Origin of the Universe PDF

Describe the universe before the hypotheses about its origin emerged Enumerate & explain the different hypothesis on the origin of the universe During this time, they called it as nebulae but later found out that these were galaxies ...

Describe the universe before the hypotheses about its origin emerged Enumerate & explain the different hypothesis on the origin of the universe During this time, they called it as nebulae but later found out that these were galaxies  EVIDENCE 1 Nebula Galaxies that are closer to us exhibit a smaller redshift, indicating that they are moving away at a slower velocity. EVIDENCE 2 States that the expansion of the Galaxies that are farther from us exhibit a greater redshift, indicating that they universe results in a linear are moving away at a faster velocity. relationship between the moving away velocity of a galaxy with its distance from earth  Theoretical Prediction of the CMB Discovery & Confirmation of CMB If the universe had a hot and dense early phase, it would have emitted a burst of high-energy George Gamow radiation as it expanded and cooled. The two detected the faint microwave radiation left over from the early moments of the universe. The uniform temperature of the radiation across the EVIDENCE 3 sky was a critical piece of evidence Ralph Alpher supporting the idea that it was indeed a Arno Penzias and remnant of the Big Bang. Robert Wilson Robert Herman Abundance of Hydrogen and Helium in the Universe 75% Hydrogen 25% Helium “We are all stardust.” -Carl Sagan  Oh jeez! KABOOM! A shockwave from It all starts from a the explosion of a low-density cloud of nearby star interstellar gas and (supernova) caused dust called nebula. the solar nebula to collapse. Nebula develops a center point of BABY SUN! One area grows in rotating material and Dust & particles mass and gravity the flattens like a disc. start to collide. Mass fastest, pulling This develops the increases in areas of surrounding material protostar: early the nebula. toward it. That stage of the sun. becomes the central point of gravitation The sun now can focus. perform nuclear fusion. Protoplanets start to The sun emits solar form. wind separating the rocky planets from Chunks of smaller rocky gaseous planets. THE SOLAR materials collide to SYSTEM IS form the protoplanets: Less dense planets are BORN! early stage of the pushed away from the planets. sun. PLANETESIMAL HYPOTHESIS CREATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Formed from a nebula Gravitational attraction into the center of the nebula STARS Nuclear fusion Protostar is formed due to the It starts gravitational from a attraction of clouds of gas and nebula dust into the center of the nebula. AVERAGE STARS (Small to Medium Size Stars) Gets bigger Pressure due to nuclear Starts to fuse hydrogen Gravity creates inward Gravity gets stronger fusion creates outward atoms to form helium force Temperature gets higher force  Balanced forces between gravity and nuclear fusion pressure make this stage Inward force and In a star’s life, the longest phase of outward force are hydrogen will start star’s life. balanced to run out Lasts for billions of years At this stage, we call it an actual star. Gravity is stronger MAIN SEQUENCE that it contracts MAIN SEQUENCE Our sun is currently in NUCLEAR FUSION STAR the star into small STAR this stage. ball In a star’s life, hydrogen will start to run out Instead of just helium, This small ball becomes so nuclear fusion forms heavier Gravity is stronger hot and dense allowing the elements up to Iron, turning that it contracts NUCLEAR FUSION nuclear fusion to start the main sequence star into a the star into small again. red giant. ball Red giant star becomes Dust and clouds disappears White dwarf star becomes unstable shedding its outer leaving only the core – white black dwarf as it has already layers. dwarf star. used up its all energy. Black Dwarf Star  MASSIVE STARS Gets bigger Pressure due to nuclear Starts to fuse hydrogen Gravity creates inward Gravity gets stronger fusion creates outward atoms to form helium force Temperature gets higher force Balanced forces between gravity and nuclear fusion Inward force and pressure make this stage In a star’s life, outward force are the longest phase of hydrogen will start balanced star’s life. to run out At this stage, we call it Lasts for billions of years an actual star. Gravity is stronger MAIN SEQUENCE MAIN SEQUENCE that it contracts STAR STAR NUCLEAR FUSION the star into small ball In a star’s life, hydrogen will start to run out Instead of just helium, Gravity is stronger This small ball becomes so hot and dense allowing nuclear fusion forms that it contracts the nuclear fusion to start again. elements heavier than Iron, NUCLEAR FUSION the star into small turning the main sequence ball star into a red supergiant. Red supergiant star becomes Supernova unstable and eventually explodes (supernova).