macromolecules1.pdf

Macromolecules copyright cmassengale 1  Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. organic Macromolecules are large organic molecules. molecules copyright cmassengale 2 ...

Macromolecules copyright cmassengale 1  Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. organic Macromolecules are large organic molecules. molecules copyright cmassengale 2  Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). Usually with C, H, O or N. N Example: CH4(methane) copyright cmassengale 3  Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS. POLYMERS Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. MONOMERS Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale 4  Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed? copyright cmassengale 5  Answer: Dehydration Synthesis Also called “condensation reaction” Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. water” HO H HO H H2O HO H copyright cmassengale 6  Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested? copyright cmassengale 7  Answer: Hydrolysis Separates monomers by “adding water” HO H H2O HO H HO H copyright cmassengale 8 Carbohydrates copyright cmassengale 9  Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. molecules Examples: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. polysaccharide copyright cmassengale 10  Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: glucose (C ( 6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose glucose Fructose Galactose copyright cmassengale 11  Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose) – Lactose (glucose+galactose) – Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose glucose copyright cmassengale 12  Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose glucose glucose copyright cmassengale 13 Lipids copyright cmassengale 14  Lipids General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. water Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. solvents Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides copyright cmassengale 15  Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against physical shock 4. Protection against water loss 5. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale 16  Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. acids H O = H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O = H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O fatty acids = H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =C H- C H H- 2 C H- 2 C H- 2 C glycerol H- 2 C H 3 copyright cmassengale 17  Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2. Unsaturated O fatty acids: double bonds (good) = saturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O = unsaturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -C H copyright cmassengale 3 18 Proteins copyright cmassengale 19  Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). polypeptides Six functions of proteins: 1. Storage: albumin (egg white) 2. Transport: hemoglobin 3. Regulatory: hormones 4. Movement: muscles 5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails 6. Enzymes: cellular reactions copyright cmassengale 20  Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A. Primary Structure B. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D. Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale 21  Primary Structure Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino Acids (aa) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds copyright cmassengale 22  Secondary Structure 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. bonds Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds copyright cmassengale 23  Tertiary Structure Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) Call a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet copyright cmassengale 24  Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits copyright cmassengale 25 Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale 26  Nucleic acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. synthesis copyright cmassengale 27  Nucleic acids Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale 28  Nucleotide Phosphate Group O 5 O=P-O CH2 O O N Nitrogenous base C4 C 1 (A, G, C, or T) Sugar (deoxyribose) C3 C 2 copyright cmassengale 29  5 O DNA - double helix 3 3 O P 5 P 5 O 1 G C 3 2 4 4 2 1 3 5 O P P 5 T A 3 O O 5 P 3 P copyright cmassengale 30 copyright cmassengale 31