Logbook 2024-2025 New France History PDF

2024- 2025 History of Quebec Education 304 New France 1608-1760 Name: _________________________ Group:_________________ 2  The Emergence of European Colonial Empires What is colonization?...

2024- 2025 History of Quebec Education 304 New France 1608-1760 Name: _________________________ Group:_________________ 2  The Emergence of European Colonial Empires What is colonization?  The process of claiming land and establishing colonies for the benefit of the mother country.  Colony: territory ruled by another state which exploits it.  Mother country: A state that possesses colonies or territories outside its own territory. o Ex: Mother country = France, Great Britain o Colony = New France, Thirteen Colonies Mother Country and its colony Mother Country Colony New France France What kinds of colonies were created by European empires? 1-Trading post colony:  Territory taken over by Europeans where natural resources were exploited and traded  Required only a small number of people. Those Europeans lived only temporarily in the colony 2-Settlement colony:  A territory taken over by Europeans to exploit natural resources and settling colonists. Europeans settled permanently in the colony. 3  Samuel de Champlain and the Founding of Québec City  Champlain first came to Canada in 1603 and saw the full potential of the fur trade.  The King of France told him to: o find a good location for permanent settlement o to develop the fur trade as his first priority.  In 1608 Champlain founded the first permanent settlement of New France: Quebec City (place where the river narrows).  The founding of Quebec = the start of New France as there is now a permanent French presence in North America.  He chose Quebec’s location because: o Easy to control navigation on the St-Lawrence o Natural defenses, up on a hill o Close to Native allies for the fur trade Champlain’s group built the first fortified trading post in Quebec City called L’Abitation.  L’Abitation allowed the Indigenous to bring furs to a specific location for the fur trade.  **New France became a trading post colony as of this moment **  Champlain became the first governor in charge of New France.  With the help of the Indigenous as guides, Champlain continued to explore inland and discovered Richelieu River, Lake Champlain, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron, Ottawa River. Champlain brought:  The first farmer, Louis Hebert and his family in 1617. They were the first settlers of New France.  The first religious orders: the Recollets and the Jesuits. They were in charge of spiritual life in the colony and evangelize the Indigenous  The first soldiers to defend the colony against the Iroquois Confederacy and the English.  The Company of A Hundred Associates in 1627 to oversee the fur trade.  Champlain is often referred to as the Father of New France Mercantilism in New France 4 What is an economic staple?  The most important economic activity for exports at a given time and place (resource from which they make the most money) o Our first economic staple: Fish and whaling o Quickly replaced by furs What is mercantilism? An economic theory according to which a country’s power is measured by its gold supply.  Exports must be superior to imports (sell more than you buy)  Colonies supply mother country with natural resources.  All manufactured products are made in the mother country and sold to colonies.  Reasons European countries wanted colonies: o To extract natural resources (furs and fish in New France) o To serve as a market to sell manufactured goods (hats made in France sold in New France)  Mercantilism will keep the colonies extremely dependent on their mother countries for their economic survival. (Nothing made in the colony, ALL GOODS COME FROM FRANCE) Mercantilism is basically MMM (triple M) Make Money for Mother Country How was mercantilism applied in New France? 5  1- The Indigenous hunt, kill and skin the animals. 2- The Indigenous bring the furs to French trading posts. 3- The French bring the furs back to France. 4- French artisans will transform the furs into hats. 5- Merchant sell the hats throughout Europe. 6- The profits made off of the hats will be transformed into gold and brought back to France ________________________ The Fur Trade How did the fur trade become the economic staple of the New France during the 17th century?  In the early 17th century, the King was interested in establishing a colony in New France to exploit the fur trade.  However, after years of warfare in Europe, the King of France was broke.  SOLUTION: The King granted a company a monopoly over the fur trade (exclusive right to sell a product).  In 1627, the Company of 100 Associates was set up to run the colony.  In exchange for the monopoly, the company promised the King: o Money o Bring settlers (3 000 over 15 years) and develop the colony. ***HOWEVER, there was more profit to be made in the fur trade than in settlement, so the population of New France remained low since it was not a priority of the Company of 100 Associates. *** The Seigneurial System 6 What was the seigneurial system? The Company of One Hundred Associates was also given the task of distributing land to new settlers.  They put in place the seigneurial system in New France in order to: o Have a system to develop the land o Increase the population o Bring in new settlers o Diversify the economy (farming) What were the main characteristics of the seigneurial system?  Seigneuries = long rectangular lots around the St. Lawrence and Richelieu River.  Rivers provided water for irrigation, transportation and communication. The Social Organization of the Seigneurial System Rights and Duties of the Seigneurs and the Censitaires 7  Seigneur Censitaire Responsibilities to the state:  had to be loyal to the king  x keep a census of his seigneurie  bring in settlers  build a road  pay taxes. Responsibilities to the Church: Responsibilities to the Church:  build a church  pay the tithe (church tax)  pay the tithe (church tax) Responsibilities to the Censitaire: Responsibilities to the Seigneur:  Grant land  Clear and farm land  Built a flour mill  3 days unpaid work/year  Hold court to settle minor disputes between  Pay to use flour mill censitaires.  Maintain roads  Pay rent and taxes Rights and Privileges: Rights:  Front row at Church  To be granted land by a seigneur  Granted land  To use local mill and common pasture  Receive rent and several free days of labor from  To be protected by the seigneur the censitaires.  To keep his profits if he made any Relations with the Indigenous Why did the French want to strengthen their relationship with the Indigenous? 8   The French wanted to strengthen their relationship with the Indigenous for two reasons: o To obtain more furs o To evangelize the Indigenous Expanding trade alliances: -1603: Allied with the Innu, Maliseet and Algonquian -1616: French allied with Hurons-Wendatt Confederacy, who lived in the Great Lakes region (rich in fur bearing animals) and quickly became the main provider of furs for the French) -The French will later build a series of alliances throughout North America, leading them to discover, explore and claim more land. Evangelization:  Missionaries (Priests whose mission was to convert the Indigenous) were sent to live among the Indigenous and learn their language in order to evangelize them easily.​ Rivalries:  The alliance made in 1603 and 1616, made the French enemies with the Iroquois Confederacy (5 Nations).  This had direct consequences on the French: o Iroquois allied with the Thirteen Colonies (British, enemies of France) o British wanted a bigger control over the fur trade and asked the Iroquois to attack New France and their allies. (British provided Iroquois with guns) o Iroquois attacked many French settlements along the St- Lawrence. Consequences of the Fur Trade The fur trade had positive and negative consequences on the colony of New France. 9 1-Conflict between the Indigenous (NEGATIVE) o The Maliseet and the Algonquians introduced the French to the Hurons, who lived in the Great Lakes region which was rich in furs. o The Iroquois allied themselves with the English. o The Iroquois wanted to remove the Hurons from the fur trade so they attacked and destroyed Huronia in 1649. Remaining survivors resettled around Quebec City. o The French now had to find new allies to trade with. This will lead the French to explore the North American continent. 2-The territorial expansion of New France (POSITIVE)  Following the destruction of the Hurons, the French had to search for more sources of furs. This led New France to expand its territory deeper into the continent.  The fur trade became very competitive will result in war with the British colonies. Use different colors to shade the territories of the three empires established in North America by the following European countries: Great Britain, France and Spain. NEW FRANCE AROUND 1645 Legend New France 13 colonies Spanish colonies NEW FRANCE AROUND 1745 10 3-Conflict with the English in the 13 Colonies (NEGATIVE)  New France’s expansion will lead to conflict with the Thirteen Colonies.  The Thirteen Colonies also wanted to make profit off of the fur trade.  They felt threatened by New France’s expansion since it stopped them from expanding westwards and limited their fur supplies.  New France and the Thirteen Colonies will go to war against one another, ultimately leading to the conquest of New France in 1760. 11  The Church and Colonization The Role of the Catholic Church in New France  Missionaries tried to evangelize the \indigenous. They tried to set up missions (villages where Christianized aboriginals lived) along the St- Lawrence.  Those who did convert and adopted French ways were known as domiciliés.  However, Indigenous culture was too strong and few Natives converted. o The Church also ran hospitals and education. o They helped take care of the needy, the poor, orphans, etc. o Also in charge of keeping parish records (births, marriages, deaths) The founding of Ville-Marie (Montreal)  1642: Paul Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve and Jeanne Mance were the founders of Ville- Marie.  Maisonneuve: sent to convert the Indigenous and make Ville-Marie a religious city.  Jeanne Mance: set up 1st hospital, L’Hotel Dieu.  Marguerite Bourgeois: set up 1st school to educate Indigenous girls  Closer to furs, but also closer to enemies (Iroquois) 12 Characteristics of New France as a Trading Post Colony  Purpose: Exploit the Fur trade to benefit the companies who had a monopoly over it.  Trading post colony only required few people to be very profitable.  New France would remain extremely dependent on France for its economic and social survival.  Low population and demographic imbalance (more men than women) slowed New Frances growth. WHY? Why was New France’s demography so low under the rule of the companies?  New France did not attract many colonists because: o Fur trade was main economic activity and required little settlers. o Threat of Iroquois and English attack. o Climate: long and cold winters o Isolation from France, took a long time to come here o Religion: Only Catholics allowed in New France o The Company of 100 associates promised to bring in settlers but there was more profit in the fur trade. o French monarchy had very little interest in the development of New France before 1663. Two opposing views of Colonization 13 In New France, there were two different stages of colonization: Factors Trading Post Colony Settlement Colony Years Trading Post Colony Settlement Colony (Company Rule) (Royal Government) 1608-1663 1663-1760 Definition The colony is commercial -The colony is based on settlement, with a diverse economy -Serves as a trading post Characteristics -Colony is controlled by fur trading -Colony is controlled by the King companies -Diversified economy (agriculture, ship building, etc) -Based on a single economic activity: fur trade (mercantilism) -Be like France with a large, diversified group of settlers -Only required a small number of men Results Not very successful More successful 14  The Society of New France The Period of Royal Government: 1663-1760 What was the demography of New France in 1663?  3 035 people, mostly adult men Why did King Louis XIV end the period of Company Rule?  In 1663, King Louis XIV took direct control of his colony. Why?  New France’s demographics n was very low compared to the British Thirteen colonies.  The King wanted to increase the population to rival the Thirteen Colonies. The King established: o The Royal Government o A settlement colony What kind of power did King Louis XIV have?  The King of France ruled without having to justify any decisions.  This kind of power is called absolutism.  People believed that Kings were selected by God, which is why they had absolute power.  Absolutism = the divine right of Kings. 15  Time Line 1608 1663 1760 What were the main characteristics of Royal Government?  Bishop King Louis Intendant XIV took direct control over New Governor France through the Minister of the Marine and colonies, Jean Baptiste Colbert.  The Sovereign Council (made of the Governor, the Intendant and the Bishop) was established in 1663 to administer the colony for the King.  No French King ever set foot in New France. Security in New France Two groups were in charge of defending the colony:  Regular Soldiers from France: highly trained, paid, usually sent for a 3-year contract  Militia: non-professional, unpaid  In 1665, France sent the Carignan-Salières regiment. This is the first military sent to defend the colony against Iroquois and Thirteen Colonies 16 17  Jean Talon – The Great Intendant Who was Jean Talon and what were his two main goals?  He was the first Intendant of New France in 1665. His main goals: o Increase the population of New France o Diversify the economy How did he attempt to increase the population of New France? 1- IMMIGRATION  Les Filles du Roy: 770 orphan girls sent by the King to New France in order to marry colonists and increase the population.  Soldiers from the Carignan-Salieres Regiment: Offered free land to stay in the colony after their military service. 400 soldiers stayed.  Les engagés: contract workers for 3 years. Could choose to stay in New France and would be given land and title (seigneur). 2-POLICIES TO INCREASE POPULATION  Early marriage: fines if not married (boys 20, girls 16)  Family allowance: paid to families with over 10 kids.  No fur trade licence for single men.  King`s gift (dowry): given to all newly married couples. o The birth rate surpassed immigration rate. o Availability of food and water naturally increased birth rates. Year New France Thirteen Colonies 1608 28 350 1627 107 4,000 1641 500 30,000 1663 3,035 80,000 1675 7,832 140,000 1706 16,745 300,000 1730 34,053 630,000 1765 69,810 1,850,000 18 How did he attempt to diversify the economy of New France?  Jean Talon encouraged agriculture and imported domesticated animals directly from France. (sheep, horses, pigs, cows) o Created new local industries: hat-making, breweries, ship building, tanneries (leather). o His attempts at diversifying the economy worked, but the fur trade remained the economic staple. o Put in place triangular trade between France and its North American colonies. Triangular Trade France, New France and the Antilles Map: Indicate the directions and products being traded. FURS NEW FRANCE  Triangular trade: o Raw goods were transported from New France and the Antilles colonies and turned into manufactured products in France. o This system guaranteed profit to the mother country (France). o The colonies had no choice but to buy goods from the mother country. 19  Territorial Expansion of New France  In the 1660s, the French undertook explorations and claimed much land in North America. Why? o Needed new allies in the fur trade for more profits. o Wanted to claim land before the English. o More Indigenous to evangelize o By 1700, New France now included the territories of Louisiana, Illinois and le Pays d’en Haut (North of the Great Lakes), Canada and Acadia. Who were the coureur de bois? -As New France’s territory got bigger, fur companies hired young, healthy men willing to travel deep into the continent to obtain furs. -These men were called coureurs de bois. The Great Peace of Montreal 1701  Even if Indigenous groups were allied with the French, many fought amongst each other.  This hurt the French in terms of profits they made and wanted to put an end to these rivalries.  In 1701, 40 Nations, including the Iroquois, signed the Great Peace of Montreal which: o Put an end to attacks between each other o Guaranteed that the Iroquois would stay neutral in a conflict between French and English Economic development after Jean Talon 20  Other intendents attempted to further diversify the economy. Tobacco farming, sawmills, hemp and flax production, timber. Iron was discovered near Trois-Rivieres, which led to the creation of the Forges du Saint- Maurice (metal works) and shipyards. However, fur trade remained the economic staple. Life and Culture in New France-The birth of the Canadiens (habitants) During the French regime, a new culture, that of the Canadiens (habitants), emerged.  It was characterized by the need to adapt to society and environment:  Far from France, less social hierarchy. o Felt a sense of belonging to New France rather than France since they born in the colony. o Influence of Indigenous (snowshoes, canoes, fur clothing) o The Canadiens raised their kids with a more independent spirit, more liberties, had many kids. Mutual Influences 21 Element The influences of the Indigenous on The influence of the Europeans the Europeans on theIndigenous. Food Maple Syrup -Flour -Sugar -The Three Sisters -Salt -Bread Clothing -Learned to make winter clothing from Blankets animal skins -Shirts -Moccasins Tools and Utensils XXXXXX -Metal objects -Knives -Pots -Axes -Utensils Transportation -Canoe -Toboggan XXXXXX -Snowshoes Arms (Weapons) XXXXXXX -Guns (muskets) Amerindians became dependent on them Other Medical Plants -Alcohol -Diseases (smallpox) -Tobacco -Christianity The Intercolonial Wars France, Great Britain 22 and their Colonies Colonial rivalries in North America  France and Great Britain wanted to control the fur trade and expand their territory.  Both mother countries contested the territory around the Hudson’s Bay (known as Rupert’s Land) as their own.  In the 17th and 18th centuries, France and England fought each other in four wars.  These conflicts led their colonies, New France and the Thirteen Colonies, to war as well. The Struggle for North America Major Wars between 1689 and 1748 First Intercolonial War: The War of the League of Augsburg 1689-1697 In 1689, England and many other European nations formed an alliance and declared war against France to end France’s territorial expansion in Europe. Since the mother countries were at war, so were New France and the Thirteen Colonies. The French and Native allies attacked the Thirteen colonies using guerilla warfare. (hit and run attacks) The British attempted to capture Quebec City but Governor Frontenac successfully defended the city. Peace Treaty of Ryswick 1697 France wins the war. No changes in territory. Second Intercolonial War: The War of Spanish Succession 1701-1713 23  The succession to the Spanish throne triggered another European war. France and Great Britain were on opposite sides. Once again, New France and the Thirteen Colonies were at war. New France successfully defended its colony against the Thirteen Colonies’ invasion. HOWEVER, Britain was successful in the war in Europe. France had to sign a peace treaty and was forced to give up some territory in North America. Peace Treaty of Utrecht 1713: France was forced to give to the British:  Acadia -now renamed Nova Scotia (for easier access to the St-Lawrence River in case of future war)  Hudson’s Bay (for its furs)  Newfoundland (for its fisheries)  Thirty Years of Peace 24  Both sides prepare for the next war. The French build the fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton island. It served as a military and naval base for France’s North American Empire and also to protect the entrance to the St-Lawrence River. It was supposed to be impregnable Third Intercolonial War: The War of the Austrian Succession 1744-1748 The succession of the Austrian throne triggered another war between France and Great Britain. British capture Louisbourg but the French won the war. Peace Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle 1748: French regained Louisbourg, no territorial loss. The Fourth Intercolonial War: The Seven Years War 1756-1763 25 What started the Seven Years War in Europe?  The Seven Years war was the first global conflict.  Unlike the other conflicts, it was in North America that war first erupted in 1754 over the Ohio Valley.  Following a series of alliances between European states, hostilities broke out in 1756.  This last war between Britain and France will seal the fate of New France. Clashes in the Ohio Valley  The French and British fought over who possessed the Ohio Valley.  The Ohio valley was of strategic importance to the French: o Blocked the British from accessing the Great Lakes and establishing trade relations with the Natives in this region.  In 1754, a group of militia men from the Thirteen Colonies occupied the Ohio Valley, which started the conflict. 26 The Deportation of the Acadians-1755  Acadians were French speaking people living in Nova Scotia.  The British decided to deport the Acadians for: o Worried the Acadians would side with the French during the next war o Promote British immigration to Nova Scotia  10 000 out of 13 000 Acadians were deported, mostly to the Thirteen Colonies. The Start of the Seven Year War (1756-1763)  The Seven Years War or War of Conquest officially started in 1756.  The French and British had different priorities during this war:  The French wanted to expand their territory in Europe and focused mostly on winning the European war. They offered very little help to New France.  British wanted to win the war in Europe as well as the war in North America. They send massive reinforcements to defeat the French in North America. Item New France Thirteen Colonies Population Territory Army (Soldiers)   Militia   Navy   Indigenous   Allies Economy War Budget (in English pounds) Support from mother country 27 The Capture of Louisbourg 1758 In 1758, the British captured the fortress of Louisbourg thanks to an invasion plan by a young navy officer, James Wolfe. The British now controlled access to the St-Lawrence River. The invasion of New France was imminent. The Siege of Quebec On June 27th 1759, 50 British warships with 39 000 British soldiers land on l’île d’Orléans. James Wolfe was in charge of the siege of Quebec. Wolfe set up canons at Levis (south shore, facing Quebec) and bombarded the city until its near destruction. Several attempts are made to land forces near Montmorency, but none were unsuccessful. 28  The Battle of the Plains of Abraham  On June 27th 1759, 50 British warships with 39 000 British soldiers land on l’île d’Orléans.  James Wolfe was in charge of the siege of Quebec  Wolfe set up canons at Levis (south shore, facing Quebec) and bombarded the city until its near destruction.  Several attempts are made to land forces near Montmorency, but none were unsuccessful.  During the night of September 12-13, Wolfe leads 4 500 soldiers up l’Anse au Foulon and to the Plains of Abraham.  Instead of waiting for reinforcements to arrive, Montcalm decides to engage Wolfe in the ultimate battle: The Plains of Abraham.  In about 20 minutes, the British overpower the disorganized French forces and the battle is over.  Wolfe was hit by a bullet and died soon after hearing of his victory.  Montcalm was wounded on the battlefield and dies the next day.  On September 18th 1759, Quebec capitulates (surrenders)  There is one last stronghold in New France: Montreal. The Capitulation of Montreal 29   In the spring of 1760, the British sailed to Montreal and surrounded the city.  To avoid any casualties, Governor Vaudreuil signed the Articles of Capitulation (terms of surrender) on September 6th 1760.  New France was handed over to the British military. The Canadiens will have to wait 3 years to know their fate as the war in Europe was still being fought. What were the main reasons for the British victory? 1- French had too few men to defend such a large territory. 2- British had a superior navy. 3- New France was not self-sufficient (relied on France for many things), the Thirteen colonies were self-sufficient. 4- The British wanted to win the war in North America, the French did not. 30