Male Reproductive System PDF

Male Reproductive System ''Ner'ves: • Pudendal nerve: Innervates the external genitalia, including the penis and scrotum. • Pelvic splanchnic nerves: Control the erectile tissue and are involved in sexual arousal and ejaculation. • Hypogastric nerve: Plays a role in the sympathetic innervation of...

Male Reproductive System ''Ner'ves: • Pudendal nerve: Innervates the external genitalia, including the penis and scrotum. • Pelvic splanchnic nerves: Control the erectile tissue and are involved in sexual arousal and ejaculation. • Hypogastric nerve: Plays a role in the sympathetic innervation of the reproductive organs. Veins: • Testicular veins: Drains blood from the testicles and connects to the pampiniform plexus. • Pampiniform plexus: A network of veins that helps regulate the temperature of the testes by cooling the blood before it reaches them. Arteries: • Testicular arteries: Supply oxygenated blood to the testes. • Penile arteries: Provide blood to the penis for erection. Muscles: • Dartos muscle: Found in the scrotum, helps regulate the position and temperature of the testicles. • Cremaster muscle: Also located in the scrotum, controls the position of the testicles, elevating or lowering them based on temperature. • Bulbospongiosus muscle: Encircles the base of the penis and aids in erection, ejaculation, and urination. • Ischiocavernosus muscle: Runs alongside the base of the penis and helps maintain erection by compressing the veins that drain blood from the penis. Ligaments • Suspensory ligament of the penis: A fibrous band that attaches the penis to the pubic symphysis. It helps support and stabilize the erect penis. • Fundiform ligament: A thin, elastic ligament that runs along the ventral surface of the penis. It provides support and helps maintain the angle of erection. • Puboprostatic ligaments: These ligaments attach the prostate gland to the pubic bones. They provide stability and support to the prostate. • Pubovesical ligaments: Ligaments that connect the bladder to the pubic bones. They help anchor the bladder and maintain its position. • Ligament of the bladder: A fibrous band that connects the bladder to the pubic bone. It helps hold the bladder in place and prevents excessive movement. • Spermatic cord: Although not a single ligament, the spermatic cord is a structure that contains several important components including blood vessels, nerves, the vas deferens, and lymphatic vessels. It connects the testes to the abdominal cavity. • Scrotal ligament: Also known as the gubernaculum, it helps guide the descent of the testes during fetal development and attaches them to the scrotum. • Dartos fascia: While not a ligament, the dartos fascia is a layer of smooth muscle fibers in the scrotum that contracts and relaxes to regulate the position and temperature of the testes. Female reproductiv system Nerves: • Pudendal nerve: Innervates the external genitalia, including the clitoris, labia, and perineal area. • Pelvic splanchnic nerves: Carry sensory and motor signals to and from the pelvic organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Veins: • Ovarian veins: Drain blood from the ovaries and connect to the inferior vena cava on the right side and the left renal vein on the left side. • Uterine veins: Drain blood from the uterus and connect to the internal iliac veins. Arteries: • Ovarian arteries: Branch off from the abdominal aorta and supply blood to the ovaries. • Uterine arteries: Arise from the internal iliac arteries and provide blood supply to the uterus. Muscles: • Uterus: The main muscle of the reproductive system, responsible for housing and nourishing a developing fetus during pregnancy. • Uterine tubes (Fallopian tubes): Smooth muscle fibers within the walls of the fallopian tubes help propel the egg from the ovary to the uterus. • Vagina: Contains smooth muscle fibers that contribute to the contraction and relaxation of the vaginal walls during sexual arousal and childbirth. o• Pelvic floor muscles: These muscles provide support to the pelvic organs, including the uterus, bladder, and rectum. Ligaments • Broad Ligament: It is a double-layered fold of peritoneum (a membrane lining the abdominal cavity) that encloses and supports the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. • Round Ligament: It is a pair of ligaments that extend from the sides of the uterus, through the inguinal canal, and into the labia majora. It helps support the uterus and restricts excessive movement. • Ovarian Ligament: It connects each ovary to the uterus. It helps anchor the ovaries in place and allows for blood vessels and nerves to pass through. • Suspensory Ligament of the Ovary: Also known as the infundibulopelvic ligament, it attaches the ovary to the pelvic wall. It contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves that supply the ovary. • Cardinal Ligaments: Also called transverse cervical ligaments, these ligaments provide support to the cervix and hold it in place. They extend from the cervix and upper vagina to the pelvic sidewalls. • Uterosacral Ligaments: These ligaments connect the posterior aspect of the uterus to the sacrum. They help support and stabilize the uterus. • Pubocervical Ligaments: These ligaments extend from the cervix to the pubic bone. They provide support to the anterior aspect of the cervix and help maintain its position. I Muscles of the Pelvis: • Levator ani: Comprises three muscles: puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus. These muscles form the pelvic floor. • Coccygeus: Also known as the ischiococcygeus muscle, it supports the pelvic floor and is located posteriorly. • Obturator internus: Occupies the lateral wall of the pelvis and helps rotate the thigh laterally. • Piriformis: Positioned deep within the pelvis, it aids in the rotation of the thigh and assists in stabilizing the sacroiliac joint. • Psoas major: Runs from the lumbar spine through the pelvis and attaches to the lesser trochanter of the femur. It is responsible for hip flexion. • Quadratus femoris: Located on the posterior aspect of the pelvis, it helps with lateral rotation of the hip. Ligaments of the Pelvis: • Sacroiliac ligaments: Anterior, posterior, and interosseous ligaments that stabilize the sacroiliac joint. • Sacrotuberous ligament: Extends from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity, providing stability to the pelvis. • Sacrospinous ligament: Connects the sacrum to the ischial spine, helping support the pelvic organs. • Round ligament of the uterus: Extends from the uterine horn to the labia majora, providing support to the uterus. • Broad ligament: A fold of peritoneum that supports the uterus and contains the uterine tubes and ovaries. Arteries of the Pelvis: • Internal iliac artery: Supplies blood to the pelvic organs, gluteal region, and pelvic wall. • Superior gluteal artery: Arises from the internal iliac artery and supplies the gluteal muscles. • Inferior gluteal artery: Branching from the internal iliac artery, it provides blood to the gluteal region. • Uterine artery: Arises from the internal iliac artery and supplies blood to the uterus and parts of the vagina. • Internal pudendal artery: Originates from the internal iliac artery and supplies the perineum, external genitalia, and associated structures. Veins of the Pelvis: • Internal iliac veins: Drain blood from the pelvic organs, gluteal region, and pelvic wall. • Superior gluteal vein: Drains blood from the gluteal region. • Inferior gluteal vein: Collects blood from the gluteal region. • Uterine vein: Drains blood from the uterus and vagina. • Internal pudendal vein: Collects blood from the perineum and external genitalia