Anatomy Test 4 Question Set 4 PDF

**Urinary System Functions and Anatomy** 1. Which function of the urinary system is directly related to blood pressure regulation? - A\) Filtration of plasma proteins - B\) Excretion of urea - C\) Control of extracellular fluid volume - D\) Erythropoietin secretion...

**Urinary System Functions and Anatomy** 1. Which function of the urinary system is directly related to blood pressure regulation? - A\) Filtration of plasma proteins - B\) Excretion of urea - C\) Control of extracellular fluid volume - D\) Erythropoietin secretion - E\) Regulation of blood calcium\ **Answer: C** 2. The urinary system helps maintain blood solute concentrations by regulating all of the following ions EXCEPT: - A\) Na+ - B\) Ca2+ - C\) Cl- - D\) Mn2+ - E\) K+\ **Answer: D** 3. Which layer surrounds each kidney and consists of fibrous connective tissue? - A\) Renal capsule - B\) Renal fascia - C\) Adipose tissue layer - D\) Medullary layer - E\) Cortical tissue\ **Answer: A** 4. What is the primary purpose of the renal pelvis? - A\) Filtering blood - B\) Reabsorbing water - C\) Storing urine - D\) Collecting urine from nephrons - E\) Regulating blood pH\ **Answer: D** 5. Which structure transports urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder? - A\) Urethra - B\) Nephron - C\) Renal artery - D\) Ureter - E\) Glomerulus\ **Answer: D** **Kidney Structure and Filtration Process** 6. The functional units of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine, are called: - A\) Pyramids - B\) Renal tubules - C\) Nephrons - D\) Glomeruli - E\) Renal corpuscles\ **Answer: C** 7. What role do podocytes play in the renal corpuscle? - A\) Reabsorb sodium and water - B\) Secrete hydrogen ions - C\) Prevent large molecules from passing into filtrate - D\) Control blood flow to the glomerulus - E\) Adjust calcium levels\ **Answer: C** 8. Which structure is the site where blood enters the kidney to begin filtration? - A\) Renal vein - B\) Renal artery - C\) Collecting duct - D\) Ureter - E\) Medullary pyramid\ **Answer: B** 9. Glomerular filtration occurs as a result of pressure differences in which specific region? - A\) Renal pelvis - B\) Glomerular capillaries - C\) Proximal convoluted tubule - D\) Distal convoluted tubule - E\) Collecting duct\ **Answer: B** 10. Which of the following pressures opposes filtration at the glomerulus? - A\) Glomerular capillary pressure (GCP) - B\) Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) - C\) Renal capsule pressure - D\) Afferent arteriole pressure - E\) Efferent arteriole pressure\ **Answer: B** **Pathway of Filtrate and Blood Flow** 11. Blood flows into the glomerulus through which blood vessel? - A\) Efferent arteriole - B\) Renal vein - C\) Afferent arteriole - D\) Interlobar vein - E\) Peritubular capillary\ **Answer: C** 12. After filtrate passes through the loop of Henle, where does it travel next? - A\) Collecting duct - B\) Proximal convoluted tubule - C\) Distal convoluted tubule - D\) Renal pelvis - E\) Bowman's capsule\ **Answer: C** 13. Which of these structures does blood enter immediately after leaving the glomerulus? - A\) Afferent arteriole - B\) Peritubular capillaries - C\) Vasa recta - D\) Cortical radiate artery - E\) Efferent arteriole\ **Answer: E** 14. The peritubular capillaries primarily surround which part of the nephron? - A\) Loop of Henle - B\) Bowman's capsule - C\) Proximal and distal convoluted tubules - D\) Collecting duct - E\) Glomerulus\ **Answer: C** 15. The vasa recta is essential in: - A\) Maintaining the medullary concentration gradient - B\) Filtering blood - C\) Secreting waste products - D\) Absorbing sodium - E\) Regulating GFR\ **Answer: A** **Urine Formation and Reabsorption** 16. Which process is responsible for moving useful substances from the filtrate back into the blood? - A\) Filtration - B\) Secretion - C\) Reabsorption - D\) Excretion - E\) Transfusion\ **Answer: C** 17. In the proximal convoluted tubule, which substance is actively reabsorbed alongside sodium? - A\) Potassium - B\) Chloride - C\) Glucose - D\) Calcium - E\) Urea\ **Answer: C** 18. Which segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Descending limb of the loop of Henle - C\) Ascending limb of the loop of Henle - D\) Distal convoluted tubule - E\) Collecting duct\ **Answer: C** 19. Tubular secretion is essential for: - A\) Removing large proteins - B\) Reabsorbing glucose - C\) Maintaining blood pH - D\) Storing urine - E\) Concentrating the filtrate\ **Answer: C** 20. Which ions are secreted in the distal convoluted tubule to help regulate pH? - A\) Sodium and chloride - B\) Calcium and phosphate - C\) Potassium and bicarbonate - D\) Hydrogen and potassium - E\) Magnesium and sulfate\ **Answer: D** **Concentration and Hormonal Regulation** 21. Which hormone increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water? - A\) Aldosterone - B\) Renin - C\) ADH - D\) ANP - E\) PTH\ **Answer: C** 22. Aldosterone primarily regulates the balance of which ion in the body? - A\) Calcium - B\) Sodium - C\) Chloride - D\) Magnesium - E\) Phosphate\ **Answer: B** 23. What effect does ADH have on urine concentration? - A\) Dilutes urine - B\) Concentrates urine - C\) Increases urine volume - D\) Decreases GFR - E\) Stimulates potassium secretion\ **Answer: B** 24. In response to low blood calcium, the parathyroid hormone acts on which segment of the nephron? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Loop of Henle - C\) Distal convoluted tubule - D\) Collecting duct - E\) Glomerulus\ **Answer: C** 25. Which hormone is released in response to high blood volume and promotes sodium excretion? - A\) ADH - B\) Aldosterone - C\) ANP - D\) Renin - E\) PTH\ **Answer: C** **Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance** 26. Hypokalemia refers to a deficiency of which ion in the blood? - A\) Calcium - B\) Sodium - C\) Potassium - D\) Chloride - E\) Magnesium\ **Answer: C** 27. What is the primary role of chloride in the extracellular fluid? - A\) Maintain osmotic pressure - B\) Buffer blood pH - C\) Transport proteins - D\) Generate action potentials - E\) Store glucose\ **Answer: A** 28. Which buffer system is most effective within the intracellular fluid? - A\) Bicarbonate buffer - B\) Protein buffer - C\) Phosphate buffer - D\) Sodium buffer - E\) Chloride buffer\ **Answer: C** 29. An increase in blood osmolality would likely trigger: - A\) Increased urine output - B\) Release of ADH - C\) Increased filtration rate - D\) Lowered blood pH - E\) Secretion of bicarbonate\ **Answer: B** 30. Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by abnormally high calcium levels? - A\) Hyperkalemia - B\) Hypocalcemia - C\) Hyponatremia - D\) Hypercalcemia - E\) Hypomagnesemia\ **Answer: D** **Acid-Base Balance and Buffer Systems** 31. The main buffer system that regulates pH in the blood is: - A\) Phosphate buffer - B\) Protein buffer - C\) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer - D\) Chloride buffer - E\) Magnesium buffer\ **Answer: C** 32. Respiratory acidosis is typically caused by: - A\) Hyperventilation - B\) Hypoventilation - C\) Increased hydrogen ion loss - D\) Low CO2 levels - E\) Bicarbonate overproduction\ **Answer: B** 33. An increase in blood pH above the normal range is known as: - A\) Alkalosis - B\) Acidosis - C\) Hyperkalemia - D\) Hypernatremia - E\) Hypocalcemia\ **Answer: A** 34. Which of the following compensates for metabolic acidosis? - A\) Increased renal bicarbonate excretion - B\) Decreased respiration rate - C\) Increased hydrogen ion secretion in the kidneys - D\) Increased ADH release - E\) Increased ANP release\ **Answer: C** 35. Hyperventilation is most likely to cause which acid-base imbalance? - A\) Respiratory acidosis - B\) Metabolic acidosis - C\) Metabolic alkalosis - D\) Respiratory alkalosis - E\) Hypercalcemia\ **Answer: D** **Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)** 36. Which of the following hormones is released in response to low blood pressure and initiates the RAAS pathway? - A\) ADH - B\) Aldosterone - C\) Renin - D\) Angiotensin II - E\) ANP\ **Answer: C** 37. Angiotensin II acts directly to: - A\) Lower blood pH - B\) Constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure - C\) Stimulate the pancreas to release insulin - D\) Reduce thirst - E\) Inhibit aldosterone release\ **Answer: B** 38. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to: - A\) High blood pressure - B\) Low sodium and high potassium levels - C\) High blood calcium levels - D\) Elevated bicarbonate levels - E\) Low hydrogen ion concentration\ **Answer: B** 39. Which of the following is a primary effect of angiotensin II? - A\) Increased GFR - B\) Decreased ADH release - C\) Increased aldosterone secretion - D\) Decreased water reabsorption - E\) Increased potassium reabsorption\ **Answer: C** 40. In the RAAS pathway, aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of which electrolyte? - A\) Chloride - B\) Magnesium - C\) Sodium - D\) Phosphate - E\) Calcium\ **Answer: C** **Effects of Electrolyte Imbalances** 41. Which electrolyte is primarily responsible for establishing resting membrane potential in muscle cells? - A\) Sodium - B\) Calcium - C\) Potassium - D\) Chloride - E\) Phosphate\ **Answer: C** 42. Hyponatremia refers to an abnormally low concentration of which ion? - A\) Potassium - B\) Calcium - C\) Sodium - D\) Chloride - E\) Bicarbonate\ **Answer: C** 43. A deficiency of calcium in the blood is known as: - A\) Hypocalcemia - B\) Hypercalcemia - C\) Hypokalemia - D\) Hypernatremia - E\) Hypomagnesemia\ **Answer: A** 44. Which electrolyte is essential for blood clotting and bone health? - A\) Sodium - B\) Calcium - C\) Chloride - D\) Potassium - E\) Magnesium\ **Answer: B** 45. Hyperkalemia is characterized by elevated levels of which ion in the blood? - A\) Sodium - B\) Calcium - C\) Potassium - D\) Chloride - E\) Bicarbonate\ **Answer: C** **Water Balance and Thirst Regulation** 46. Which organ system is primarily responsible for detecting changes in blood osmolality? - A\) Liver - B\) Kidneys - C\) Adrenal glands - D\) Hypothalamus - E\) Pancreas\ **Answer: D** 47. Thirst is generally triggered when blood osmolality: - A\) Increases - B\) Decreases - C\) Remains constant - D\) Is equal to urine osmolality - E\) Is lower than interstitial fluid osmolality\ **Answer: A** 48. When dehydrated, ADH levels are expected to: - A\) Decrease - B\) Increase - C\) Stay constant - D\) Decrease slightly - E\) Drop to zero\ **Answer: B** 49. Which of the following increases water reabsorption without affecting electrolyte levels? - A\) Aldosterone - B\) ANP - C\) ADH - D\) Renin - E\) PTH\ **Answer: C** 50. Severe dehydration could lead to an increase in which of the following conditions? - A\) Hypernatremia - B\) Hyponatremia - C\) Hypercalcemia - D\) Hypokalemia - E\) Hypocalcemia\ **Answer: A** **Concentration Mechanisms and the Medullary Gradient** 51. The countercurrent multiplier system is located primarily in the: - A\) Collecting ducts - B\) Distal convoluted tubules - C\) Loop of Henle - D\) Renal cortex - E\) Proximal convoluted tubules\ **Answer: C** 52. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to: - A\) Sodium only - B\) Urea only - C\) Water - D\) Proteins - E\) Potassium\ **Answer: C** 53. Which hormone plays a key role in regulating the medullary osmotic gradient? - A\) ADH - B\) Aldosterone - C\) ANP - D\) Renin - E\) Angiotensin II\ **Answer: A** 54. Urea recycling is important because it: - A\) Promotes sodium reabsorption in the DCT - B\) Increases water permeability in the glomerulus - C\) Contributes to the medullary osmotic gradient - D\) Lowers blood pH - E\) Directly stimulates aldosterone release\ **Answer: C** 55. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle actively transports: - A\) Water - B\) Sodium and chloride - C\) Glucose and amino acids - D\) Hydrogen ions - E\) Bicarbonate\ **Answer: B** **Blood Flow and Filtration in the Nephron** 56. Which part of the nephron filters blood plasma? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Bowman's capsule - C\) Distal convoluted tubule - D\) Loop of Henle - E\) Collecting duct\ **Answer: B** 57. After filtrate passes through the renal corpuscle, it enters which structure? - A\) Collecting duct - B\) Loop of Henle - C\) Proximal convoluted tubule - D\) Distal convoluted tubule - E\) Renal pelvis\ **Answer: C** 58. Which structure provides blood flow directly to the glomerulus? - A\) Afferent arteriole - B\) Efferent arteriole - C\) Interlobar artery - D\) Vasa recta - E\) Renal vein\ **Answer: A** 59. Glomerular capillaries are specialized to: - A\) Retain proteins and cells while filtering small solutes - B\) Reabsorb glucose and amino acids - C\) Secrete ions into the filtrate - D\) Adjust water reabsorption based on ADH levels - E\) Synthesize hormones\ **Answer: A** 60. The role of the efferent arteriole in the nephron is to: - A\) Filter plasma - B\) Carry blood out of the glomerulus - C\) Absorb glucose - D\) Secrete hydrogen ions - E\) Regulate ADH release\ **Answer: B** **Micturition Reflex and Urine Storage** 61. The micturition reflex is primarily controlled by: - A\) Renal cortex - B\) Adrenal medulla - C\) Stretch receptors in the bladder wall - D\) Ureteral sphincter - E\) Vasa recta\ **Answer: C** 62. Which muscle in the bladder wall contracts to expel urine? - A\) Detrusor muscle - B\) Ureteral muscle - C\) External sphincter - D\) Internal sphincter - E\) Renal muscle\ **Answer: A** 63. The internal urethral sphincter is controlled by: - A\) Somatic nervous system - B\) Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system - C\) Renal cortex - D\) Hormonal control - E\) Cerebral cortex\ **Answer: B** 64. Voluntary control over micturition is managed by: - A\) Sympathetic nervous system - B\) Parasympathetic nervous system - C\) Somatic nervous system - D\) Renal cortex - E\) Endocrine system\ **Answer: C** **Effects of Urine Concentration and Volume** 65. Which hormone decreases urine volume by increasing water reabsorption? - A\) ANP - B\) ADH - C\) Renin - D\) Aldosterone - E\) Cortisol\ **Answer: B** 66. Aldosterone's effect on sodium reabsorption directly influences: - A\) Urine concentration only - B\) Both blood volume and blood pressure - C\) Potassium levels only - D\) Blood osmolality only - E\) Urine acidity\ **Answer: B** 67. If blood pressure is too low, which hormone is released to constrict arterioles and raise blood pressure? - A\) ANP - B\) PTH - C\) Angiotensin II - D\) Calcitonin - E\) Oxytocin\ **Answer: C** 68. Excessive release of ADH would most likely cause: - A\) Dehydration - B\) Increased urine output - C\) Water retention - D\) Sodium excretion - E\) Low blood pressure\ **Answer: C** **Miscellaneous Regulation Mechanisms** 69. The kidney's ability to produce concentrated urine depends primarily on: - A\) Cortical nephron function - B\) Active sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule - C\) The medullary concentration gradient - D\) Plasma protein concentration - E\) Blood calcium levels\ **Answer: C** 70. ANP is released by the: - A\) Kidneys - B\) Adrenal cortex - C\) Heart - D\) Hypothalamus - E\) Pancreas\ **Answer: C** **Electrolyte Imbalances and their Effects on the Body** 71. Which condition results from an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood? - A\) Hyperkalemia - B\) Hyponatremia - C\) Hypocalcemia - D\) Hypernatremia - E\) Hypokalemia\ **Answer: B** 72. Low potassium levels in the blood, also known as hypokalemia, may lead to: - A\) Increased nerve excitability - B\) Muscle weakness and cramps - C\) Increased urine concentration - D\) High blood calcium - E\) Respiratory alkalosis\ **Answer: B** 73. Which electrolyte plays a major role in muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release? - A\) Sodium - B\) Calcium - C\) Chloride - D\) Phosphate - E\) Magnesium\ **Answer: B** 74. Hypercalcemia, or elevated calcium levels in the blood, can cause: - A\) Muscle spasms - B\) Bone demineralization - C\) Increased neuromuscular excitability - D\) Low blood pressure - E\) Hypocalcemia\ **Answer: B** 75. Which of the following helps to buffer pH changes in both intracellular and extracellular fluids? - A\) Sodium - B\) Phosphate buffer system - C\) Aldosterone - D\) Renin - E\) ADH\ **Answer: B**