1. ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE.pdf

GOOD DAY  OPENING PRAYER Let us remember that we are in the most holy presence of God. I will continue, O my God, to do all my actions for the love of You. Sacred Heart of Jesus, Thy Kingdom come. St. Joseph pray for us. GOOD DAY WHAT CAME FIRST, THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG? THE O...

GOOD DAY  OPENING PRAYER Let us remember that we are in the most holy presence of God. I will continue, O my God, to do all my actions for the love of You. Sacred Heart of Jesus, Thy Kingdom come. St. Joseph pray for us. GOOD DAY WHAT CAME FIRST, THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG? THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY The learners demonstrate understanding of the formation of the universe and the solar system  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of discussion the learners shall be able to: a. describe the historical development of theories that explain the origin of the universe; b. compare the different hypothesis explaining the origin of the solar system; and c. know the difference between the different hypotheses about the formation of the universe.  THEORY VS. HYPOTHESIS VS. LAW THEORY HYPOTHESIS LAW A plausible or A tentative explanation A generalized rule to scientifically acceptable of the research problem, explain a body of general principle or body a possible outcome of observations in the form of principles offered to the research, or an of a verbal or explain phenomena. educated guess about mathematical the research outcome. statement. 1.1 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE 1.1 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE GENESIS From books of the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament, describes how God separated light from darkness and created the sky, land, sea, moon, stars, and every living creature in a span of six days. 1.1 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE RIGVEDA Describes the universe as an oscillating universe in which a “cosmic egg” or Brahmanda containing the whole universe, which includes celestial bodies, expanded out of a single concentrated point called Bindu. 1.1 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE PRIMORDIAL UNIVERSE Anaxagoras believed in primordial universe and explained that the original state of the cosmos was a primordial mixture of all its ingredients which existed in infinitesimally small fragments 1.1 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE ATOMIC UNIVERSE Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus believed in an atomic universe. They held that the universe is composed of very small, indivisible, and indestructible atoms. 1.1 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE GEOCENTRISM In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center. Under most geocentric models, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbit Earth. 1.1 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE HELIOCENTRISM Heliocentrism, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, is a cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other bodies revolve around it. 1.1 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE EINSTEIN’S MODEL OF UNIVERSE Einstein's static universe, aka the Einstein universe or the Einstein static eternal universe, is a relativistic model of the universe proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. He stated that the universe is dynamically stable which neither expanding of contracting. 1.1 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE CARTESIAN VORTEX French philosopher Rene Descartes outlined a Cartesian vortex model of the universe with many of the characteristics of Newton’s static, infinite universe. According to him, the space was not empty at all but was filled with matter that swirled around in large and small vortices. 1.1 MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE BIG BANG THEORY Current accepted model on the formation of the universe is the Big Bang Theory which is attributed by Belgian roman catholic priest Georges Lemaitre. This theory describes the universe as expanding, having originated from an infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point around 14 billion years ago. Universe started from the single point called singularity. 1.1 MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE Next model proposed by Albert Einstein after rejecting his first model. This theory followed the general theory of relativity equations of the universe with positive curvature. And this curvature resulted to the expansion of the Universe for a time. 1.1 MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE STEADY STATE THEORY Steady-state theory of Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Herman Bondi is a view that the universe is always expanding but maintaining a constant average density, with matter being continuously created to form new stars and galaxies at the same rate that old ones become unobservable as a consequence of their increasing distance and velocity of recession. 1.1 MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE American physicist Alan Guth proposed a model of a universe based on the Big Bang Theory. He incorporated a short early period of exponential cosmic inflation in order to solve the uncertainties of the standard big bang model, such as horizon and flatness problem. 1.1 MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE MULTIVERSE Andrei Linde, a Russian – American physicist, the one who developed the concept of inflationary universe from his chaotic inflation theory in 1983. This theory sees the universe as just one of many “bubbles” that grew as a part of a multiverse.  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of discussion the learners shall be able to: a. describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life; b. Compare explain that Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow; c. know the importance of each subsystems; and d. create a concept map that shows the interconnectedness between the four subsystems. 1.2 THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1.2 THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM The universe may have began with the Big Bang Theory which occurred around 13.8 Ga, but it was only after one billion years that galaxies began to form. The age of the solar system and the planet Earth is approximately 4.54 billion years old. 1.2 THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS According to this hypothesis, another star passed so close to the sun that its gravity caused a tidal bulge to pull away from the sun and form the planets. 1.2 THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS Nebular hypothesis states that the entire Solar System started as a large cloud of gas that contracted due to self-gravity. Conservation of angular momentum requires that a rotating disk forms with a large concentration at the center. 1.2 THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM PROTOPLANET HYPOTHESIS Protoplanet, in astronomical theory, a hypothetical eddy in a whirling cloud of gas or dust that becomes a planet by condensation during formation of a solar system. As the central body, or protostar, of the system contracts and heats up.  WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF KNOWING THE DIFFERENT HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE/ EARTH? 1.3 LIFE ON EARTH 1.3 LIFE ON EARTH LIQUID WATER Life would not have began without water. The presence of water allowed the first photosynthetic organisms to thrive. Scientists believed that water on Earth came from two possible sources: water released through volcanism and water that cam from icy meteors of the outer region of solar system that bombarded the Earth. 1.3 LIFE ON EARTH HEAT SOURCE The heat that drives the different systems necessary to support life on Earth comes from two sources: internal heating of Earth and external heating from the sun. Internal heating from Earth is from radioactive decay and from active tectonic activities. 1.3 LIFE ON EARTH ATMOSPHERE Atmosphere plays an important part in maintaining life on Earth. It is a vital part of photosynthesis. Because of the atmosphere of the Earth, autotrophs can done photosynthesis which ensures the availability of adequate amount and flow of gases on Earth. 1.4 EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS 1.4 EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS GEOSPHERE Geosphere refers to the solid Earth. It is composed of naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals, organic material or natural glass called rocks, and loose particles of rocks that blanket the surface of the Earth called regolith. Geosphere also includes geologic landforms such as mountains and hills. 1.4 EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS HYDROSPHERE Hydrosphere is the totality of water in Earth. Including the permanently frozen parts called cryosphere. Of all of that water, only about three percent is freshwater. An even smaller amount can be used as drinking water. Earth is the only planet in our solar system that has water in all of its three phases. 1.4 EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS ATMOSPHERE Is the mixture of gases (nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor) that surround the planet. Aside from the presence of important gases in the atmosphere, its relative abundance is also crucial. The air in atmosphere is generally composed of nitrogen, oxygen argon and 10% other traces of gases. 1.4 EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS BIOSPHERE Biosphere includes all the life forms and even the organic matter that has not yet decomposed. In this zone happens the most dynamic interaction of all other different subsystem.