BIU Behavioral Sciences and Ethics Module Lesson No. 02 Lecture 2024 PDF

Behavioral Sciences and Ethics: Lesson 02 Medical Sciences Program Semester 01 Year 01 BIU Professor Dr. Ejaz Ahmed Khan Medical Sciences Program BIU Learning Outcome At the end of sessions students will be able to:...

Behavioral Sciences and Ethics: Lesson 02 Medical Sciences Program Semester 01 Year 01 BIU Professor Dr. Ejaz Ahmed Khan Medical Sciences Program BIU Learning Outcome At the end of sessions students will be able to: – Understand the concept of the social pattern including social determinants of health, including how social determinants influence health outcomes. – Identify the impact of social inequalities on healthcare services. – Analyse how different social groups experience focusing on concepts such as health disparities and social gradients in health. – Discuss the role of healthcare professionals in addressing social inequalities and promoting health equity. – Apply the knowledge of social determinants to case studies, understanding how they affect patient care and outcomes. Health and Well Being Health is a state of complete physical, mental, spritual, emotional, social and economical well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health means socially and economically productive human life. Health means quality life. Disease, Illness and Sickness & Disability Disease: – Disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body or mind, with no specific signs and symptoms but feeling uncomfortable. Illness: – Illness is the subjective experience of feeling unwell or in poor health often involving physical, emotional, or psychological distress, with a diagnosable disease is present. Sickness: – Sickness is the social role a person adopts when they cannot perform their usual responsibilities or behavior. It often involves societal perceptions. Disability: – Disability is a condition characterized by impairments and activity limitations. Disabilities may affect daily activities. Understanding the Social Pattern of Health Definition: – The Social Pattern of Health Refers to the Observation that Health Outcomes often vary Systematically According to Social Factors. Key Idea: Health is Not Just a Result of Genetics or Personal Choices; Social and Economic Conditions Play a Major Role. The Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) Definition: – Social Determinants of Health are Non-medical Factors that Influence Health Outcomes. Examples of Social Determinants: – Income: – Education: – Occupation: The Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)  How Social Determinants Influence Health Outcomes Impact of Income: – Lower Income often Limits Access to Resources. Impact of Education: – Education increases health knowledge and Healthier Behaviors. Impact of Occupation: – High-risk Occupations (e.g., Manual Labor) may Expose Individuals to Physical and Environmental hazards. – Office Jobs may increase risks of Obesity and Cardiac Anomalies. The Concept of Social Gradients in Health Definition: – It is the Stepwise Increase in Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Health. Key Idea: – Health Generally Improves with Each Step up in Position. Example: – People with Higher Educational Levels often enjoy Better Health Outcomes even Within the Same Income Bracket. Health Inequity vs. Health Inequality Definition: – Health Inequality Refers to Measurable Differences in Health Outcomes Between Different Population Groups. Example: – Higher Rates of Heart Disease in One Geographical Area Compared to Another, or Differences in Life Expectancy Between Men and Women. Key Point: – Health Inequalities Do Not Always Imply Unfairness; Some Differences May Occur Due to Unavoidable Factors (e.g., Age, Gender or Genetics). Health Inequity vs. Health Inequality Definition: – Health Inequity Refers to Differences in Health that are Systematic, Avoidable, and Unjust. It Highlights Disparities Rooted in Social, Economic, or Environmental Disadvantages that could be Addressed through Policy or Intervention. Example: – Limited Access to Quality Healthcare in Low-income Ethnic group in the Community due to Avoidable Systemic Barriers. Key Point: – Health Inequities are Unjust and Unfair because they Arise from Social Injustices and could be Prevented through Social Changes. Case Study: Income and Life Expectancy Case Overview: – Comparison of Life Expectancy Between Low-income and High- income Groups. Discussion Points: – How Income Influences Lifestyle Choices, Healthcare Access, and Stress Levels. – Role of Public Policy in Reducing Income-related health disparities. Strategies to Address Health Disparities Policy Approaches: Implementing Universal Healthcare to Reduce Barriers. Increasing Funding for Health Education and Community Health Initiatives. Community Programs: Examples of Grassroot Interventions, like Community Health Mobile Clinics and Nutritional Support Programs. Healthcare Providers’ Role: Understanding Patients’ social backgrounds. Collaborating with Social Services to Address Health Determinants. Key Takeaways Social Determinants Play a Significant Role in Shaping Health Outcomes. Collaborative Analysis Helps to Deepen Understanding of Complex Health Scenarios. Considering Social Factors is Essential for Ethical and Effective Healthcare Practice. Understanding Social Inequalities in Health What Are Social Inequalities in Health? – Differences in Health Outcomes Due to Social, Economic, and Environmental Factors. Healthcare Professional’s Role: – Recognize Inequalities. – Identify Contributing Social Determinants. – Implement Inclusive Care Practices.  Role of Healthcare Professionals in Addressing Inequalities Identifying Social Inequalities: – Be Aware of Factors like Income, Education, and Living conditions. – Understand how these Factors Influence Patient Health and Healthcare Access. Providing Inclusive Care: – Tailor Care to Meet the Diverse Needs of Patients. – Mitigate Barriers that Patients may Face in Accessing Healthcare. The Importance of Cultural Competence in Healthcare What is Cultural Competence? – Ability to Understand, Respect, and Effectively Interact with People from Diverse Cultural Backgrounds. Why It Matters: – Builds Trust and Improves Patient-provider Communication. How to Gain Trust with Patients/Clients G. Greeting A. Ask T. Tell H. Help E. Explain R. Return Why Trust Matters: Building Trust, improves Patient-Provider Communication. Helps Reduce Disparities by Delivering Care that Aligns with Cultural Values and Beliefs. Advocacy in Promoting Health Equity Definition: Advocacy is the Active Support of Policies, Practices, and Actions that Improve Health Outcomes for Vulnerable Populations. Types of Advocacy: – Policy Advocacy: Supporting Legislation to Improve Healthcare Access. – Patient Advocacy: Empowering Patients to Understand and Manage Their Own Health. – Community Advocacy: Partnering with Communities to Address Social Health Determinants Collectively.  Community Engagement for Health Equity Why Community Engagement? – Encourage Relationships Between Healthcare Providers and Communities. – Promotes Awareness to Addresses Community-specific Health Issues. Examples: – Collaborating with Local Organizations for Health Screenings. – Organizing Health Education Sessions in Underserved Areas. Strategies to Address Social Determinants of Health Patient Education: – Educate Patients on Lifestyle, Nutrition, and Preventive Healthcare. – Provide Information on Utilizing Healthcare Resources. Policy Advocacy: – Support Healthcare Reforms that Address Social Inequalities. – Advocate for Programs that Expand Healthcare Access to Marginalized Groups. Collaboration with Community Organizations: – Partner with Non-profits and Local Agencies to Provide Resources.  Examples of Practical Interventions Case Study 1: Language Barriers and Health Edication – Strategy: Provide Multilingual Resources, Pictorials and Culturally Relevant Education. Case Study 2: Lack of Access to Healthy Food – Strategy: Partner with Local Food Banks or Advocate for Affordable Food Programs. Case Study 3: Transportation Barriers – Strategy: Organize Mobile Clinics or Partner with Transport Services for Subsidized Services for Medical Appointments. Key Takeaways Healthcare Professionals Play a Critical role in Recognizing and Addressing Health Inequalities. Cultural Competence, Advocacy, and Community Engagement are Essential in Promoting Health Equity. Collaboration and Practical Strategies can Empower Healthcare Providers to Reduce Health Disparities.