Professional Role & Ethics in Healthcare PDF

Professional role and ethics in the health care system Wednesday, February 21, 2024 PC 2.1. Outline the major roles and responsibilities of selected health care professionals, for Pharmacists, Pharmacy technicians, Nurses, Paramedics, including their specific responsibilities and duties within the h...

Professional role and ethics in the health care system Wednesday, February 21, 2024 PC 2.1. Outline the major roles and responsibilities of selected health care professionals, for Pharmacists, Pharmacy technicians, Nurses, Paramedics, including their specific responsibilities and duties within the healthcare system 3 Brain storming Question Kahoot it.com What are the different roles for Pharmacy Technician? Health-Care Team Definition: “ a group of health care workers who are members of different disciplines, each providing specific services to the patient.” For example: You have had a bad pain in your abdomen and have been admitted to the hospital Who will be involved in the healthcare you receive? This is the healthcare team Gastroenterologist They will work together to Nurses find out what is wrong and to fix the problem Lab technicians Radiographers Pharmacist 4 Healthcare Team 5 a) Main Health Sciences Professions Medicine: Where physicians assess, diagnose & suggest the medical treatment for the patient. Pharmacy: Where pharmacists manufacture, dispense & counsel the patient Nursing: Where the nurse provides direct comprehensive care in different clinical settings for a variety of patients & their families. b) Allied Health Sciences Professions are: Members of the health care teams that make the health care system function by providing a range of diagnostic, technical, therapeutic & direct patient care & support services that are critical to the other health professionals they work with the patients. Physiotherapist Artificial Limb Technician Dietician Phlebotomist Medical radiation scientist Music Therapist Electrocardiogram technician→ ECG Technician Pharmacy Technician Social worker Respiratory therapist Occupational therapist General Roles & Responsibilities of Healthcare Team 6 1. Assessment ✓ Evaluation of the patient’s condition ✓ Look for signs & symptoms 2. Treatment & management Treatment ✓ Therapy ✓ Remediation of a health problem Management ✓ Develop a plan ✓ Define goals of therapy ✓ Educate & counsel the patient 3. Education & advocacy Education ✓ Provide information or training to the patient & family members to effect the mind, skills & values Advocacy ✓ Support for the patient Health Care Professionals and their responsibilities ✓ Surgeon: A physician who specializes in surgery, doing operations, diagnosing & treating injured people. ✓ Anesthetist: Specialist doctor looking after patients during operation. ✓ Cardiologist: A physician who specializes looking after cardiac problems (heart & blood vessels. ✓ Pulmonologist: Specialist Doctor looking after patients with problems of the respiratory system. ✓ Neuro-Surgeon: Specialist Doctor for brain operations. ✓ Radiologist: Specialist physician who understands & explains medical problems through the images or pictures that are taken of various parts of the inside body. ✓ Radiographer: Technologist taking x-rays ✓ Health information managers: manage health information by acquiring, analyzing & protecting digital & traditional medical information vital to provide quality patient care 7 Health Care Professionals and their responsibilities ✓ Dermatologist: Specialist doctor who Looks after patients with skin problems & diseases. ✓ GP: General Practitioner = Family Doctor. ✓ Neonatologist: Specialist doctor looking after newborns. ✓ Pediatrician: Specialist doctor for children. ✓ Gynecologist & Obstetrician: Specialist doctor for female diseases & delivery ✓ Gerontologist: Specialist Doctor looking after elderly patients ✓ ENT Specialist: Looking after patients with problems of the Ears, Nose & Throat. ✓ Ophthalmologist: Eye Doctor who tests vision & related problems ✓ Pharmacist: Specialist in charge of medicine, provides information on drugs. ✓ Medical lab technologist: Performs multi types of diagnostic analyses on body specimens. ✓ Physiotherapist: Rehabilitating physically- injured patients to improve movement & function 8 Health Care Professionals and their responsibilities ✓ Oncologist: Specialist Doctor looking after Cancer Patients ✓ Endocrinologist: Specialist Doctor looking after patients with hormonal problems. ✓ Pathologist: Specialist doctor who studies body tissues for diseases ✓ Dentist: Specialized doctor providing dental treatment ✓ Nurse: Manages patient care & educates patients to care for themselves. ✓ Community nurse: Specialized nurse providing nursing practice occurring outside a hospital. ✓ Diabetic Nurse: Specialized nurse to help people self-manage their diabetes. ✓ Wound Nurse Specialist: Nurses specifically trained to care for patients with all different kinds of wounds, from acute to chronic. ✓ Dietitian: Educating patients on eating & special diets, e.g. Diabetes patients. ✓ Phlebotomist: Technician to draw blood 9 10 Psychiatrists A physician who specializes in psychiatry, the branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, treatment & prevention of mental disorders. Psychiatrists are physicians, unlike psychologists & must evaluate patients to determine whether their symptoms are: 1. 2. 3. the result of a physical illness, a combination of physical & mental ailments, or strictly psychiatric. As part of the clinical assessment process, psychiatrists may employ 1. 2. 3. 4. Mental status examination; A physical examination; Brain imaging such as a computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET) scan Blood testing. Psychiatrists prescribe medicine & may also use psychotherapy Psychologist A practitioner of psychology, the scientific investigation of the mind, including behavior & cognition. “Counsel people for problems” 11 Medical Imaging Modalities There are many different medical imaging modalities An imaging modality: is a method of obtaining special information about the human body Each modality is designed to provide the best possible diagnostic information – mostly in the form of images - sometimes as graph. Not all of the modalities use X-rays. e.g. US uses high frequency sound waves MRI uses magnetic resonance & radiofrequency NM uses gamma radiation 12 General X-ray 13 General X-ray Computerized Tomography (CT): Specialized X-ray Cross-sectional imaging of the body Images are known as ‘slices’ or ‘cuts’ (Like a slices of bread). Angiography: Is specialized imaging of blood vessels (ang = blood) Uses special injections of contrast media (fluid that shows up on X-ray) Rapid imaging Theatre like conditions Special teams of staff working together 14 15 Ultrasound (US): Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Uses high frequency sound waves ▪ Uses magnetism & radiofrequency Does not use X-rays ▪ Produces high quality soft tissue images Safe for use in pregnancy Images soft tissue structures and organs Obstetrics Cardiac Abdominal Vascular Musculoskeletal ▪ Does not use X-ray ▪ Looks a bit like CT ▪ Cross sectional images Role of Medical Imaging Techologist ▪ As a radiologic tech, you will be performing a wide range of imaging procedures, the most common being x-ray imaging. ▪ How you conduct imaging procedures on patients will depend on the instructions that doctors will give you. ▪ You will be ensuring that patients are properly guided throughout the imaging process & that they properly protected against radiation. ▪ In order to come up with optimal images, technologists must set patients to the correct position. The best images are necessary to help doctors come up with accurate diagnosis & treatment recommendations. ▪ Preparation of the patients for imaging procedures also involve explaining to patients what exactly will they subjected to & also removing any articles or accessories in their body that may interfere with acquiring detailed images. 16 17 Summary There are many kinds of imaging modalities including; ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ General X-ray, Mammography, Fluoroscopy, Mobile, Theatre Computed Tomography (CT) Angiography Ultrasound (US) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Nuclear Medicine (NM) Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Positron Emission Tomography PET/CT Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) A modality is a method of imaging. Not all of them use X-rays Professional role and ethics in the health care system PC 2.2. START PC 2.2 Wednesday, February 21, 2024 PC 2.2. Outline the major roles and responsibilities of selected health care professionals, for Pharmacists, Pharmacy technicians, Nurses, Paramedics, including their specific responsibilities and duties within the healthcare system 20 Brain storming Question Kahoot it.com What are the different roles for Pharmacy Technician? 21 Health Information Managers 22 Health Information Manager (HIM) ▪ Demonstrate knowledge on the scope & nature of the work performed in managing health information by acquiring, analyzing & protecting digital & traditional medical information vital to providing quality patient care At the heart of health care system, health information managers’ (HIMs) professional responsibilities cover the collection, storage, analysis and distribution of healthcare information. HIMs contribute both to the healthcare system and to people’s health by providing the information systems & data central for medical decision making & patient care planning. Medical Laboratory Technologists 23 24 THE MEDICAL LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION Medical laboratories provide a number of services. Diagnostic: tests on patient samples to aid in diagnosis and/or monitor treatment Remember more that 70% of clinical decisions by the doctors are based on results of lab tests Research: tests to discover new information or develop new technology Public health: tests to ensure the safety of the environment and prevent disease Range of tests performed in the medical laboratory There are three reasons why patients have tests done in a laboratory: As a part of the general testing done on patients when they seek medical advice. These tests are referred to as screening tests. To diagnose a specific disorder. These tests are referred to as diagnostic tests. To follow the course of a disease and to assist in the regulation of treatment. These tests are referred to as monitoring tests. 25 26 Nurse 27 Nursing Providing direct comprehensive care in different clinical settings for a variety of patients & their families. In addition to being an educator, researcher, advocator, counselor & administrator. Registered Nurse roles & responsibilities: Holds vital responsibility for care Scope includes: ✓ Nursing care ✓ Health maintenance ✓ Teaching ✓ Counseling ✓ Plans & restoration for optimal functioning & comfort 28 Roles include Systematically assess health status of individuals or groups Analyze & interpret data; and make informed judgements Plan & implement care - prescribed medical or therapeutic regimes, scientific principles, recent advances & current research Provide & coordinate health teaching Evaluate outcomes Collaborate, communicate and cooperate to ensure quality and continuity of care. Serve as a patient advocate within the limits of the law. Nursing –cont.d Record medical history and symptoms Collaborate with team to plan for patient care Monitor patient health and record signs Administer medications and treatments Operate medical equipment Perform diagnostic tests Educate patients about management of illnesses Provide support and advice to patients 29 30 31 Emergency Medical Care EMS Advanced Paramedics or Emergency Care practitioners: ✓ Manage patient’s that require urgent medical treatment or interventions. ✓ Performing a wide variety of medical skills & advanced life support procedures. Purpose of the degree: Development of skilled prehospital emergency care specialists that have the skills & knowledge to deliver world class emergency medical care to the people of the UAE. As part of the Emergency Medical Care component you will be exposed to: Adult prehospital emergency medical care. Intensive Care Medicine. Aeromedical Emergency Care (Fixed Wing & Rotor Wing) Pediatric & Neonatal Advanced Life Support. And many more other exciting subjects 32 Paramedics Major Subjects include – but are not limited to: ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Emergency Medical Care Human Biology Advanced Pharmacology Medical Terminology Basic Medical Rescue Provide World Class Emergency Medical Care in the following Disciplines (Roles/ Responsibilities): ✓ Advanced Airway Management ✓ Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support ✓ Intensive Care Transport ✓ Advanced Pharmacology ✓ Advanced Trauma Life Support ✓ Advanced Pediatric Life Support ✓ Advanced Neonatal Life Support ✓ Advanced Emergency and Critical Care 33 34 35 As a qualified Advanced Paramedics You will be able to render lifesaving emergency medical care to the critically ill or injured patient in a wide variety of environments. Take command of all incidents ranging from minor to major, medical or trauma within the prehospital emergency environment. Assume a team leader role in the management of all medical & trauma related emergencies as the highest qualified practitioner on scene. Perform in field clinical governance duties. Audit & evaluation of patient care records. Provide a crucial role in the training & education of future advanced paramedics whether it be in the field or at a higher education institution. 36 Pharmacist 37 Pharmacy Pharmacy: Derived from the Greek word Pharmakon means medicine or drug. Pharmacy: Is the art and science of preparing, dispensing and proper utilization of medications and the provision of drug-related information to the public. Definition of drug: According to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) drug is: A substance intended for use in the prevention, diagnosis, cure, treatment, or reduction of diseases. Material of drugs may be: 1. Natural in origin (plant-animal-minerals). 2. Synthetic drugs like aspirin. 3. Semi synthetic like ampicillins. 37 38 Scope of Pharmacy It involves: 1. Interpretation of prescription orders 2. Compounding 3. Labeling 4. Dispensing of drugs and devices 5. Drug product selection 6. Patient monitoring 7. Provision of information of medications and devices The pharmacist’s expertise in drug therapy is unmatched by any other member of the health-care delivery team. Unique knowledge of pharmacist incorporate 1. Selection, administration & therapeutic use 2. Molecular & biopharmaceutical properties 3. Formulation, manufacturing & testing 4. Storage of medicinal agents 5. Quality Pharmacy Management Careers: 1. Community pharmacist 2. Hospital pharmacist 3. Clinical pharmacist/ pharmacologist 4. Industrial pharmacist 5. Medical representative pharmacist 6. Academic (research/teaching) ‘Professorship’ 39 40 Pharmacy Technician Works in a pharmacy. Works under the direct supervision of a licensed pharmacist. Assists in pharmacy activities that do not require the professional judgment of a pharmacist. Pharmacy Technician According to Ministry Of Human Resources & Emiratization (MOHRE) - Assisting patients, healthcare professionals and vendors by answering questions, locating items or referring them to a pharmacist for specific medication information - Preparing medications and other pharmaceutical compounds under the guidance of a pharmacist as per applicable medication policies and protocols - Dispensing medicines and drugs to patients, providing written and oral instructions on their use as prescribed by medical doctors, veterinarians or other health professionals, under supervision of a pharmacist - Receiving prescriptions or refill requests from healthcare professionals and verifying accuracy of information according to medical record-keeping standards - Registering and maintaining patient records, including lists of medications taken by individual patients 41 Pharmacy Technician cont. - Accepting payments, processing insurance claims, communicating with insurance providers and updating patient insurance records as required - Maintaining proper storage conditions and security of drugs, organizing and labelling containers with prescribed medications - Managing and tracking inventory of medicine stocks, pharmaceutical products, chemicals and supplies, using established record-keeping systems - Monitoring safety procedures against potential hazards to employees, patients and clients - Ensuring safe and secure environment for patients, visitors, physicians and co-workers as per established standards and procedures and regulations - Organizing equipment and containers used to prepare and dispense medicines and pharmaceutical compounds - Ensuring compliance and implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS), Department of Health (DOH) regulations, and pharmaceutical guidelines as per international practices - Reviewing updates on Quality, Compliance and Safety programs - Keeping up to date with pharmaceutical practices and developments 42 43 References Mary, Schneider (2011). Introduction to Public Health. Fourth Edition. USA Jones and Battlett Press. https://eservices.mohre.gov.ae/tasheelweb Thank You 800 MyHCT (800 69428) www.hct.ac.ae 45 References Mary, Schneider (2011). Introduction to Public Health. Fourth Edition. USA Jones and Battlett Press. Thank You 800 MyHCT (800 69428) www.hct.ac.ae