Questions and Answers
Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide?
Which of the following nitrogenous base pairs correctly match together in DNA?
Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA?
What type of sugar is found in DNA?
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The bond between the phosphate group and the sugar in a nucleotide is classified as which type of bond?
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What is the primary structure of DNA described as?
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Which of the following bases is paired with guanine in DNA?
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Which component of a nucleotide varies among different nucleotides?
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Which part of the nucleotide serves as the genetic information carrier?
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What role does uracil play in nucleic acids?
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Study Notes
Organic Compounds
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are characterized by being large molecules known as macromolecules or polymers.
- Macromolecules are formed from smaller units called monomers.
Carbon Properties
- Carbon has four electrons in its outer shell, allowing it to form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, typically hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), or nitrogen (N).
- Example of a carbon compound: methane (CH4).
Formation of Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction), which combines monomers by removing water.
Digestion of Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are digested through hydrolysis, a process that separates monomers by adding water.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates range from small to large sugar molecules and are categorized into three types:
- Monosaccharides: single sugar units (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).
- Disaccharides: two sugar units (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose).
- Polysaccharides: many sugar units (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
Lipids
- Lipids are compounds not soluble in water and are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.
- They are energy-dense and include fats, oils, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids.
Functions of Lipids
- Long-term energy storage
- Insulation against heat loss
- Protection against physical shock
- Prevention of water loss
- Chemical messengers (hormones)
- Key components of cell membranes (phospholipids)
Triglycerides
- Composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids, triglycerides are the main form of fat storage.
Fatty Acids
- Fatty acids can be classified into:
- Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds, generally considered less healthy.
- Unsaturated fatty acids: contain one or more double bonds, regarded as healthier options.
Proteins
- Proteins, also known as polypeptides, consist of 20 different amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- Major functions include storage (e.g., albumin), transport (e.g., hemoglobin), regulatory roles (e.g., hormones), movement (e.g., muscle fibers), structural support (e.g., hair and nails), and catalytic activities (e.g., enzymes).
Protein Structure
- Proteins have four levels of structure:
- Primary Structure: Sequence of amino acids.
- Secondary Structure: Coils and pleats formed by hydrogen bonding (e.g., alpha helix, beta pleated sheet).
- Tertiary Structure: 3-D folding of the secondary structure stabilized by various bonds.
- Quaternary Structure: Association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
Nucleic Acids
- There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, double helix structure) and RNA (ribonucleic acid, single strand).
- Nucleic acids consist of long chains of nucleotides formed by dehydration synthesis.
Nucleotides
- Each nucleotide includes:
- A phosphate group
- A pentose sugar (5-carbon sugar)
- Nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T, DNA only), uracil (U, RNA only), cytosine (C), guanine (G).
DNA Structure
- DNA is structured as a double helix composed of paired nucleotides with hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
- It plays a critical role in genetic information storage and transmission.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of macromolecules, focusing on organic compounds and the role of carbon in their structure. You'll explore how carbon can bond with other elements, forming the basis for various organic molecules. Test your knowledge of these large biological molecules and their significance in chemistry.
