Macular Rashes Skin PDF

Macular Rashes A. Viral Diseases 1.1 Measles Causative Agent: Measles virus (paramyxovirus family). Symptoms: High fever, cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, and red rash starting on the face. Stages: o Incubation (7-14 days): No symptoms, virus replication....

Macular Rashes A. Viral Diseases 1.1 Measles Causative Agent: Measles virus (paramyxovirus family). Symptoms: High fever, cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, and red rash starting on the face. Stages: o Incubation (7-14 days): No symptoms, virus replication. o Prodromal (2-4 days): Fever, cough, red eyes, Koplik spots. o Rash (3-7 days): Rash starts on the face, spreads. o Recovery: Fever subsides, rash fades. Transmission: Airborne droplets, direct contact. Diagnosis: Clinical symptoms, lab tests for antibodies or RNA. Prevention: MMR vaccine. Treatment: Supportive care, no antiviral treatment. 1.2 Rubella Causative Agent: Rubella virus (Togaviridae family). Symptoms: Mild fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, red rash (pink/light red), joint pain in adults. Stages: o Incubation (2-3 weeks): Asymptomatic. o Prodromal: Low-grade fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes. o Rash: Starts on the face, spreads in 3 days. o Recovery: Rash fades, joint pain persists in adults. Transmission: Airborne droplets, direct contact. Diagnosis: Clinical signs, blood test for rubella antibodies. Prevention: MMR vaccine. Treatment: Symptomatic management. 1.3 Fifth Disease Causative Agent: Parvovirus B19. Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms, "slapped cheek" red rash, joint pain in adults.  Stages: o Initial: Fever, headache, fatigue, sore throat. o Rash: Red rash on cheeks, spreads to limbs and trunk. o Resolution: Rash fades, flu symptoms subside. Transmission: Airborne droplets, direct contact with secretions. Diagnosis: Clinical signs, blood tests for antibodies. Prevention: Hygiene, avoid infected individuals. Treatment: Symptomatic treatment, self-limiting. 1.4 Roseola Causative Agent: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), sometimes HHV-7. Symptoms: High fever, sore throat, rash (appears after fever subsides). Transmission: Airborne droplets, direct contact. Diagnosis: Clinical signs, rule out other conditions. Prevention: Hand hygiene, avoiding infected individuals. Treatment: Symptomatic care (no vaccine). B. Fungal Diseases Candidiasis Cause: Overgrowth of Candida species, primarily Candida albicans. Infection Sites: o Mouth (oral thrush) o Throat, esophagus o Vagina (vaginal candidiasis) o Skin o Severe cases: Systemic, affecting internal organs (invasive candidiasis). Stages of Infection: o Oral Thrush: White patches on tongue, inner cheeks, can spread to gums, roof of mouth, throat. o Vaginal Candidiasis: Itching, irritation, thick white discharge. Transmission:  o Direct contact with infected surfaces or fluids. o Opportunistic infection from body's own flora. Symptoms by Location: o Oral Thrush: White patches, soreness. o Vaginal Candidiasis: Itching, burning, discharge. o Skin Infection: Red, itchy rashes. o Invasive Candidiasis: Fever, chills, organ dysfunction. Diagnosis: o Clinical examination, laboratory cultures from infected sites. o For invasive cases, blood cultures and imaging studies. Prevention: o Good hygiene. o Manage underlying health conditions. o Avoid unnecessary antibiotics. Treatment: o Topical antifungals for mild infections (e.g., skin). o Systemic antifungals (e.g., fluconazole, echinocandins) for severe or invasive cases. Vesicular and Postural Rashes A. Bacterial Disease: Impetigo Cause: Typically caused by Staphylococcus bacteria. Incubation Period: 7-10 days (begins as pimples or blisters that rupture and form yellow crusts). Prodromal Stage: 3-5 days (infectious until 48 hours of treatment or crusting stops). Rash Stage: 2-3 weeks (raised, wet-looking crusts form). Recovery: 1-2 weeks (scabs dry and fall off, leaving a red mark). Transmission: Spread through direct contact or contaminated objects (clothes, towels, toys). Symptoms: Red sores around mouth/nose, yellow crust after blistering, mild soreness/itching. Treatment: Topical or oral antibiotics, symptomatic care. Prevention: Avoid sharing personal items, use antibiotics for nasal carriers. Viral Diseases: 1. Smallpox Cause: Variola virus (Ortho poxvirus family). Incubation Period: 7-17 days. Initial Symptoms: High fever, headache, back pain, vomiting (2-4 days). Rash Stages: o Early rash: Begins in mouth, spreads to face/body (2-3 days after symptoms). o Pustular rash: Pustules form, last about 10 days. o Scabs and recovery: Scabs form and fall off (2 weeks). Transmission: Via respiratory droplets or direct contact. Complications: Permanent scarring, disfigurement, and potential fatality. Prevention: Smallpox vaccine (eradicated, only used for outbreaks). Treatment: Limited antiviral options (Tecovirimat, Brincidofovir), supportive care. 2. Monkeypox (Mpox) Cause: Monkeypox virus (Orthopoxvirus family). Incubation Period: 6-13 days (can range 5-21 days). Prodromal Symptoms: Fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, muscle aches (1-4 days). Rash Stages: o Macules: Flat spots, later becoming papules (raised). o Vesicles/Pustules: Fluid-filled blisters, then pus-filled. o Scabs: Crust over, fall off after 2-4 weeks. Transmission: Direct contact, respiratory droplets, or through animal reservoirs. Symptoms: Fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, rash on face, palms, soles. Complications: Bacterial infections, pneumonia, encephalitis, sepsis, death. Diagnosis: PCR test of lesion specimens, rule out other diseases. Treatment: Supportive care, Tecovirimat in severe cases, antibiotics for secondary infections. Prevention: JYNNEOS vaccine for high-risk individuals, isolation, hygiene, PPE. 3. Chickenpox (Varicella) Cause: Varicella-zoster virus (herpesvirus family).  Incubation Period: 10-21 days. Symptoms: Fever, fatigue, itchy rash that progresses to fluid-filled blisters and scabs. Transmission: Respiratory droplets, contact with blister fluid. Complications: Shingles (later in life), bacterial infections. Diagnosis: Based on characteristic rash; PCR or blood tests for confirmation. Prevention: Varicella vaccine (2 doses). Treatment: Symptom relief (antihistamines, fever reducers), antiviral drugs for severe cases. Contagious Period: From 1-2 days before rash until all blisters scab over. 4.4 Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Cause: Varicella-zoster virus (same as chickenpox). Symptoms: Pain, burning, tingling, or itching followed by a rash with fluid-filled blisters. Other symptoms may include fever, headache, and fatigue. Long-term nerve pain (postherpetic neuralgia) can persist. Stages: o Prodromal: Pain, tingling, or itching 1-5 days before the rash. o Rash: Red patches turn into blisters on one side of the body. o Crusting: Blisters dry out, forming scabs within 7-10 days, leaving minor scarring. Transmission: Spread through direct contact with blister fluid, not through air or sneezing. Prevention: Vaccination (chickenpox and shingles vaccines), antiviral medications, and pain relief treatments. 4.5 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Types: o HSV-1: Causes oral herpes (cold sores) but can cause genital herpes through oral-genital contact. o HSV-2: Primarily causes genital herpes (sores and blisters), more severe and recurrent than HSV-1 in the genital area. Transmission: o HSV-1: Oral-to-oral contact, sharing utensils, kissing. o HSV-2: Primarily through sexual contact. Symptoms: Painful blisters or sores at infection sites, with flu-like symptoms during initial infection.  Diagnosis: Clinical examination, viral cultures, PCR tests, or serologic tests. Treatment: Antiviral medications (acyclovir, valacyclovir) reduce outbreaks but don’t cure the infection. Preventive measures include avoiding contact with sores, using protection during sex, and good hygiene. Patchy rashes and pimple-like conditions A. Bacterial diseases 5.1 Folliculitis Cause: Inflammation of hair follicles due to bacterial infection or blockage. Symptoms: Red, swollen bumps resembling pimples, blisters that ooze and crust, often painful and itchy. Treatment: Mild cases can improve with self-care (cleaning, salt baths, topical creams). Severe cases may require antibiotics or drainage by a doctor. Risk Factors: Obesity, diabetes, prolonged antibiotic use, or weak immune systems. 5.2 Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) Cause: Bacteria, mainly Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, produce toxins that can cause severe illness. Symptoms: High fever, low blood pressure, vomiting, diarrhea, a sunburn-like rash, and organ dysfunction. Severe cases may lead to confusion, seizures, or organ failure. Transmission: Through skin wounds, surgical sites, or mucosal surfaces (e.g., tampon use). Treatment: Immediate medical care with antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and sometimes intravenous immune globulin. Prevention: Proper wound care, avoiding prolonged tampon use, and using fewer absorbent tampons. 5.3 Necrotizing Fasciitis Cause: Typically caused by a mix of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, with group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus being common culprits. Symptoms: Rapid development, characterized by fever, tachycardia, sepsis, and skin necrosis. Diagnosis: Requires surgical exploration to identify and remove infected tissue. Treatment: Immediate surgery to remove necrotic tissue and control infection, possibly followed by antibiotics. 5.4 Erysipelas Cause: Primarily caused by group A Streptococcus, involving a localized infection in the dermis and lymphatics.  Symptoms: Raised, red patches with sharp borders, often on the lower extremities or face, accompanied by fever and chills. Risk Factors: Obesity, lymphedema, diabetes, and other skin conditions. Treatment: Penicillin is the first-line antibiotic for treatment. 5.5 Pseudomonas Dermatitis Cause: Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, often acquired from contaminated water sources like swimming pools and hot tubs. Symptoms: Itchy, red rash that may develop into pustules, often self-limiting but can worsen if untreated. Diagnosis: Based on clinical symptoms, with skin cultures confirming the bacterium. Treatment: Good hygiene and possibly antibiotics like ciprofloxacin for severe cases. 5.6 Otitis Externa Cause: Typically caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus, particularly after water exposure. Symptoms: Ear pain, itching, and discharge from the ear, with severe cases leading to necrotizing infections. Diagnosis: Based on symptoms and otoscopy. Treatment: Topical antibiotics for mild cases, oral antibiotics, and surgical intervention for severe cases. 5.7 Acne Cause: Caused by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes), a bacterium that thrives in clogged hair follicles. Symptoms: Whiteheads, blackheads, pimples, and in severe cases, cysts and nodules. Risk Factors: Hormones, excess oil production, and skin bacteria. Treatment: Over-the-counter treatments like benzoyl peroxide, prescription medications, and lifestyle changes. 5.8 Buruli Ulcer Cause: Caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, which produces a toxin that damages tissues. Symptoms: Begins as a painless nodule or plaque, leading to ulcers with undermined edges. Diagnosis: Based on clinical appearance, confirmed by histopathology or PCR. Treatment: Combination of antibiotics and surgery for severe cases. B. Viral Disease 6.1 Warts Cause: Human papillomavirus (HPV), with different strains affecting various parts of the body. Symptoms: Rough, raised growths on the skin, typically harmless but can be painful or bothersome. Transmission: Through direct contact with infected skin or surfacesa. Treatment: Warts often resolve on their own, but treatment options include cryotherapy, topical treatments, and immunotherapy. C. Fungal Diseases 7.1 Ringworm Cause: Dermatophyte fungi (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton). Symptoms: Circular, scaly patches with raised borders, often itchy. Transmission: Spread through direct contact with infected individuals, animals, or contaminated objects. Treatment: Topical antifungal medications, with oral medications for severe cases. 7.2 Sporotrichosis Cause: Caused by Sporothrix schenckii, often from contact with plant matter. Symptoms: Small painless bump evolving into ulcers or abscesses along the lymphatic system. Diagnosis: Based on clinical appearance, confirmed with lab tests. Treatment: Antifungal medications like itraconazole.