularly known as Bhoja. e) His eventful career drew the attention of the Arab traveler, Sulaiman. THE CHOLAS (9TH TO 13TH CENTURY) f) Mihirbhoja was succeeded by his son Mahendrapala I whose 1) The Chola dynasty was one of the most popular dynasties of most notable achievement was the conquest of Magadha and south India which ruled over Tamil Nadu and parts of Karnataka northern Bengal. The most brilliant writer in his court was with Tanjore as its capital. Rajasekhara who has to his credit a number of literary works- 2) Early Chola rulers were the Karikala Cholas who ruled in the 1) Karpuramanjari, 2) Bala Ramayana, 2nd century. 3) Bala and Bharta, 4) Kavyamimamsa. 3) In 850, Vijayalaya captured Tanjore during the Pandya- g) Mahendrapala‘s death was followed by a scramble for the Pallava wars. To commemorate his accession, he built a temple possession of the throne. Bhoja II seized the throne, but step at Tanjore. The giant statue of Gomateswara at brother, Mahipala soon usurped the throne. Shravanbelagola was also built during this period. The withdrawal of Indra III to the Deccan enabled Mahipala to 4) Vijayalaya‘s son Aditya I (871-901) succeeded him to throne. recover from the fatal blow. Mahendrapala II, son and 5) It was Rajaraj I (985-1014) during which the CHOLAS successor of mahipala, was able to keep his empire intact. reached at its zenith. He snatched back lost territories from the Rashtrakutas and become the most powerful of the Chola THE PALAS (8TH TO 11TH CENTURY) rulers. Rajaraja‘ is also famous for the beautiful shiva temple 1) Sulaiman, an Arab merchant who visited India in the 9th which he constructed at Thanjavur(TN). It is called century has termed the Pala empire as Rhumi. Rajarajeswara after his name. 2) The Pala Empire was founded by Gopala in 750 AD.Gopala 6) Rajendra Chola (1014-1044), son of Rajaraja I, was an was an ardent Buddhist and is supposed to have important ruler of this dynasty who conquered Orissa, Bengal, 3) He built the monastery at Odantapuri (Sharif district of Burma and the Andaman and Nicobar Island. The Cholas Bihar). dynasty was at its zenith also during his reign. 4) Gopala was succeeded by his son Dharmapala who raised He also conquered Sri Lanka. the Pala kingdom to greatness. The kingdom expanded under 7) Kulottunga I (1070-1122) was another significant Chola ruler. him and it comprised the whole of Bengal and Bihar. Kulottunga I united the two kingdom of the eastern Chalukyas 5) After a reign of 32 years Dharmapala died, leaving his of Vengi and the Cholas of Thanjavur. After a long reign of extensive dominions unimpaired to his son Devapala. about half a century, Kulottunga I passed away 6) Devapala ascended the throne in 810 and Ruled for 40 sometime in 1122 and was succeeded by his son, Vikrama years. He extended his control over Pragjyotishpur (Assam), Chola, surnamed Tyagasamudra. parts of Orissa and parts of Modern Nepal. 8) The last ruler of the Chola Dynasty was Rajendra III (1246- 7) He patronised Haribhadra, one of the great Buddhist 79).He was a weak ruler who surrendered to the pandyas. authors. Devapala‘s court was adorned with the Buddhist poet Later, Malik Kafur invaded this Tamil state in 1310 and Vijrakatta, the author of Lokesvarasataka. extinguished the Chola empire. THE SENAS (11TH TO 12TH CENTURY) 1) The Sena dynasty ruled Bengal after the Palas. www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.sscadda.com Page 2 2) Its founder was Samantasena. Described as a In AD 1173 Shahabuddin Muhammad (AD 1173–1206) also ‗brahmakshatriya‘. called Muhammad of Ghori ascended the throne of Ghazni. 3) Samantasena‘s son Hemantasena ascended the throne. & The Ghoris were not strong enough to meet the growing power took advantage of the unstable political situation of Bengal and and strength of the Khwarizmi Empire; they realized that they carved out an independent principality. could gain nothing in Central Asia. 4) Vijayasena (famous King), son of Hemantasena, brought the family into the limelight by conquering nearly the whole of Conquest of Punjab and Sind Bengal. Vijayasena assumed several immaterial titles like a) Muhammad Ghori led his first expedition in AD 1175. He paramesvara, paramabhattaraka, and maharajadhiraja. marched against Multan and freed it from its ruler. In the same 5) The famous poet Sriharasha who composed the campaign he captured Uchch from the Bhatti Rajputs. Vijayaprasasti in memory of Vijayasena. b) Three years later in AD 1178 he again marched to conquer 6) Vijayasena was succeeded by his son, Ballalasena. Gujarat but the Chalukya ruler of Gujarat, Bhima II defeated Ballalasena was a great scholar. him at the battle of Anhilwara. But by AD 1190 having secured 7) During Lakshmanasena the empire came to an end. Multan, Sind and Punjab, Muhammad Ghori paved the way for a further thrust into the Gangetic Doab. THE YADAVAS (OF DEVAGIRI) (12TH TO 13TH CENTURY) ESTABLISHMENT AND EXPANSION OF THE DELHI a) The first member of the dynasty was Dridhaprahara. SULTANATE However, Seunachandra I, the son of Dridhaprahar, was the first to secure feudatory status for his family from the The First Battle of Tarain (AD 1191) Rashtrakutas. In the first battle fought at Tarain in AD 1191, Ghori‘s army was b) Bhillama, laid the foundation of the Yadava Empire which routed and he narrowly escaped death. existed for about a century. Prithviraj conquered Bhatinda but he made no efforts to c) Simhana was the most powerful ruler of the family. garrison it effectively. This gave Ghori an opportunity to re- d) Elated by his successes in the south, Simhana waged war assemble his forces and make preparations for another advance against his hereditary enemies in the north-the Paramaras of into India. malwa and the Chalukyas of Gujarat. e) He defeated and killed the Paramara king Arjunavarman. The Second Battle of Tarain (AD 1192) Thus, the Yadava kingdom reached the zenith of its glory and This battle is regarded as one of the turning points in Indian power in the reign of Simhana. History. Muhammad Ghori made very careful preparations for f) Sangitaratnakara of Sarangadeva, an important work on this conquest. The Turkish and Rajput forces again came face music, was written in his court. Anantadeva and Changadeva to face at Tarain. The Indian forces were more in number but were the two famous astronomers who also adorned his court. Turkish forces were well organized with swift moving cavalry. g) Ramachandra was probably the last the Yadava rulers. The bulky Indian forces were no match against the superior Malik kafur easily defeated Kankaradeva, put him to death and organisation, skill and speed of the Turkish cavalry. The Turkish annexed the Yadav kingdom. cavalry was using two superior techniques. The first was the horse shoe which gave their horses a long life and protected their hooves. The second was, the use of iron stirrup which gave a good hold to the horse rider and a better striking power in the battle. A large number of Indian soldiers were killed. Prithviraj tried to escape but was captured near Sarsuti. The Turkish army captured the fortresses of Hansi, Sarsuti and Samana. Then they moved forward running over Delhi and Ajmer. After Tarain, Ghori returned to Ghazni, leaving the affairs of India in the hand of his trusted slave general Qutbuddin Aibak. In AD 1194 Muhammad Ghori again returned to India. He crossed Yamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. He gave a crushing defeated Jai Chand at Chandwar near Kanauj. THE GHAZNAVIS Thus the battle of Tarain and Chandwar laid the foundations of Turkish rule in Northern India. His death in AD 1206 did not Mahmud of Ghazni (997-1030) mean the withdrawal of the Turkish interests in India. He left a) He was also known as ―But-Shikan‖ (destroyer of the image) behind his slave General Qutbuddin Aibak who became first because of seventeen plundering expeditions between 1000 AD Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. and 1027 AD in India. b) Annexing Punjab as his eastern province, he claimed to have come here with twin objectives of spreading Islam in India, and Delhi Sultanate enriching himself by taking away wealth from India. After the assassination of Muhammad Ghori, Qutubuddin c) In 1025, he attacked and raided the most celebrated Hindu Aibek got the control over Delhi temple of Somnath, Gujarat. This period can be divided into 5 distinct periods viz. d) Beruni who wrote Kitab-ul Hind, and Firdausi, who wrote 1. The Slave Dynasty (1206-90) Shah Namah, were the court Historians of Mahmud Ghazni and 2. The Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320) give a good account of the polity and society on the eve of 3. The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414) Mahmood‘s invasion. From 1010 to 1026, the invasions were 4. The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-51) thus directed toward the temple-towns of Thaneswar, Mathura, 5. The Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526). Kannauj and finally Somnath. Muhammad Ghori (Shahabuddin Muhammad) The Slave Dynasty www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.sscadda.com Page 3 Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-10) A Turkish slave by origin, he was purchased by Mohammad Allauddin Masud Shah: 1242-46 Ghori who later made him his Governor. He was son of Ruknuddin Feroz. After the death of Ghori, Aibak became the master of He was disposed after Balban and Nasiruddin Mahmud‘s Hindustan and founded the Slave Dynasty in 1206. Mother, Malika-e-Jahan, conspired against him and established The capital during his reign was not Delhi but Lahore. Nasiruddin Mahamud as the new Sultan. For his generosity, he was given the title of Lakh Bakhsh (giver of lakhs). Nasiruddin Mahmud 1246-66 He died in 1210 while playing Chaugan or Polo. He was the eldest son of Illtutmish. He constructed two mosques i.e. Quwat-ul-Islam at Delhi and Minaj-us-Siraj has dedicated his book Tabaquat-i-Nasiri to him Adhai din ka Jonpra at Ajmer. He also began the construction of Qutub Minar, in the honour Ghiyasuddin Balban : 1266-87 of famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutibuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki. After the death of Nasiruddin; Balban ascended the throne in Aibak was great patron of learning and patronized writers like 1266. Hasan-un-Nizami, author of ‗Taj-ul- Massir‘ and Fakhruddin, He broke the power of Chalisa and restored the prestige of author of ‗Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi‘. the crown. He made kingship a serious profession. The Persian court model influenced Balban‘s conception of Aram Shah (1210) Kingship. He took up the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God). He was the son of Aibak, who was defeated by Illtutmish in He introduced Sijda (prostration before the monarch) and the battle of Jud. Paibos (kissing the feet of monarch) as the normal forms of Shamsuddin Illtutmish (1210-36) salutation. He was a slave of Qutubuddin Aibak of Mamluke tribe and Divine right of the king was emphasized by calling himself Zil- occupied the throne of Delhi in 1211. i-Ilahi. Illtutmish began his career as Sar-e Jandhar or royal He gave great emphasis on justice and maintaining law and bodyguard. order. He was a very capable ruler and is regarded as the ‗real He established the military department Diwan-i-Arz. founder of the Delhi Sultanate‘. In his last days he overlooked Sultanate affairs due to death He made Delhi the capital in place of Lahore. of his eldest and most loving son, Muhammad, and rebellion by He saved Delhi Sultanate from the attack of Chengiz Khan, the his closest and most loved slave, Tughril. Muhammad died Mongol leader, by refusing shelter to Khwarizm Shah, whom fighting Mongolians in 1285 and Tughril was captured and Chengiz was chasing. beheaded. He introduced the silver coin (tanka) and the copper coin (jital). Kaiqubad: 1287-90 He organized the Iqta System and introduced reforms in civil He was the grandson of Balban was established on the throne administration and army, which was now centrally paid and by Fakruddin, the Kotwal of Delhi recruited. But Kaiqubad was killed by nobles Kaimur He set up an official nobility of slaves known as Chahalgani/ He was the minor son of Kaiqubad who came to throne at an Chalisa (group of forty). age of 3 He completed the construction of Qutub Minar which was He was the last Illbari ruler started by Aibak. The Khalji nobles revolted against him and he was killed He patronized Minhaj-us-Siraj, author of ‗Tabaqat-i-Nasiri‘. within three months. Ruknuddin : 1236 The Khalji dynasty (1290-1320 A.D.) He was son of Illtutmish and was crowned by her mother, Shah Turkan, after death of Illtutmish. Jallauddin Khalji He was deposed by Razia, daughter of Illtutmish. Jalaluddin Khilji founded the Khilji dynasty. Razia Sultana: (1236 – 40) He was a liberal ruler and adopted the policy of religious Iltutmish had nominated his daughter Razia as the successor, toleration the nobles placed Ruknuddin Feroz on the throne. His son-in-law and nephew was Allauddin Khalji She was the ‗first and only Muslim lady who ever ruled India‘. She use to rule without the veil Allauddin Khalji She further offended the nobles by her preference for an He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who separated religion Abyssian slave Yakut. from politics. He proclaimed ‗Kingship knows no Kinship’. The wazir of Illtutmish Junnaidi revolted against her but was During the reign of Jallauddin Khalji, he was the governor of defeated. Kara There was a serious rebellion in Bhatinda, Altunia, governor of He adopted the title Sikander-e-Saini or the second Alexander Bhatinda refused to accept suzerainity of Razia. Razia Alauddin annexed Gujarat (1298), Ranthambhor (1301), accompanied by Yakut marched against Altunia. Mewar (1303), Malwa (1305), Jalor (1311). However, Altunia got Yakut murdered and imprisoned Razia. In Deccan, Aluddin‘s army led by Malik Kafur defeated Ram Subsequently, Razia was married to Altunia and both of them Chandra (Yadava ruler of Devagiri), Pratap Rudradeva (Kakatiya marched towards Delhi as nobles in Delhi raised Bahram Shah ruler of Warangal), Vir Ballal III (Hoyasala ruler of (3rd son of Illtutmish) to throne. Dwarsamudra) and Vir Pandya (Pandya ruler of Madurai). In 1240 AD, Razia became the victim of a conspiracy and was Malik Kafur was awarded the title Malik Naib assassinated near Kaithal (Haryana). Administrative and Market reforms Bahram Shah: 1240-42 In order to avoid the problems created by the nobles. Iltutamish‘s third son Bahram Shah was put on throne by Alauddin issued 4 ordinances. powerful Turkish council Chalisa. 1. The 1st ordinance aimed at confiscation of the religious He was killed by Turkish nobles. endowments and free grants of lands. www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.sscadda.com Page 4 2. The 2nd ordinance Alauddin reorganized the spy system. The Sultan crated a new department of Agriculture called 3. The 3rd ordinance prohibited the use of wine. Diwan-i-Kohi. The main object of this department was to bring 4. The 4th ordinance issued by Alauddin laid down that nobles more land under cultivation by giving direct help to peasants. should not have convivial parties and they should not inter- marry without his permission. Transfer of Capital: The most controversial step which He introduced the system of Dagh (the branding of horse) and Mohammad-bin Tughlaq under took soon after his accession Chehra (descriptive roll of soldiers). was the so called transfer of capital from Delhi to Devagiri. He Alauddin ordered that all land was to be measured and then ordered mass exodus from Delhi to Devgiri. Devagiri had been a they share of state was to be fixed. base for the expansion of Turkish rule in South India. It appears The post of special officer called Mustakharaj was created for that the Sultan wanted to make Devagiri second capital so that the purpose of collection of revenue. he would be able to control South India better. Devagiri was Alauddin sought to fix cost of all commodities. thus named Daulatabad. All goods for sale were brought to an open market called Sara-i-Adal. Introduction of Token Currency: Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq Many forts were built by him and the most important of them decided to introduce bronze coins, which were to have same was Alai fort. He also constructed the Alai Darwaja, the value as the silver coins. Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq might have entrance gate of Qutub Minar. He also built the Palace of been successful if he could prevent people from forging the new thousand Pillars called Hazar Sutun. coins. He was not able to do so and the new coins began to be He was a patron of art and learning. Amir Khusrau, the poet- greatly devalued in markets. Finally Mohammadbin- Tughlaq musician was his favorite court poet. decided to withdraw the token currency. He promised to In 1316, after death of Alauddin, Malik Kafur seized the exchange silver pieces for bronze coins. throne. Before Kafur died, he nominated Shihabuddin (Alauddin‘s 6 Proposed Khurasan Expedition: The Sultan had a vision year old prince) as King but imprisoned eldest prince Mubarak of universal conquest. He decided to conquest Khurasan and Khan. Iraq and mobalised a huge army for the purpose. He was Kafur was killed by the loyalists of the royal family of encouraged to do so by Khurasani nobles who had taken shelter Alauddin. in his court. Moreover there was instability in Khurasan on account of the unpopular rule of Abu Said. This project was also Shiabuddin Umar (1316) abandoned because of the change in political scenario He was the minor son of Jhitaipali who was raised to throne in Khurasan. after the death of Allauddin. He became victim of the court politics and was later blinded. Mubarak Khalji (1316-20) He released 18,000 prisoners He reversed all the administrative and market reforms of Allauddin Khalji. During his time Devgiri was annexed. The Thuglaq Dynasty Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Ghazi Malik or Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq of Qaurana tribe was the founder of Tughlaq dynasty. He was the governor of Dipalpur before coming to power as Qarachil Expedition: This expedition was launched in Sultan Kumaon hills in Himalayas allegedly to counter Chinese He died in the collapse of the victory pavilion near Delhi incursions.It also appears that the expedition was directed against some refractory tribes in Kumaon-Garhwal region with Mohammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-51) the object of bringing them under Delhi Sultanate. The first Prince Jauna, son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ascended the attack was a success but when the rainy season set in, the throne in 1325. invaders suffered terribly. He gained the title Ulugh Khan, he was most educated of all He died in Thatta while campaigning in Sindh against Taghi, a the Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate Turkish slave. He created a department Diwan-e-Amir-e-Kohi for the improvement of the agriculture Feroz Shah Tughlaq (1351-88) He distributed Sondhar i.e. agriculture loans advanced for He was a cousin of Mohammad-bin Tughlaq. extension of agriculture of barren land He adopted the policy of appeasement with the nobility, the He encouraged cash crops in place of cereals army and theologians The new system of taxation was according to quran. Four Jalaluddin Ahsan Shah kinds of taxes sanctioned by the Quran were imposed and those 1336: Foundation of Vijayanagar by Harihar and Bukka; and were Kharaj, Zakat, Jizya and Khams. Kharaj was the land tax, Warangal became independent under Kanhaiya. which was equal to 1/10 of the produce of the land, Zakat was 2% tax on property, Jizya was levied on non-Muslims and The five experiments Khams was 1/5 of the booty captured during war. Firoz tried to ban practices, which the orthodox theologians Taxation in the Doab : The Sultan made an ill-advised considered non Islamic. Thus he prohibited the practice of financial experiment in the Doab between the Ganges and Muslim women going out to worship at graves of saints and Yamuna. He not only increased the rate of taxation but also erased paintings from the revived and created some additional Abwabs or cesses. palace. www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.sscadda.com Page 5  It was during the time of Firoz that Jizya became a separate Aibak also built the Adhai-din ka Jhonpra at Ajmer has a tax. beautiful prayer hall, an exquisitely carved Mehrab of white In order to encourage agriculture, the Sulatan paid a lot of marble and a decorative arch screen. attention to irrigation. Firoz repaired a number of canals and The first example of true or arch is aid to be the tomb of imposed Haque-i-Sharb or water tax Ghiyasuddin Balban in Mehrauli (Delhi). He was a great builder as well; to his credit are cities of Allauddin Khalji began the work of Alai minar to rival Qutab Fatehabad, Hisar, Jaunpur and Firozabad. Minar, but this could‘nt be completed because of his death The two pillars of Ashoka, one from Topra (Haryana) and Some notable Tughlaq monuments are the fort of other from Meerut (U.P.) were brought to Delhi. Tughlaquabad, the tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq which marked The Sultan established at Delhi, a hospital described as Dar- a new phase in Indo-Islamic architecture. ul-Shifa. A new department of Diwan-i-Khairat was set up to make provisions for marriage of poor girls. Mughal period However his rule is marked by peace and tranquility and credit for it goes to his Prime Minister Khan-i- Jahan Maqbul. Babur He died in 1388. The foundation of the Mughal rule in India was laid by Babur in 1526. The Sayyaid dynasty He was a descendant of Timur (from the side of his father) Khizr Khan (1414-21) and Chengiz Khan (from the side of his mother). Mubarak Shah (1421-34) Babur was invited by Daulat Kahna Lodi and Alam Khan Lodi Muhammad Shah (1434-43) against Ibrahim Lodi Alam Shah (1443-51)--He was the last Sayyid king descended Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat on in favour of Bahlol Lodhi and he retired. Thus began the Lodhi April 21, 1526 and established Mughal dynasty. dynasty. In 1527, he defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar at Khanwa. The Lodi Dynasty In 1528, he defeated Medini Rai of Chaneri at Chanderi. Bahlol Lodhi : 1451-88 In 1529, he defeated Muhammad Lodhi (uncle of Ibrahim Bahlol Lodhi was one of the Afghan sardars who established Lodhi) at Ghaghra. himself in Punjab after the invasion of Timur. In 1530, he died at Agra. His tomb is at Lahore. The tomb of He founded the Lodhi dynasty. only two Mughal emperors are outside India i.e. Babur and Jaunpur was annexed into Delhi Sultanat during his reign Bahadur Shah Zafar He was the first to use gunpowder and artillery in India. Sikandar Lodhi : 1489-1517 Two gun masters Mustafa and Ustad Ali were in his army Sikandar Lodi was the son of Bahlol Lodhi who conquered He wrote his autobiography Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turki. Bihar and Western Bengal. Tuzuk-i-Baburi was translated in Persian (named Baburnama) Agra city was founded by him. by Abdur Rahim Khan-e-khana and in English by Madan Sikandar was a fanatical Muslim and he broke the sacred Bebridge. images of the Jwalamukhi Temple at Nagar Kot and ordered the He compiled two anthologies of poems, Diwan (in Turki) and temples of Mathura to be destroyed. Mubaiyan (in Persian). He also wrote Risal-i-Usaz or letters of He reimposed Jaziya tax on non muslims Babur. He use to write poems with the pen name ―Gulrukhi‖ He took a keen interest in the development of agriculture. He Humayun (1530-40 and 1555-56) introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar‘s yard) of 32 digits for He was the son of Babur and ascended the throne in 1530. measuring cultivated fields. His succession was challenged by his brothers Kamran, Hindal and Askari along with the Afghans. Ibrahim Lodhi : 1517-26 In 1532 he established Tabl-e-adl at Agra. He was the last king of the Lodhi dynasty and the last Sultan He fought two battles against Sher Shah at Chausa (1539) of Delhi. and at Kannauj/Bilgram (1540) and was completely defeated by He was the son of Sikandar Lodhi. him. At last Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of Punja invited Babur He escaped to Iran where he passed 12 years of his life in to overthrow Ibrahim Lodhi. exile. Babur accepted the offer and inflicted a crushing defeat on After Sher Shah‘s death Humayun invaded India in 1555 and Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526. defeated his brothers the Afghans. He once again became the He was the only Sultan who died in battle field ruler of India. He died while climbing down the stairs of his library (at Din 2.2 Administration under Sultanate Panah) in 1556 and was buried in Delhi. There were four pillars of the state i.e.: Abul Fazal calls him Insan-e-Kamil. Diwan-i-Wizarat or finance department His sister, Gulbadan Begum wrote his biography Diwan-i-Risalat or department of religious matters and appeals Humayunama. Diwan-i-Arz or department of military affairs He built Din Panah at Delhi as his second capital. Diwan-i-Insha or department of royal correspondence Sur Empire (Second Afghan Empire) 1540-55 2.3 Art and architecture under Delhi Sultanate Sher Shah: 1540-45 The new features brought by the Turkish conquerors were : He was the son of Hasan Khan, the Jagirdar of Sasaram. The dome In 1539, he defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa and The lofty towers assumed the title Sher Shah as emperor. The true arch unsupported by beam As an emperor, he conquested Malwa (1542), Ranthambhor The vault. (1542), Raisin (1543), Rajputana annexation of Marwar (1542), Aibak built a Jami Masjid and Quwwatul Islam mosque, he Chittor (1544) & Kalinjar (1545). also began the construction of Qutub Minar He died in 1545 while conquesting Kalinjar. www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.sscadda.com Page 6  Purana Quila was built during his reign As a revolt against the orthodoxy and bigotry of religious During his brief reign of 5 years he introduced a brilliant priests, Akbar proclaimed a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi, in 1581. administration, land revenue policy and several other measures Birbal was the only Hindu who followed this new religion. to improve economic conditions of his subjects. Din-i-Ilahi, however, did not become popular. He issued the coin called Rupiah and fixed standard weights Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, Lahore Fort and and measures all over the empire. Allahabad Fort and Humayun‘s Tomb at Delhi. He also improved communications by building several Fatehpur Sikri, place near Agra-it said that Akbar had no son for highways. He built the Grand Trunk Road (G.T. Road), which a long time. Sheikh Salim Chisti, a Sufi saint blessed Akbar with runs from Calcutta to Peshawar. The other roads built during his a son who was named Salim/Sheikho Baba (Jahangir). In reign were: honour of Salim Chisti, Akbar Shifted his court from Agra to Agra to Mandu Fatehpur Sikri. Agra to Jodhpur and Chittor Tulsidas (author of Ramcharitmanas) also lived during Akbar‘s Lahore to Multan period. He set up cantonment in various parts of his empire and When Akbar died, he was buried at Sikandara near Agra. strong garrison was posted in each cantonments. Birbal was killed in the battle with Yusufzai Tribe (1586). According to Abul Fazal the empire of Sher Shah was divided Abul Fazl was murdered by Bir Singh Bundela (1601). into 63 sarkars or districts. Akbar gave Mughal India one official language (Persian). The unit of land measurement was ―bigha‖ He like Allauddin Khalji introduced Dagh and Chera in the Jahangir (1605-27) army Salim, son of Akbar, came to the throne after Akbar‘s death in Zamindars were removed and the taxes were directly 1605. collected. He established Zanjir-i-Adal (i.e. Chain of Justice) at Agra Fort He was buried in Sasaram. for the seekers of royal justice. In 1611, Jahangir married Mihar-un-nisa, widow of Sher Afghan, a Persian nobleman who was sent on expedition to Bengal. Later on she was given the title Nurjahan. Nurjahan excercised tremendous influence over the state affairs. She was made the official Padshah Begum. Jahangir issued coins jointly in Jurjahan‘s name and his own. Jahangir also married Jodha Bai of Marwar. In 1608, Captain William Hawkins, a representative of East India Company came to Jahangir‘s court. In 1615 Sir Thomas Roe, an ambassador of King James I of England also came to his court.He granted permission to the English to establish a trading port at Surat. His reign was marked by several revolts. His son Khusrau, who received patronage of 5th Sikh Guru Arjun Dev, revolted Akbar against Jahangir (1605). Arjun Dev was later sentenced to Akbar, the eldest son of Humayun, ascended the throne under death for his blessing to the title of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi at the the rebel prince (1606). young age of 14. During his last period, Khurram (Shanjahan), son of Jahangir, His coronation took place at Kalanaur. and Mahavat Khan, military general of Jahangir also revolted Second Battle of Panipat (5 Nov., 1556) was fought between (Khurram: 1622-25 and Mahavat Kha : 1626-27). Hemu (the Hindu General of Muhammad Adil Shah) and Biram He wrote his memories Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri in Persian. Khan (the regent of Akbar). Hemu was defeated, captured and He was buried in Lahore. slain by Bairam Khan. In the initial years of his rule Akbar was first under the Shah Jahan influence of his reagent Bairam and then under her mother His real name was Khurram, he was born to Jodha Bai Maha Manga. (daughter of Raja Jagat Singh). The period of influence of Maham Anga on Akbar i.e. form Shahjahan ascended the throne in 1628 after his father‘s 1560-62 is known as the period of Petticoat government. death. Akbar entered into matrimonial alliance with various Rajput Three years after his accession, his beloved wife Mumtaj kingdoms like Amber, Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur Mahal (original name- Arzumand Bano) died in 1631. To Other important reforms that were undertaken by Akbar were: perpetuate her memory he built the Taj Mahal at Agra in 1632- Age of marriage for boys and girls was increased to 16 years 53. and 14 years respectively He continued applying tika (tilak) on the fore-head He introduced the Char-Taslim in the court Sati was prohibited In addition to Jahangir‘s empire, Nizam Shahi‘s dynasty of In his 24th year Akbar introduced Dashala system for the Ahmadnagar was brought under Mughal control (1633) by collection of land revenue by the state. Shahjahan. The Mansabdari system under Akbar, divided the Mansabdars Shahjahan‘s reign is described by French traveler Bernier and into 66 categories. This system fixed the following service Tavernier and the Italian traveler Nicoli Manucci. Peter Mundi conditions: described the famine that occurred during Shahjahan‘s time. The Red Fort, Jama Masjid and Taj Mahal are some of the Rank and status magnificent structures built during his reign. Salary Shahjahan‘s failing health set off the war of succession among his four sons in 1657. Number of sawars (horsemen) Aurangzeb emerged the victor who crowned himself in July 1658. Shahjahan was imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb in the www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.sscadda.com Page 7 Agra Fort where he died in captivity in 1666. He was buried at The empire was divided into provinces or Subas Taj (Agra). In 1580, Akbar divided the empire into 12 provinces. The number of provinces became 15 towards the end of his reign. Aurangzeb In Jahangir‘s reign the number of provinces rose to 17 and The war of succession took place in the later stage of the further in Aurangzeb‘s reign to 21 Shah Jahan reign. The Nazim or Subedar was the head of provinces His four sons Dara Shikoa, Aurangzeb, Shah Shuja and Murad were in the state of war for the throne. Local administration: His daughters also supported one son or the other in the The provinces were divided into Sarkars, which were sub tussle for throne Janah Ara supported Dara. Roshan Ara divide into Parganas and further into villages supported Aurangzeb. Guhara supported Murad. Aurangzeb was coroneted twice, he was the only Mughal king Mughal Culture to be coroneted twice Jahangir‘s reign was the apex culmination for the Mughal Barnier was the foreign visitor who saw the public disgrace of painting while that of Shah Jahan was the apex culmination for Dara after he was finally deafeated in war at Deorai. architecture. During the first 23 years of the rule (1658-81) Aurangazeb Babur built two mosques, one at Kabulibagh in Panipat and concentrated on North India. During this period the Marathas the other at Sambhal in Rohilakhand. under Shivaji rose to power and were a force to reckon with. Humayun‘s tomb was built by his widow Haji Banu Begum. Highest numbers of Hindu Mansabdars were there in the The Mariam‘s palace, Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-i-Khas at Sikri are service of Mughals during the reign of Aurangzeb. Indian in their plan. Aurangzeb captured Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th Guru of Sikhs Buland Darwaja (built after Gujarat victory), formed the main in 1675 and executed him when he refused to embrace Islam. entrance to Fatehpur Sikri. The 10th and last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, son of Guru Salim Chisti‘s tomb (redone in Marble by Jahangir) is the first Teg Bahadur, organized his followers into militant force called Mughal building in pure marble). Palace of Birbal and palace of Khalsa to avenge the murder of his father. Tansen are also inside the Fatehpur Sikri. Guru Gobind Singh was, however murdered in 1708 by an Akbar also began to build his own tomb at Sikandara which Afghan in Deccan. Banda Bahadur, the militant successor of was later completed by Jahangir. Guru Gobind Singh continued the war against Mughals. The architecture of Fatehpur Sikri is known as Epic in red sand stone. Religious policy of Aurangzeb: Nurjahan built Itimad-ud-daula or Mirza Ghiyas Beg‘s marble He was called Zindapir or living saint tomb at Agra, which is noticable for the first use of Pietra Dura Muhatasibs were appointed for regulation of moral conduct of (floral designs made up of semiprecious stones) technique. the subjects Jahangir built Moti Masjid in Lahore and his mausoleum at He forbade singing in the court, but allowed musical Shahdara (Lahore). instruments. He himself played Veena Some of the important buildings built by Shahajahan at Agra He ended Jhoraka darshan started by Akbar are Moti Masjid (only Mosque of marble). Khaas Mahal, He ordered that no new Hindu temples were to be built. Old Mussmman Burz (Jasmine Palace where he spent his last year temples were allowed to be repaired in captivity) etc. The Viswanath temple at Kashi and the Keshav Rai temple of He laid the foundations of Shahjahanabad in 1637 where he Bir Singh Bundela at Mathura were destroyed built the Red Fort and Takht-i-Taus (Peacock throne). In 1679 he re-imposed Jaziya tax Only building by Aurangzeb in the Red Fort is Moti Masjid. Only monument associated with Aurangzeb is Bibi ka Makbara CLASH WITH MARATHAS which is the tomb of his wife Rabbiaud-daura in Aurangabad. Shivaji was the most powerful Maratha king and an arch Aurangzeb also built the Badshahi Masjid in Lahore. enemy of Aurangzeb. Humayun had taken into his service two master painter Mir When Aurangzeb could not eliminate him, he conspired with Syed Ali and Abdus Samad. Jai Singh of Amber, a Rajput, to eliminate Shivaji in 1665. Daswant and Basawan were two famous painters of Akbar‘s On the assurance given by Jai Singh, Shivaji visited court. Aurangzeb‘s court. Shivaji was imprisoned by Aurangzeb but he Abdul Hassan, Ustad Mansur and Bishandas were three managed to escape and in 1674 proclaimed himself an famous painters of Jahangir‘s court. independent monarch. Shivaji died in 1680 and was succeeded by his son Sambhaji, The landmark events that took place during the reign of who was executed by Aurangzeb in 1689. Sambhaji was Akbar succeeded by his brother Rajaram and after his death in 1700, 1562 Visited Ajmer first time his widow Tarabai carried on the movements. 1562 Ban on forcible conversion of war-prisoners into slaves 1563 Abolition of Pilgrimage Tax Mughal administration 1564 Abolition of Jaziya Mansabdari system: 1571 Foundation of Fatehpur Sikri Each Mughal officer was assigned a mansab (rank), there 1574 Mansabadari System introduced were 66 categories of Mansabdars 1575 Ibadatkhana was built Jahangir introduced Du-Aspah-Sih-Aspah system whereby the 1578 Parliament of Religions in Ibadatkhana 1579 Proclamation of ‘Mazhar’ (written by Faizi) specific noble was to maintain double the number of horsemen. 1580 Dahsala Bandobast introduced 1582 Din-i-Ilahi / Tauhid-i-Ilahi Central administration: 1584 Ilahi Samvat i.e. Calender Wakil: He was initially the prime minister, however later 1587 Ilahi Gaz i.e. Yard became revenue advisor only Mir Bakshi: He was the head of military department Mughal Literature  Akbar Nama--Abul Fazl Provincial administration: www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.sscadda.com Page 8   Tobaqat-i-Akbari--Khwajah Nazamuddin Ahmad  Peace with Rajputs: Jai Singh of Amber was made the Governor Baksh of Malwa. Ajit  Iqbalnama-i-Jahangiri—Muhammad Khan  Singh of Marwar was made the Governor of Gujarat.  Ain-i-Akbari --Abul Fazl  Chauth and Sardeshmukh granted to Marathas. However,  Padshah Namah-- Abdul Hamid Lahori Mughals were to collect it and then hand it over to the  Shahjahan Namah-- Muhammad Salih Marathas.  Sirr-i-Akbar-- Dara Shikoh  Continued the policy of suppression towards Banda Bahadur  Safinat-ul-Auliya -- Dara Shikoh and Sikhs  Majma-ul-Bahrain -- Dara Shikoh  Ijarah: (revenue farming) the government began tcontract with  Raqqat-e-Alamgiri – Aurangzeb revenue farmers and middlemen to pay the government a fixed 1. Which Mughal ruler in Indian history as "Shah-e.- Bekhabar?" amount of money while they were left free to collect whatever Ans. Bahadur Shah. they could from the peasants 2. During the reign of which Mughal ruler there was a Sikh  Jahandhar Shah defeated in January 1713 by his nephew rising in Punjab under the leadership of Banda Bahadur? Farrukh Siyar at Agra Ans. Bahadur Shah. 3. Who abolished the Jazia tax reimposed by Aurangzeb ? Ans. Jahandar Shah. 4. Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali ? Ans. He was the Defense Minister of Nadir Shah. 5. Between whom the third battle of Panipat was fought and when ? Ans. Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marathas in 1761 AD? 6. Which Mughal ruler participated in the battle of Buxar in 1764 AD, in favour of Mir Qasim of Bengal and Nawab' of Avadh Shuja-ud-Daula against the British rule? Ans. Shah Alam II. 7. Which Mughal ruler had to grant the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the British after the battle of Buxar? Ans. Shah Alam II. 8. Who was the last ruler of Mughal dynasty ? Ans. Bahadur Farrukh Siyar (1713-19) Shah Zafar.  Owed his victory to Saiyid Brothers: Hussain Ali Khan Barahow 9. Where Bahadur Shah Zafar was deposed in capital? Ans. and Abdullah Khan Rangoon.  Abdullah Khan: Wazir, Hussain Ali: Mir Bakshi 10. Where Bahadur Shah Zafar died ? Ans. In Rangoon. 11Who is the architect of Tajmahal ? Answer: Uztad Iza  FS was an incapable ruler. Saiyid brothers were the real rulers. 12. What is the Gate way of Redfort called as ?  Answer: Lahore Gate  Saiyid Brothers 13Which is the biggest masjid in India ? Answer: Jama Masjid 1. Known the Indian History as King Makers in delhi 2. adopted the policy of religious tolerance. Abolished jizyah (again?). Bahadur Shah 1 (1707-12) 3. Pilgrim tax was abolished from a number of places  Muzam succeeded Aurungzeb after latter‘s death in 1707 4. Marathas: Granted Shahuji swarajya and the right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi of the six provinces of the Deccan  He acquired the title of Bahadur Shah. 5. They failed in their effort to contain rebellion because they were  Though he was quite old (65) and his rule quite short there are faced many significant achievements he made 6. with constant political rivalry, quarrels and conspiracies at the  He reversed the narrow minded and antagonistic policies of court. Aurungzeb 7. Nobles headed by Nizam-ul-Mulk and Muhammad Amin Khan  Made agreements with Rajput states began to conspire against them  Granted sardeshmukhi tMarathas but not Chauth 8. In 1719, the Saiyid Brothers killed and overthrew FS.  Released Shahuji (son of Sambhaji) from prison (who later 9. This was followed by placing, in quick succession, of twyoung fought with Tarabai) princes who died of consumption  Tried to make peace with Guru Gobind Sahib by giving him a 10. Murder of the emperor created a wave of revulsion against the high Mansab. SB.  After Guru‘s death, Sikhs again revolted under the leadership of 11. They were looked down as ‗namak haram‘ Banda Bahadur. This led to a prolonged war with the Sikhs. 12. Now, they placed 18 year old Muhammad Shah as the emperor  Made peace with Chhatarsal, the Bundela chief and Churaman, of India the Jat chief. 13. In 1720, the nobles assassinated Hussain Ali Khan, the  State finances deteriorated younger of the SB. Jahandar Shah (1712-13) 14. Abdullah Khan was also defeated at Agra  Death of Bahadur Shah plunged the empire into a civil war Muhammad Shah ‘Rangeela’ (1719-1748)  A noted feature of this time was the prominence of the nobles  Weak-minded, frivolous and over-fond of a life of ease  Jahandar Shah, son of Bahadur Shah, ascended the throne in 1712 with help from Zulfikar Khan  Neglected the affairs of the state  Was a weak ruler devoted only to pleasures  Intrigued against his own ministers  Zulfikar Khan, his wazir, was virtually the head of the  Naizam ul Mulk Qin Qulik Khan, the wazir, relinquished his office administration and founded the state of Hyderabad in 1724  ZK abolished jizyah  ―His departure was symbolic of the flight of loyalty and virtue from the Empire‖ www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.sscadda.com Page 9  Heriditary nawabs arose in Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh and  From 1803 to 1857, the Mughal emperors merely served as a Punjab political front of the British.  Marathas conquered Malwa, Gujarat and Bundelkhand The most important consequence of the fall of the Mughal empire  1738: Invasion of Nadir Shah was that it paved way for the British to conquer India as there  Nadir Shah‘s Invasion (1738) was no other Indian power strong enough to unite and hold India.  Attracted to India by its fabulous wealth. Continual campaigns had made Persia bankrupt The Marathas  Also, the Mughal empire was weak. 2.1 Shivaji (1627-80)  Didn‘t meet any resistance as the defense of the north-west Shivaji was the son of Shahji and Jijabai and was born in the frontier had been neglected for years fort of Shivner.  The twarmies met at Karnal on 13th Feb 1739. Mughal army Shivaji inherited the Jagir of Poona from his father in 1637. was summarily defeated. MS taken prisoner His guru was Ramdas Samrath  Massacre in Delhi in response to the killing of some of his After the death of his guardian, Dadaji Kondadev, in 1647, he soldiers assumed full charge of his Jagir.  Plunder of about 70 crore rupees. Carried away the Peacock He conquered many Forts viz. throne and Koh-inoor 1. Singh Garh/ Kondana (1643)  MS ceded thim all the provinces of the Empire west of the river 2. Rohind and Chakan (1644-45) Indus 3. Toran (1646)  Significance: Nadir Shah‘s invasion exposed the hidden 4. Purandhar (1648) weakness of the empire to the Maratha sardars and the foreign 5. Rajgarh/ Raigarh (1656) trading companies 6. Supa (1656) 7. Panhala (1659). Ahmed Shah Abdali In 1657 Shivaji first confronted the Mughals, talking advantage of the Mughal invasion of Bijapur, he raided  One of the generals of Nadir Shah Ahamadnagar and plundered Junnar.  Repeatedly invaded and plundered India right down to Delhi In 1659-60, Afzal Khan was deputed by Adil Shah of Bijapur to and Mathura between 1748 and 1761. He invaded India five punish Shivaji; but the later Afzal Khan was murdered by Shivaji times. in 1659. The famous ―baghnakh‖ episode is related with the  1761: Third battle of Panipat. Defeat of Marathas. death of Afzal Khan.  As a result of invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah, the In 1660, Shaista Khan, governor of Deccan, was deputed by Mughal empire ceased to be an all-India empire. By 1761 it was Aurangzeb to check Marathas. Shivaji lost Poona, Kalyan and reduced merely to the Kingdom of Delhi Chakan also suffered several defeats till he made a bold attack on Shaista Khan(1663) and plundered Surat (1664) and later Ahmadnagar. Raja Jai Singh of Amber and Diler Khan were then appointed by Aurangzeb to curb the rising power of Shivaji in 1665. Jai Singh succeeded in beseiging Shivaji in the fort of Purandhar. Consequently the treaty of Purandhar (1665) was signed according to which Shivaji ceded some forts to the Mughals and paid a visit to the Mughal court at Agra. In 1666, Shivaji visited Agra but there he was insulted In 1670, Shivaji captured most of the forts lost by the treaty of Purandhar. In 1674 Shivaji was coronated at capital Raigarh and assumed the title of Haindava Dharmodharak (Protector of Hinduism). After that Shivaji continued the struggle with Mughals and Siddis (Janjira). He conquested Karnataka during 1677-80. Shah Alam II (1759) His last expedition was against Ginjee and Vellore.  Ahmed Bahadur (1748-54) succeeded Muhammad Shah  Ahmed Bahadur was succeeded by Alamgir II (1754-59) Shivaji’s Administration  1756: Abdali plundered Mathura Swarajya was directly under the control of Maratha.  Alamgir II was succeeded by Shah Jahan III Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were taxes collected by Marathas.  Shah Jahan III succeeded by Shah Alam II in 1759 Chauth was paid to the Marathas so as not be subjected to  Shah Alam spent initial years wandering for he lived under the Maratha raids. fear of his wazir. Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10% on those lands  In 1764, he joined forces with Mir Qasim of Bengal and Shuja- of Maharashtra over which the Maratha claimed hereditary ud-Daula of Awadh in declaring a war upon the British East rights, but which formed part of the Mughal Empire. India company. This resulted in the Battle of Buxar Marathi became the official language.  Pensioned at Allahabad. Shivaji divided his territory under his rule (Swarajya) into three provinces, each under a viceroy. Provinces were divided  Returned to Delhi in 1772 under the protection of Marathas. into Prants which were subdivided into parganas or tarafs. Decline of the Mughal Empire Shivaji was helped by the Ashtapradhan (Eight-minister)  After 1759, Mughal empire ceased to be a military power. which was unlike a council of ministers, for there was no  It continued from 1759 till 1857 only due to the powerful hold collective responsibility; each minister was directly responsible that the Mughal dynasty had on the minds of the people of to Shivaji. India as a symbol of the political unity of the country Shivaji’s Ashtapradhan  In 1803, the British occupied Delhi www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.sscadda.com Page 10 1. Peshwa (Mukhya Pradhan): Finance and general In an agreement with the Mughal emperor Ahmad Shah, the administration, later he became Prime Minister and assumed Peshwa was to protect the Mughal empire from internal and great importance. external enemies (like Ahmad Shah Abdali) in return for Chauth 2. Sar-i-Naubat (Senapati): Military commander. This is an (1752). honorary post with no real military powers. Third battle of Panipat (Jan 14, 1761) resulted in the defeat of Later on the ninth minister named Pratinidhi was added by the Marathas by Ahmad Shah Abdali and the death of Viswas Raja Ram a successor of Shivaji Rao & Sadashiv Rao Bhau. This event shocked the Peshwa Most of the administrative reforms of Shivaji were based on Balaji Baji Rao and after six month he also died. This battle Malik Ambar‘s (Ahmadnagar) reforms. ended the Maratha power. 2.2 Successors of Shivaji Shambhaji: 1680-1689 QUESTIONS Sambhaji, the elder son of Shivaji, defeated Rajaram, the 1. Who was the first person to unite the Marathas ? Ans. younger son of Shivaji, in the war of succession. Shivaji. He provided protection and support to Akbar II, the rebellious 2. Who was the founder of Marathas empire ? Ans. Shivaji. son of Aurangzeb. 3. What was the dream of Shivaji ? He was captured at Sangameswar by a Mughal noble and Ans. To establish a vast Marathas empire and drag foreigners executed(killed). out of the country. Rajaram: 1689-1700 4. By whom was shivaji greatly impressed ? He succeeded the throne with the help of the ministers at Ans. His mother Jija Bai. Rajgarh. 5. What was Shivaji's first Military achievement ? Ans. His first He fled from Rajgarh to Jinji in 1689 due to a Mughal invasion military achievement was the capturing of the Torna Fort of in which Rajgarh was captured along with Sambhaji‘s wife and Bijapur in 1446 AD. son (Shahu) by the Mughals. 6. When and where Shivaji made his capital ? Ans. 1656 AD, Rajaram died at Satara, which had become the capital after Raigarh. the fall of Jinji to Mughal in 1698. 7. When did Shivaji fight a war with Bijapur state ? Ans. In 1659 Rajaram created the new post of Pratinidhi, thus taking the AD, Afzal Khan of Bijapur was killed in this war. and Shivaji got total number of minister to nine (Pratinidhi+Ashtapradhan). a huge looty. Tarabai: 1700-1707 8. Aurangzeb sent whom against Shivaji ? Rajaram was succeeded by his minor son Shivaji II under the Ans. Shaista Khan, but he had to flee from the battle field. guardianship of his mother Tarabai. 9. Shivaji plundered which city of Gujarat and when ? Ans. Tarabai continued the struggle with Mughals Surat, in 1664 AD. Shahu : 1707-1749 10. To crush whom did Aurangzeb send Raja Jaisingh of Amber Shahu was released by the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah. ? Ans. Shivaji. Raja Jai Singh captured many Marathas forts and Tarabai‘s army was defeated by Shahu at the battle of Khed compelled him to make peace. (1700) and Shahu occupied Satara. 11. Between whom the treaty of Purandara was singned? Ans. Shahu‘s reign saw the rise of Peshwas and transformation of Shivaji and Aurangzeb. the Maratha kingdom into an empire based on the principle of 12. When did Shivaji attend the court of Aurangzeb ? Ans. In confederacy. 1666 AD. 13. When was Shivaji imprisoned in the court of Aurangzeb ? Balaji Viswanath (1714-20): The First Peshwa Ans. In 1666 AD. He began his carrier as a small revenue official and was given 14. When did Shivaji again loot Surat ? the title of Sena Karte (marker of the army) by Shahu in 1708. Ans. In 1670 AD. He became Peshwa in 1713 and made the post the most 15. When did Shivaji celebrate his coronation ? Ans. In 1674 important and powerful as well as hereditary. AD. He concluded an agreement with the Syed Brothers-King 16. Which of his son did Shivaji send in the service of Maker (1719) by which the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar Aurangzeb ? Ans. Shambhaji. recognised Shahu as the king of the Swarajya. 17. By how many ministers Shivaji was assisted Ans. Eight ministers. Baji Rao I: 1720-40 18. The council of eight ministers of Shivaji was known by Baji Rao, the eldest son of Balaji Viswanath, succeeded him as which name ? Ans. Ashtha Pradhan. Peshwa at the young age of 20. 19. Which was the most important post in Shivaji's council ? He was considered the greatest exponent of guerrilla tactics Ans. Peshwa (Prime Minister). after Shivaji and Maratha power reached its zenith under him. 20. Which was the second most important post in Shivaji's Under him several Maratha families became prominent and council ? Ans. Amatya (Finance Minister). got themselves entrenched in different parts of India. 21. What was the tax system of Shivaji ? He conquered Bassein and Ans. The land revenue was fixed at 2/5th of the total produce. The Chauth and the Sardeshmukhi were also the main source of Salsette from the Portuguese (1739). income of the state. He also defeated the Nizam-ul-Mulk near Bhopal and 22. What was the Chauth ? concluded the treaty of Doraha Sarai by which he got Malwa Ans. Shivaji used to plunder the neighboring states and small and Bundelkhand from the latter (1738). principalities. They were always in fear of Shivaji's raid. They He said about Mughals: ‗Let us strike at the trunk of the entered into an agreement with Shivaji and he assured them withering tree and the branches will fall of themselves‘. not to attack and plunder them by paying a tax called Chauth. The Chauth was l/4th of the standard revenue. Balaji Baji Rao: 1740-61 23. What was Sardeshmukhi ? Popularly known as Nana Saheb, he succeeded his father at Ans. Sardeshmukhi was also a tax paid by the territories and the age of 20. principalities so that Marathas might also fight for them and After the death of Shahu (1749), the management of all state save them from other invaders. Sardeshmukhi was charged affairs was left in his hands. 1/4th the standard revenue. www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.sscadda.com Page 11 24. Aurangzeb called whom by the name of "Pahari Chuha" ? Salbai.All the territories occupied by the British after the treaty Ans. Shivaji. of 25. In which war strategy Marathas were very popular ? Ans. Purandar were given back to the Marathas. Guerilla war. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780 A.D)— Alliance between 26. Which title did Shivaji assume and swear for the protection Haider Ali, the Nizam and the Marathas was formed. They of Brahmans ? defeated the English.Hyder Ali became the master of Carnatic. Ans. Hindu Padshahi and saviour of the religion. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790- 92 A.D)—Fought between 27. When did Shivaji die ? Ans. In 1680 AD. the English and Tipu Sultan (Son of Hyder Ali). Tipu Sultan was compelled to sign the Treaty of Seringapatam. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799 A.D)— The British forces Important battles fought in India (Under Arthur Wellesley) defeated and killed Tipu Sultan. Battle of Tarain (First)(1191)-This battle was fought at Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805 A.D)—Fought Tarain near Thaneswar. Prithviraj of Chauhan Dynasty defeated between English and the Marathas.British defeated Marathas the Mohammad of Ghori and annexed Tanjore, Surat and Carnatic. Second Battle of Tarain(1192)-It was fought at same Tarain Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818 A.D)- Fought battlefield as in the first Tarain battle. This was fought between English (Governor General Hastings) and the by Mohammad Ghori against Prithvi Raj Chauhan. This time Marathas.British defeated Marathas.Formal end of the Prithvi Raj was defeated. Maratha empire Battle of Khanwa(17-March-1527)--Rajputs under Rana of First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) Fought between Mewar Rana Sanga, were defeated by Babur of Ferghana. Rana English East India Company and Burma.Ended in a British East Sanga was brutally wounded in the battlefield. India Company victory. Battle of chausa (7-June-1539) First Anglo-Afghan war (1839-42 A.D)- British defeated Sher shah defeated the mughals, but Humayun, the king Afghan ruler Dost Mohammad. escaped by crossing over the river. Battle of Cheelianwala (1849 A.D)— English East India Battle of Kanauj or Billgram (17-May-1540) Company under Lord Hugh Gough defeated the Sikhs (under Sher shah won against Humayun. Occupied only Agra city. Sher Singh). Battle of Panipat(5-November-1556) Hem Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu) was defeated by Mughals under Akbar. Battle of Haldighati(1576) This was started between Akbar and Rana of Mewar Pratap. Mughals won. But Rana did not accept Mughal sovereignty. First Carnatic War(1745–48) This war was fought by British and French armies. French occupied Madras, later returned it to British. Second Carnatic War(1749–54) French army under the of Duplex fought with British and British won. In 1755 they made a provisional treaty. Third Carnatic War(1756–63) In 1758 French occupied Fort Saint David. But defeated at Wandiwasi(1760). Britishers won. Battle of Plassey(June-1757) British Army under the command of Rober Clive fought with Bengal Nawab Siraz-ud-daula and British won and Mir Jafar was made Nawab. Siraz-ud-daula was hanged. Battle of Buxar(1764) British army under the command of Major Manri defeated the combined army of Mir Kasim nawab of Bengal, Shuja-ud-daulah nawab of Awadh, Sha Alam, Mughal emperor. History of Important battles and wars in India Battle of Hydaspes (326 B.C)— The Paurava king Porus was defeated by Alexander the Great.But the valour of Porus impressed Alexander and he returned his kingdom to him. Battle of Kalinga (261 B.C)— Ashoka defeated Kalinga king. After this war Ashoka embraced Buddhism and preached it during the rest of his life. Battle of Chhandwar (1194 A.D)-Mohammed Ghori defeated Jayachandra of Kannauj. First Battle of Panipat (1526 A.D)—Babur (Mughal Dynasty) defeated Ibrahim Lodhi. Battle of Talikota (1564- 65 AD)— Alliance between Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmednagar and Golkonda under Hussain Nizam Shah defeated Ram Raja of Vijayanagar Empire. First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) —Between the Sultanate of Mysore and the East India Company. British were defeated. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782 A.D)- Fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India.Maratha defeated English forces ended with Treaty of www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.sscadda.com Page 12