Splanchnology Principles - MD200 w1 Lect 1-1 PDF

Introduction Lecture 1-1: to splanchnolo gy Prof. Dr. I. Stoyanova Viscera (splanchna) Splanchnology: The study of the visceral organs From Neo-Latin Organs – basic splancho (from Greek structure σπλάγχνα) = "viscera„ = organs...

Introduction Lecture 1-1: to splanchnolo gy Prof. Dr. I. Stoyanova Viscera (splanchna) Splanchnology: The study of the visceral organs From Neo-Latin Organs – basic splancho (from Greek structure σπλάγχνα) = "viscera„ = organs Systems and apparatuses Control: Neuro-Endocrine- Immune Supersystem ORGAN – VISCUS – VISCERA (pl.)  collection of tissues and specialized cells, joined in a structural unit to serve a common function  0ne or more specialised tissues compose the main functional unit – parenchyma  stroma – sporadic (associated) tissues and structures – nerves, blood vessels, connective tissue  functionally related organs cooperate to form organ systems and apparatuses Categories of organs Based on the structural organisation of cells and tissues the organs are identified as: Non-tubular (parenchymal Hollow (tubular) organs – organs) – parenchyma and circumferential layers of tissues stroma (tunics)  stomach  skin  gut  glands  urinary  liver  bladder kidneys  heart  brain etc.  blood vessels etc. Parenchymal organs  Parenchym - comprises the functional parts - unique for the specific organ - have common embryonic origins (arising from the same germ layers)  Stroma – connecting and supporting the parenchym elements – nerves, blood vessels, connective tissues  Hollow (tubular or saccular) organs  the walls of the tubular organs are organized into circumferential layers of tissue (tunics)  the number and the content of the layers are variable and are dependent on the organ system  the layers surround a central space, referred to as a lumen  tunica mucosa (mucosal layer)  tunica submucosa (submucosal layer)  tunica muscularis (muscular layer)   The innermost layer surrounding the lumen, Tunica mucosa divided into three sub-layers:  lamina epithelialis  epithelium lining the lumen  the type of epithelium is variable, depending on the function of the organ and the organ system  lamina propria  a loose connective tissue  supplies nutrients to the epithelium  contains cells that are part of the body's protective system  muscularis mucosae  smooth muscle  located outside the lamina propria  separates it from the submucosa  Tela (tunica) submucosa  connective tissue that contains fat, small blood vessels, and nerves  glands may be present in some organs Tunica muscularis  generally 2-3 layers smooth muscle, although there are some exceptions  stratum circulare (inner)  stratum longitudinale (outer) Tunica muscularis – exceptions to the patterns  In the stomach - three layers of muscles:  inner oblique layer  middle circular layer  outer longitudinal layer  the inner layer forms a sphincter at two locations of the GIT :  in the pylorus of the stomach - the pyloric sphincter  in the anal canal - the internal anal Tunica muscularis – exceptions to the patterns  In the upper esophagus, part of the muscularis externa is skeletal muscle, rather than smooth muscle Tunica muscularis – exceptions to the patterns In the vas deference there are three layers:  inner longitudinal  middle circular  outer longitudinal Tunica muscularis – exceptions to the patterns In the ureter the smooth muscle orientation is opposite that of the GI tract:  inner longitudinal  outer circular layer Adventitia s. serosa  the outermost layer  determined by the location of the organ:  some of the organs are covered by connective tissue with an simple squamous epithelium membrane - tunica serosa  prevents organs from sticking to each other or to the body wall  continuous with the lining of the body cavities  others are just covered with connective tissue - tunica adventitia Tubular Organs of the Cardiovascular System blood vessels are flexible, hollow tubes walls are organized in three circumferential layers of tissue (tunics) central space – lumen the basic tubular pattern is characteristic of all blood vessels tunica intima tunica media  Tunica intima provides a smooth non-sticking surface for the blood transport composed by: layer of simple squamous epithelium referred to as endothelium  Tunica media the middle layer of smooth muscle well-developed in the arteries controls the size of the lumen, which helps in regulating blood pressure tunica media is separated from the other layers by elastic membranes  Tunica adventitia the outermost layer connective tissue forms a passageway for the vessels between other Apparatuses and organ systems Apparatuses Apparatus - structurally related organs with different vestibular functions which operate synchronously moveme apparatu speec nt s h masticato ry Masticatory apparatus jaws oral The organs and structures pr mucos teeth imarily functioning in mastic a ation Masticat tempor cheek ory o- mandib s apparatu ular s joint muscles of lips masticati tongu on e Speech apparatus Paranasal sinuses The most sophisticated  Vestibular apparatus sensory system that provides the leading contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movements with balance together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear  Skeleton Joints Muscles Organ systems Body system – groups of organs and tissues that work together to perform specific functions in the body Some organs may be part of more than one body system, if they serve more than one function All body systems are necessary for life to be sustained!  1. Respiratory system Organ 2. Digestive / Excretory systems system 3. Cardiovascular / circulatory system 4. Lymphatic / Immune system 5. Urinary system 6. Nervous system 7. Muscular system 8. Skeletal system 9. Integumentary / Exocrine system 10.Reproductive system 11.Endocrine system Functions of the body systems Respiratory system takes oxygen from the environment and converts it the lungs accomplish this by passing into a form that cells can use large amounts of blood over gas expel carbon dioxide – a waste exchange membranes product of cellular respiration the body’s whole blood volume which could otherwise build up to toxic levels passes over these membranes about once per minute! Digestive / Excretory System takes in food and processes it to obtain useful nutrients which serve as cellular fuel the liver releases substances that assist the stomach and intestines in breaking down food, and breaks down toxic substances the digestive/excretory system also expels solid waste components of food that the body can’t use in the form of faecal matter  Cardiovascular / Circulatory System high-speed expressway for distributing oxygen, nutrients, chemical messages, and removing waste it delivers carbon dioxide to the lungs, and other toxins to the liver and kidneys to be destroyed or excreted Urinary System Removes dangerous waste products from the blood, and expels them in the form of urine  Endocrine System consists of a number of tissues that send out chemical messages –‘hormones’ – to the rest of the body each of these messages has its own unique purpose, to which the body’s other systems respond accordingly the endocrine system allows the body to respond to environmental changes, and to other types of survival changes, such as the need to reproduce  Nervous System allows us to sense stimuli such as light, sound, smell, and touch from our environment allows rapid communication of stimuli within our body, such as sensations of pain, illness, and wellness the brain is the control centre that receives data, analyses it, and then commands the body to respond Musculoskeletal system allows us to move bones can be thought of as a lever, ready to move part of our body muscles contract to apply force to these levers Integumentary System / Exocrine System the largest organ surprisingly complex structure and functions our body’s first line of defence against bacteria, viruses, injuries, and more controls homeostasis secretes  Lymphatic System / Immune System a circulatory system separate from the cardiovascular system that that carries water, white blood cells, and other substances it does not have red blood cells or platelets lymph can move more slowly than the bloodstream – giving the white blood cells more time to find and attack invaders immune system fights infections, cleans mutated, injured or dead cells  Reproductiv e System essential for the survival of the species produces gametes and hormones the major effects of the reproductive hormones are on the reproductive organs themselves other effects are on other organ systems Body cavities The dorsal cavities include the cranial and spinal cavities The ventral cavities (frontal/anterior) includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their subdivisions o Divided by the diaphragm - thoracic cavity - abdominopelvic cavity Body cavities Two essential functions: Protection organs from accidental shocks Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs Body cavities General orientati on of the human body General anatomica l terminolog y Radiologic Anatomy Conventional roentgenography Imaging technology applying X- rays for visualisation of internal objects and body parts White = Dense tissue (e.g bones) Black = Air Grey = soft tissue Imaging Anatomy Computed tomography (СТ) or computerised axial tomography (САТ) a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses X-rays to build cross- sectional images ("slices") of the body (1.26 cm) Cross-sections are reconstructed from measurements of attenuation coefficients of X-ray beams in the volume of the object studied Imaging Techniques Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) - an analytical chemistry technique used in quality control and research for determining the content and purity of a sample as well as its molecular structure - It uses magnetic fields, radio waves and a field gradient to generate images Imaging Techniques Sonography or ultrasonography - diagnostic imaging technique based on the application of ultrasound - uses sound waves with frequencies which are higher than those audible to humans (>20,000 Hz) Serial reconstruction sectional planes taken in a series small intervals allows assembly of more complete picture End of Part-1