Manufacturing Industries PPT PDF

 People employed in the secondary activities manufacture the primary materials into finished goods.  The workers employed in steel factories, car, breweries, textile industries, bakeries etc. fall into this category.  Some people are employed in providing servic...

 People employed in the secondary activities manufacture the primary materials into finished goods.  The workers employed in steel factories, car, breweries, textile industries, bakeries etc. fall into this category.  Some people are employed in providing services.  In this chapter, we are mainly concerned with manufacturing industries which fall in the secondary sector  Its said ” The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries”.  Agriculture and industry move hand in hand.  For instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.  They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.  Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient.  In the present day world of globalisation, our industry needs to be more efficient and competitive.  Self-sufficiency alone is not enough.  Our manufactured goods must be at par in quality with those in the international market. Only then, will we be able to compete in the international market. CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES  Various manufactured products you use in your daily life such as – transistors, electric bulbs, vegetable oil, cement, glassware, petrol, matches, scooters, automobiles, medicines and so on.  If we classify the various industries based on a particular criterion then we would be able to understand their manufacturing better. Industries may be classified as follows: Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. industries are based on agricultural raw materials. Textile Industry:  The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly to industrial production, employment generation and foreign exchange earnings.  It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products  Cotton Textiles:  I n a n c i e n t I n d i a , c o t t o n t ex t i l e s we r e p r o d u c e d w i t h h a n d sp i n n i ng a n d h a n d l o o m we av i ng t e ch n i q u e s.  A f t e r t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y, p owe r- l o o m s c a m e i n t o u s e.  O u r t r a d i t i o n a l i n d u st r i e s s u ff e r e d a s e t b a ck d u r i ng t h e c o l o n i a l p e r i o d b e c a u s e t h ey c o u l d n o t c o m p e t e w i t h t h e m i l l - m a d e cl o t h f r o m E ng l a n d.  W h i l e s p i n n i ng c o n t i n u e s t o b e c e n t r a l i s e d i n M a h a r a s h t r a , G uj a r a t a n d Ta m i l Na d u , we av i ng i s h ig h ly d e c e n t r a l i s e d t o p r ov i d e s c o p e fo r i n c o r p o r a t i ng t r a d i t i o n a l s k i l l s a n d d e s ig n s o f we av i ng i n c o t t o n , s i l k , z a r i , e m b r o i d e r y, e t c.  I n d i a h a s wo rl d cl a s s p r o d u c t i o n i n s p i n n i ng, b u t we av i ng s u p p l i e s l ow q u a l i t y o f fa b r i c a s i t c a n n o t u s e m u c h o f t h e h ig h q u a l i t y ya r n p r o d u c e d i n t h e c o u n t r y.  We av i ng i s d o n e by h a n d l o o m , p owe rl o o m a n d i n mills.  T h e h a n d s p u n k h a d i p r ov i d e s l a r ge s c a l e e m p l oy m e n t t o we ave r s i n t h e i r h o m e s a s a c o t t a ge i n d u s t r y JUTE TEXTILES  India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh.  Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt.  The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra.  Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are:  proximity of the jute producing areas,  inexpensive water transport,  supported by a good network of railways,  roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills,  abundant water for processing raw jute,  cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.  Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.  Sugar Industry  India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari.  The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces.  The mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.  Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.  This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector  In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra, This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.  The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.  Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states.  Iron and Steel Industry  The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.  Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.  Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1.  Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel.  Remember that the finished products also need an efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets and consumers.  Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.  It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry.  These include,  low cost of iron ore,  high grade raw materials in proximity,  cheap labour and  vast growth potential in the home market. Aluminium Smelting  Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.  It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.  It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.  It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. 4 to 6 Tonnes of bauxite 2 tonnes of alumina 1 tonnes of aluminium  Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.  Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.  The flow chart given below shows the process of manufacturing aluminium.  Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location of the industry. Chemical Industries  The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying.  It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.  Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.  Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.  These industries are widely spread over the country. Fertilizer Industry  The fertilizer industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).  The third, i.e. potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form.  After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half of the fertilizer production.  Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka Cement Industry Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation. The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.  Automobile Industry Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers.  Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres.  After the liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three-wheelers.  The industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru. Information Technology and Electronics Industry  The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry.  Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.  Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.  The major industry concentration is at Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation.  Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.  Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.  Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long- term effects.(the Bhopal Gas tragedy-Dec 2nd , 1984 )  Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.  Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers.  The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.  Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.  Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil and water pollution are closely related. Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated  Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects.  Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise. Control of Environmental Degradation Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater.  How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are (i) minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages (ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements (iii) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. (b) Secondary treatment by biological process (c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.  Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally.  Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.  Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.  Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.  Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.  Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.  The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with environmental concerns.