King Salman International University Pharmacy Lecture Notes PDF

Field of Pharmacy Sciences Bachelor of Pharmacy-PharmD (Clinical Pharmacy Program) Pharmacy Orientation & Medical Terminology (PPH101) Lecture 1 Date: 8 / 10 /2024 Dr: Ramy Elsergany, PhD Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy ...

Field of Pharmacy Sciences Bachelor of Pharmacy-PharmD (Clinical Pharmacy Program) Pharmacy Orientation & Medical Terminology (PPH101) Lecture 1 Date: 8 / 10 /2024 Dr: Ramy Elsergany, PhD Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy  Pharmacy Orientation & Medical Terminology ØPart I o Mission of Pharmacy o The pharmacy career o History of Pharmacy Course Outline o Different information resources o Dispensing of medicines o Drug dosage forms o Routes of drug administration o Ethics of pharmacy o OTC & Prescription medications Ø Part II o Medical terminology 2  Important Notes üLecture time (10 mins allowed for delay) üAttendance üHandout üCourse work (assignments, quizzes, Midterm) Grades distribution Assessment type Marks Assignment 10 Marks Quiz Exam 20 Marks Midterm Exam (after 6 weeks) 20 Marks Final Exam (after 12 weeks) 50 Marks Total = 100 Marks References Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy Course code Course title Credit hours PPH101 Pharmacy Orientation & Medical Terminology 2 Cr. Hrs PPH102 Physical Pharmacy 3 Cr. Hrs PPH203 Pharmaceutics I 3 Cr. Hrs PPH204 Pharmaceutics II 3 Cr. Hrs PPH305 Pharmaceutics III 3 Cr. Hrs PPH306 Industrial Pharmacy 3 Cr. Hrs PPH407 Biopharmaceutics & Basics of Pharmacokinetics 3 Cr. Hrs PPH508 Introduction to pharmaceutical, biotechnology & device industries 2 Cr. Hrs PPH509 Current GMP 2 Cr. Hrs PPH510 Cosmoceuticals 2 Cr. Hrs PPH511 Radiopharmaceuticals 2 Cr. Hrs PPH512 Applications of nanotechnology in pharmacy 2 Cr. Hrs Inventions made by Pharmacists üPepsi – Cola drink made by Caleb Bradham üHe made it to help those people with digestion problems üCoco-Cola drink invented by John Pemberton, originally containing cocaine and caffeine rich extract of Kola nuts, but cocaine was removed later. Pharmacist is the drug expert of the health care team Pharmaceutical Industry Pharmaceutical Industry Mission of Pharmacy ü To serve society as the profession responsible for the appropriate use of medications, devices and services to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. Definition of Pharmacy oPharmacy is the health profession that concerns itself with the knowledge system that results in the discovery, development, and use of medications and medication information in the care of patient. 11 Health Care Society 1. Patients 2. Physician 3. Pharmacist 4. Dentist 5. Nurse 6. Healthy public 7. Health-policy decision makers (Minister of Health) 12 Mission of Pharmacy o Appropriate: Refers to the pharmacist’s responsibility to ensure that a medication regimen is specifically tailored for the individual patient in terms of its maximum therapeutic effect, safety and cost effectiveness. o Medications (drugs): Agents used in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, ,and/or cure of disease. 13 Mission of Pharmacy oDevices: Equipment, process, diagnostic agents, or other products that are used to assist in effective management of the medication regimen. Examples: 1. Disposable syringes 2. diabetic testing kits 3. Insulin pump (release insulin in response to blood glucose level). 14 14 Mission of Pharmacy Services: patient, health-care and public education services, screening and monitoring programs that contribute to effective medication use by patients 15 15  Mission of Pharmacy ü American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) adopted a new vision for the profession of pharmacy ”Pharmacists are essential for optimizing medication use and improving patient health” 16 Snake and cup slogan of pharmacy ØThe pharmacy logo is as old as the ancient Greek. ØAscelpius (God of Medicine) was with one snake and one rod. ØCaduceus made of two snakes and a staff. ØHygeia (God of Health) holding a snake and a bowl. ØOne snake with one staff was used as a symbol by World Health Organization (WHO). ØOne snake with a bowl was taken as a symbol for pharmacy profession. ØA common thought from snake & cup symbol is ”fighting disease with a drug. ØMortar and pestle was also used as a symbol for pharmacy for grinding and mixing drugs. 17  A glass vessel with a globular base tapering to a narrow neck. Carboy It was commonly filled with brightly colored liquids in pharmacy. The term is a corruption of Persian word “Qarabah” meaning large flagon. 18 Drug: An agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure, or prevention of diseased in humans or in animals (Food Drug Administration, FDA). üPharmacist: Healthcare professional who is responsible for drug manufacture and safe as well as effective use of medications üTherefore, pharmacist was known historically as druggist or chemist. 19 Difference between drug and drug product o Drug It is the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) which is responsible for the therapeutic effect of drug product. o Drug product Drug It is the finished dosage form of drug containing not only the API but also other inactive excipients (ingredients) that ensure that the drug performs its intended action. o Example: Paracetamol is the drug (API) whereas Drug product Pandol® tablet is the drug product. 20  Early drugs q Ebers Papyrus is a document dating back to the 16th century BC and now preserved at the University of Leipzig. q Named for the noted German Egyptologist Georg Ebers who discovered it in the tomb of a mummy. q This document indicates that Egyptians were using some drugs and dosage forms that are still used today. q They used 800 formulas and 700 drugs according to the text of Ebers Papyrus. q The Egyptians commonly used mortar and pestle, sieve and balances in the compounding of pills, suppositories, lotions, plasters and ointments. q The Pharaoh were able to determine the gender of fetus by pouring the women’s urine on grain of wheat and barley. If the barley grew, this means that the baby would be male, and if the wheat grew, then it would be a female. 21 History of Pharmacy o Pharmacy as a term is derived from PHARMAKON meaning a drug or a purifying remedy for good health. o Pharmacy was known in the ancient time as pharmacognosy, formed from two Greek words, pharmakon, drug, and gnosis, knowledge. o This is because drugs used were only medicinal plants of natural origin. o The birth of pharmacy as an independent profession was established in the early ninth by Arab (The golden period of Arab Science). o Al-Biruni states that “Pharmacy is an independent profession from medicine that requires specific knowledge and skills, and it is aid to medicine, rather than a servant”. o Arab set up the first hospitals with permanent pharmacy and hospital apothecary. o Pharmacy became an independent profession from medicine in 1240 AD as a response to a decree from Emperor Fredrick II of Germany. o Therefore, pharmacists were obligated to prepare drugs of uniform quality. o Between that time and the evolution of chemistry as an exact science, pharmacy and chemistry became united. 22  The Pharmacist’s Contemporary Role o Pharmacy graduates holding the Bachelor of Pharmaceutical Sciences (BSc) degree or the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) degree practice pharmacy profession in different settings. o These settings include: 1. Community pharmacy 2. Patient care institutions 3. Hospital pharmacy 4. Military pharmacy 5. Governmental Employment (Egyptian Drug Administration, EDA and National Food Safety Authority, NFSA) 6. Pharmaceutical Research & Industry 7. Academic field (university) 23 Healthcare Team o All healthcare team members should Physician cooperate to ensure good medical service to the patient. Pharmacist Nurse 24  Healthcare Team Pharmacist represent a main cornerstone of healthcare team. His knowledge of the basic chemical, physical, biological, pharmaceutical sciences along with technical knowledge of product formulation, dosage form design and clinical use makes the pharmacist is the main and primary source of drug information. 25 Examples of Drug information oDo not break some tablets (Procardia Xl) as it is designed with specific technology (Laser) and once it is broken, the dose is released at once causing toxicity. oDrug – food interaction such as guidance of avoidance of taking ciprofloxacin with dairy products as calcium (Ca+2) forms non-soluble complex with drug causing loss of its effect. oDrug – drug interaction such as avoidance of taking aspirin (NSAIDs) with warfarin (coumarin anticoagulant) because aspirin potentiate the effect of warfarin resulting in excessive risk of bleeding. 26 Examples Examples of of Drug information Drug information Drug incompatibility o It is an undesirable physical or chemical reaction that occurs between the drug and solution, container or another drug during intravenous administration. o Insulin adsorption to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) infusion set caused low concentration of insulin in the solution delivered to patient resulting in poor control of hyperglycemia (High glucose level in blood). o To solve this problem, change of PVC infusion set to polypropylene bag (PP) is preferred as minimum adsorption can occur. 27 Examples of Drug information Patient counselling o Lactose intolerance patient A person is unable to properly digest food or drinks containing lactose because of lack of digestive enzyme (lactase). Therefore, uncomfortable symptoms of bloating, diarrhea, nausea occur. Ø For those patients, they are advised by the pharmacist "take Vibramycin®capsules instead of Granudoxy®tablets”, Why? This is because Granudoxy®tablets contain lactose monohydrate as an excipient, but Vibramycin® capsules does not. 28