Q-4 & Q-5 Past Papers PDF

**Q-4 Junejo's Election** **INTRODUCTION:** In March 1985, under President General Zia-ul-Haq\'s administration, non-party general elections produced Muhammad Khan Junejo as Pakistan\'s prime minister. After years of martial law imposed by Zia, his election signaled the start of a government heade...

**Q-4 Junejo's Election** **INTRODUCTION:** In March 1985, under President General Zia-ul-Haq\'s administration, non-party general elections produced Muhammad Khan Junejo as Pakistan\'s prime minister. After years of martial law imposed by Zia, his election signaled the start of a government headed by civilians. **MUHAMMAD KHAN JUNEJO ELECTIONS:** Junejo, a Pakistan Muslim League (PML) member, was appointed due to his alleged allegiance to Zia. The constitution that gave the president broad powers included the ability to dismiss the parliament. Junejo sought to demonstrate his independence as prime minister despite this. He worked to put policies centered on democracy, austerity, and economic growth into action. Along with starting peace negotiations over the Soviet-Afghan conflict, he also played a key role in the signing of the Geneva Accords in 1988, which resulted in the Soviet Union withdrawing its soldiers from Afghanistan. However, his relationship with President Zia became strained due to his rising assertiveness, particularly after he tried to limit the role of the military and his stance on the Ojhri Camp explosion event. Despite the consensus that Junejo\'s independent attitude was the reason, General Zia ousted Junejo\'s government in May 1988, disbanded the National Assembly, and reinstated martial law. He cited corruption and incompetence as his justifications. But there was growing hostility between Junejo and Zia. The relationship was further strained by Junejo\'s attempts to restore parliamentary democracy, lessen military authority, and look into the 1988 Ojhri Camp explosion, which embarrassed the military. **CONCLUSION:** Zia finally overthrew Junejo\'s administration on May 29, 1988, using the 1973 Constitution\'s Article 58(2)(b)---which granted the President the authority to dissolve the National Assembly---as justification. This signaled Junejo\'s short-lived premiership\'s end and the restoration of the military to power in Pakistani politics, setting the stage for Zia\'s death in an aircraft accident later that year. **Q-5 Economic reforms of Shaukat Aziz** **INTRODUCTION:** During his tenure as prime minister of Pakistan from 2004 to 2007, Shaukat Aziz is recognized for having carried out a number of economic reforms designed to both stabilize and expand the country\'s economy. He was appointed Finance Minister by then-President Pervez Musharraf in 1999, and he held that position till becoming Prime Minister. Aziz\'s policies were focused on market-driven economic reforms, deregulation, and modernization of Pakistan\'s financial and industrial sectors because of his background in international finance. **ECONOMIC REFORMS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION:** Shaukat Aziz concentrated on establishing a climate that encouraged international investment and industrial expansion. His policies promoted investment, liberalization, and privatization in important industrial areas. Among the noteworthy facets of his industrial policies are: **Economic liberalization:** Under Aziz\'s leadership, efforts were made to lower red tape, facilitate commercial dealings, and attract both foreign and domestic investment. This includes lowering trade barriers, streamlining regulations, and enhancing industry infrastructure.\ \ **Developing the Industrial Sector:** Aziz gave top priority to important sectors as manufacturing, telecommunications, and textiles. Under his direction, Pakistan witnessed the growth of its industries because to incentives including tax rebates, lower import tariffs on industrial equipment, and simpler loan availability for companies. **Public-Private Partnerships (PPP):** The concept of PPPs was pushed by his government, particularly for large-scale major infrastructure projects. The idea was to boost productivity and modernize industries by combining capital and private sector know-how with government backing.\ \ **Emphasis on Export-Oriented Growth:** Under Aziz\'s leadership, exports were highlighted as a vital economic engine for Pakistan. His goal was to make Pakistani companies more competitive in the international market, particularly in the textile and agricultural sectors. In order to increase exports, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were also established, offering benefits to businesses that operate within them. **NATIONALIZATION AND PRIVATIZATION POLICIES:** Shaukat Aziz maintained the trend of economic liberalization, although his administration reversed past governments\' nationalization policies by launching a number of noteworthy privatization initiatives: **Privatization of State-Owned Businesses:** Under his leadership, the government sold off several state-owned businesses, mostly in the energy, banking, and telecommunications sectors. During his leadership, important companies including Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) and Habib Bank were privatized, which produced substantial money for the state while aiming to lessen inefficiencies related to public-sector ownership. **Reforms in the Financial Sector:** Restructuring Pakistan\'s banking industry was one of Aziz\'s greatest accomplishments. He supported financial sector privatization, which made the banking industry more efficient and competitive. The banking sector expanded, achieving higher profitability and better customer service.\ \ **Energy Sector:** Shaukat Aziz also concentrated on repairing the financially damaged and inefficient energy sector. In order to address persistent shortages and inefficiencies, his government worked to partially privatize Pakistan\'s energy sector and encouraged engagement from the private sector. **HIS ECONOMIC POLICIES\' EFFECTS:** Pakistan\'s economy expanded rapidly because of Shaukat Aziz\'s reforms; GDP growth rates averaged between 6 and 7% under his presidency. Foreign exchange reserves climbed, industrial output increased, and poverty rates marginally declined. However, because the advantages of growth were concentrated in particular industries and geographical areas and inflation persisted, his policies were also blamed for resulting in an even more unequal distribution of wealth. Furthermore, a number of the privatization initiatives, including those in the energy industry, came under fire for being mismanaged and failing to produce the anticipated cost and efficiency savings. **CONCLUSION:** Shaukat Aziz brought about growth and controversy with his economic reforms, which centered on industrialization, privatization, and liberalization. They brought Pakistan\'s economy up to date and made it more competitive internationally, but they were criticized for not doing enough to address more significant structural and social problems like inequality and poverty.