Macromolecules (Carbohydrates) PDF

UNIT #1 Biochemistry Unit The Molecules Of Life Carbohydrates 1  Intro What will you be learning? [Ontario] Curriculum Expectations B3.2 describe the structure of important biochemical compounds, including carbohydrate...

UNIT #1 Biochemistry Unit The Molecules Of Life Carbohydrates 1  Intro What will you be learning? [Ontario] Curriculum Expectations B3.2 describe the structure of important biochemical compounds, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and explain their function within cells Learning Objectives I know the uses of carbohydrates within the body I know the functional groups that make up carbohydrates I can distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides I know the reactions used to breakdown and build macromolecules 2  Macromolecules Macromolecules ▶ Large molecules sometimes composed of a great number of repeating subunits ▶ 4 major classes ◦ Carbohydrates ◦ Lipids ◦ Proteins ◦ Nucleic acids 3  Macromolecules How are macromolecules assembled? ▶ Condensation Reaction (aka dehydration synthesis) ▶ Creates a covalent bond between 2 subunits ▶ Involves removal of –H from a the functional group of one subunit and OH group from the other subunit’s functional group ▶ anabolic (creation a more complex molecule) What functional group(s) appear to be taking part in this reaction?  Macromolecules How are macromolecules broken down? ▶ Macromolecules are broken down by the process of Hydrolysis ▶ hydro meaning ‘water’ and lysis meaning to ‘break apart’ ▶ Involves the addition of a water molecule to break a covalent bond holding subunits together ▶ The water molecule provides a -H group to the functional group of one subunit, and an -OH group to the functional group of the other subunit ▶ It is the reverse of a condensation reaction Macromolecules Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates Carbohydrates ▶ Among the most common organic molecules on Earth! ▶ Tons of carbohydrates are produced by plants and algae via photosynthesis ▶ Contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio ▶ Used in organisms for energy and structural support  Carbohydrates Carbohydrates ▶ There are 4 different structures 1. Monosaccharides (single subunit) 2. Disaccharides (2 subunits) 3. Oligosaccharides (a few subunits) 4. Polysaccharides (hundreds to thousands of subunits) Which functional group(s) comprise this sugar?  Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simplest form of carbohydrates In Greek, monos meaning ‘single’ and saccharide meaning ‘sugar’ The term saccharide and suffix –ose refer to sugars Contain a single chain of carbon atoms to which carbonyl group and hydroxyl groups attach Can be distinguished by the carbonyl group they possess (aldehyde or ketone) and the number of atoms in their carbon backbone eg: a sugar with 5 carbons is called a pentose This image shows: This image shows:  Carbohydrates Linear VS Ring Monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons are linear molecules in the dry state, but form ring structures when dissolved in water If the OH group at carbon 1 ends up below the plane, it called α-glucose If the OH group at carbon 1 ends up above the plane, it is called β-glucose Put a circle around 𝛂-glucose. Put a circle around 𝛂-glucose.  Carbohydrates Isomers Molecules with identical molecular formulas but different structural formulas, are known as isomers The three common sugars share the same molecular formula: C6H12O6. isomers possess different shapes, and different physical and chemical properties  Carbohydrates Disaccharides Two monosaccharides linked together Formed by condensation reactions Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose monosaccharide monosaccharide disaccharide  Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Composed of long chains of monosaccharide subunits held together by glycosidic linkages Also known as ‘complex carbohydrates’ Role in the body: ○ energy (starch, glycogen) ○ structural support (chitin, cellulose)  Carbohydrates Cellulose Consists of hundreds to over thousands of glucose units Makes up the structural component of cells walls Is the most abundant polysaccharide on Earth!  Carbohydrates Chitin Makes up the hard exterior of crustaceans and insects Second-most abundant organic material found in nature used by humans in the medical applications (eg. biodegradable stitches, contact lenses) Cellulose VS Starch VS Glycogen Let’s Practice!  Practice! Which of these elements is NOT a constituent of carbohydrates? A. Carbon B. Hydrogen C. Oxygen D. Nitrogen 25  Practice! Which of these elements is NOT a constituent of carbohydrates? A. Carbon B. Hydrogen C. Oxygen D. Nitrogen 26  Practice! Which of the following functional groups are you not going to find in a carbohydrate? A. Carbonyl -C=O B. Sulfhydryl -SH C. Hydroxyl -OH D. Ether -C-O-C- 27  Practice! Which of the following functional groups are you not going to find in a carbohydrate? A. Carbonyl -C=O B. Sulfhydryl -SH C. Hydroxyl -OH D. Ether -C-O-C- 28  Practice! Which functional group(s) comprise this sugar? 29  Practice! Which functional group(s) comprise this sugar? Carbonyl Hydroxyl 30