Livestock System PDF

Livestock System Livestock systems - organized and managed the production of animals, primarily for food, fiber, labor, and other resources. These systems involve the breeding, rearing, and management of animals under various production methods and environments....

Livestock System Livestock systems - organized and managed the production of animals, primarily for food, fiber, labor, and other resources. These systems involve the breeding, rearing, and management of animals under various production methods and environments. Livestock System 74  Livestock System Types of Livestock systems 1. Extensive Grazing Systems: In these systems, animals are allowed to graze freely over large areas of land. This method is well-suited for areas with abundant pastureland and low input requirements. 2. Intensive Confined Systems: Intensive systems involve keeping animals in controlled environments, often indoors. This method is commonly used for poultry and swine production. It allows for efficient use of space and resources but may raise concerns about animal welfare and environmental impact. Livestock System 75  Livestock System 3. Mixed Systems: These systems combine both grazing and confinement methods. Animals are often rotated between pastures and indoor facilities to balance environmental sustainability and productivity. 4. Agro-pastoral Systems: Here, livestock and crop production are integrated. The animals provide manure for crops, while crop residues become feed for the animals, creating a mutually beneficial relationship. 5. Specialized Livestock Systems: These focus on specific animal products, such as dairy or wool production. Breeding, feeding, and management practices are tailored to maximize the desired output. Livestock System 76  Livestock System Animal systems refer to the interconnected networks of organs and tissues that work together to sustain life and maintain homeostasis in animals. These systems, such as the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems, must function in a highly coordinated manner to ensure the animal’s survival. Each system performs specific roles—like transporting nutrients, processing energy, or responding to environmental stimuli—but they are all interdependent. For instance, the circulatory system delivers oxygen from the respiratory system to cells throughout the body, while the nervous system regulates these processes to maintain balance, responding to internal and external changes. This integration ensures that animals can adapt to their environment, grow, reproduce, and sustain vital functions. Livestock System 77 Homeostasis  Some examples of homeostasis in animals include Temperature regulation - Animals use mechanisms like sweating, panting, and changes in blood flow to maintain a stable body temperature despite changes in the environment. Water and electrolyte balance - The kidneys and other systems work to regulate the amount of water, sodium, potassium, and other ions in the body to prevent dehydration or electrolyte imbalances.  Some examples of homeostasis in animals include Blood sugar regulation - The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to keep blood glucose levels within a narrow range, providing cells with a steady supply of energy. Calcium and phosphate balance - Hormones like parathyroid hormone and vitamin D help regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and bones.  Some examples of homeostasis in animals include pH balance - Respiratory and renal mechanisms work to maintain a stable blood pH, as significant deviations can disrupt cellular function. Cardiovascular homeostasis - The cardiovascular system adjusts heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to meet the body's constantly changing oxygen and nutrient needs. Overview of Major Animal Systems Circulatory Respiratory Digestive Nervous Endocrine Excretory Reproductive Musculoskeletal Immune systems  Overview of Major Animal Systems Circulatory The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body via the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps oxygenated blood through arteries, delivering nutrients to cells. Veins return deoxygenated blood and waste to the heart. Blood components—red cells, white cells, platelets, and plasma—play key roles in oxygen transport, immunity, clotting, and waste removal.  Overview of Major Animal Systems Respiratory The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange by bringing oxygen into the body and expelling carbon dioxide. Air enters through the trachea, travels to the lungs, and reaches the alveoli, where oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The lungs then expel carbon dioxide during exhalation, maintaining vital oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body.  Overview of Major Animal Systems Digestive The digestive system breaks down food into absorbable nutrients. It begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva, then moves down the esophagus to the stomach for further breakdown by acids. The small intestine absorbs nutrients with the help of bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas. Waste is expelled via the large intestine.  Overview of Major Animal Systems Nervous The nervous system controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting nerve impulses. The brain processes information and sends signals through the spinal cord, which acts as a highway for nerve impulses. Peripheral nerves extend from the spinal cord to muscles and organs, enabling sensory input, motor control, and reflexes, ensuring the body responds appropriately to internal and external stimuli.  Overview of Major Animal Systems Endocrine The endocrine system regulates body functions by releasing hormones from glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands. The pituitary controls growth and other glands, the thyroid regulates metabolism, and the adrenal glands manage stress responses through cortisol. Hormones act as chemical messengers, coordinating processes like growth, metabolism, and stress adaptation across the body.  Overview of Major Animal Systems Excretory The excretory system removes waste products from the body, primarily through the kidneys, which filter blood to form urine. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until expulsion. The urethra then carries urine out of the body. This system maintains fluid balance and eliminates toxins, ensuring overall health.  Overview of Major Animal Systems Reproductive The reproductive system enables the production of offspring, with distinct male and female organs. Males produce sperm in the testes, which is delivered through the penis during ejaculation. Females produce eggs in the ovaries; fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes, with the uterus nurturing the developing embryo. These systems ensure genetic continuity and species survival.  Overview of Major Animal Systems Musculoskeletal The musculoskeletal system provides body support, enables movement, and protects internal organs. Bones form the framework and shield vital organs, while muscles attached to bones generate movement. Joints connect bones, allowing flexibility, and connective tissues like tendons and ligaments stabilize and link muscles and bones for coordinated motion.  Overview of Major Animal Systems Immune System The immune system defends the body against pathogens through white blood cells that identify and attack invaders. Antibodies, produced by these cells, neutralize harmful substances. The lymphatic system, including lymph nodes and vessels, filters out pathogens and supports immune responses. Together, these components protect the body from infections and diseases.  Interdependence of Systems Animal systems are interdependent, working together to maintain homeostasis. For example, the circulatory and respiratory systems collaborate to oxygenate blood. The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs, where it diffuses into the bloodstream. The circulatory system then transports this oxygen-rich blood to cells throughout the body while carrying carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation. This interdependence ensures that vital processes like oxygen delivery and waste removal are efficiently managed.  Livestock System Importance of Livestock Systems 1. Food Security: Livestock contributes significantly to global protein consumption. Meat, milk, and eggs are essential components of diets worldwide. 2. Economic Livelihoods: Livestock farming provides income for millions of people, particularly in rural areas. It offers employment opportunities in various sectors such as farming, processing, and distribution. Livestock System 93  Livestock System 3. Nutrient Cycling: Livestock manure is a valuable source of organic fertilizer, which improves soil fertility and crop yields. 3. Cultural Significance: Livestock often hold cultural and social importance, particularly in traditional practices and ceremonies. Livestock System 94  Livestock System Challenges Faced by Livestock Systems 1. Environmental Impact: Intensive systems can contribute to deforestation, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. 2. Animal Welfare: Confined systems may raise concerns about the well-being of animals due to limited space and unnatural living conditions. Livestock System 95  Livestock System 3. Disease Management: Dense populations in intensive systems can facilitate the spread of diseases among animals, posing risks to both livestock and human health. 4. Resource Constraints: Livestock farming requires substantial resources, such as water and feed. Ensuring sustainable resource use is crucial. Livestock System 96  Types of Livestock Animals 1. Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) - a large bovine species originating in Asia; not to be confused with the wild African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) - The vast majority of buffaloes are raised in labor- intensive, small family farms, where they provide milk and serve important functions as draft animals, particularly in rice production. - Buffalo milk has important nutritional value; it has twice the calorific content of cow’s milk, is extremely rich in calcium and is a good source of minerals like magnesium, potassium and phosphorus. Livestock System 97  Livestock System 2. Cattle (Bos indicus and B. taurus) - are the most common and widespread species of large ruminant livestock and are raised primarily to produce milk, meat and hides and to provide draft power. - are raised in diverse production systems ranging from capital-intensive, specialized beef and dairy grass-based and feed-lot systems; through multi- purpose cattle in labor-intensive, mixed crop- livestock systems; to extensive pastoral and agro- pastoral systems. Livestock System 98  Livestock System 2. Cattle (Bos indicus and B. taurus) Livestock System 99  Livestock System 3. Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) - were domesticated from the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) in Asia around some 5,000 years ago. - are undoubtedly the most ubiquitous and abundant species of domestic livestock and occur more or less everywhere that humans do. Livestock System 100  Livestock System 4. Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) -particularly numerous in Bangladesh, China and Southeast Asia but are also popular in Egypt, Nigeria and much of Europe, particularly in western France. -are raised in a great variety of production systems ranging from small numbers of birds held in mixed farms, to vast flocks that are transported in lories to clear up paddy fields following rice harvests. Livestock System 101  Livestock System 4. Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos & Cairina Moschata ) Livestock System 102  Livestock System 5. Horses (Equus ferus caballus) - was domesticated in the Eurasian steppes around 4,000 BC - Horses are NOT ruminants like cattle, sheep and goats but break down the cellulose in plant material through hindgut fermentation by symbiotic bacteria in the cecum. - Horses still fulfill these traditional roles in many parts of South America, Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe. Elsewhere it is of great economic importance to sport and leisure industries. Livestock System 103  Livestock System 6. Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) - a widely distributed small ruminant species that is kept mainly for meat, milk, hides and hair. - They are raised in a wide range of production systems around the world. The majority are raised in smallholder, mixed farming systems but goats are an important component of pastoralist herds and high-value animals are raised for specialized dairy production in temperate regions. Livestock System 104  Livestock System 7. Domestic Pig (Sus domesticus) - mainly raised to provide meat though the leather and hair can also be used. - are extremely versatile and are raised in a spectrum of systems ranging from massive, capital-intensive production units to small, labour- intensive family units, in which pigs scavenge for food. Livestock System 105  Livestock System 8. Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries) - a very widespread small ruminant species raised primarily for its wool, meat, milk and hides. - The species has been developed into a multitude of breeds, adapted to serve different purposes in diverse environments - are raised in a wide range of production systems around the world, reflecting the prevailing environmental conditions and socio-economic context. Livestock System 106  Introduction to Environmental System ILO 3: By the end of the learning experience, students must be able to: ✓Discuss Environmental System 43 Introduction to Environmental System  Environmental System Environmental systems refer to the intricate interactions between living organisms and their surroundings. In the realm of agriculture, these systems play a pivotal role in determining the success and sustainability of farming practices. Both plants and livestock are profoundly affected by their environment, which encompasses factors like temperature, humidity, light, air quality, and more. Environmental System 44  Controlled Environment Also known as a critical environment, is a space with precisely regulated environmental factors. Air temperature, temperature, and humidity are regulated to meet operational needs, and the critical area is isolated from other operations within the facility.  Controlled Environment Environmental control in Agriculture is the combination of engineering, plant science and computer managed control technologies use to optimize plant and animals growing systems, quality and production efficiency. Controlled Environment 110  Controlled Environment Plants in Controlled Environments: 1. Greenhouses: These structures allow for manipulation of temperature, humidity, and light, extending the growing season and enabling the cultivation of crops that might not thrive in the local climate. Controlled Environment 111  Controlled Environment 2. Hydroponics and Aeroponics: These soilless cultivation methods provide precise control over nutrient delivery, water availability, and oxygen levels. They optimize resource use, accelerate growth, and allow cultivation in areas with limited arable land. 3. Vertical Farming: Vertical farming involves growing crops in stacked layers or vertically inclined surfaces. LED lights can be fine-tuned to match specific growth stages, while controlled environments ensure consistent results regardless of external conditions. Controlled Environment 112  Controlled Environment Livestock in Controlled Environments 1. Animal Housing: Livestock housing systems, such as barns or poultry houses, offer protection from extreme weather, predators, and disease. Temperature, ventilation, and lighting can be regulated to maintain animal comfort and health. 2. Aquaculture: Fish and aquatic organisms can be raised in controlled aquatic environments. Proper water quality management, including oxygen levels, temperature, and waste removal, is critical for their well-being and growth. Controlled Environment 113  Controlled Environment 3. Feed Management: Controlled environments also extend to feed production and management. Ensuring proper storage conditions and nutritional balance in animal diets are essential for livestock health. Controlled Environment 114  Controlled Environment Benefits 1.Predictable Yields 2.Reduced Resource Use. 3.Year-Round Production Challenges 1.High Initial Costs 2.Technical Expertise 3.Energy Consumption Controlled Environment 115  Summary: ILO1: Discuss introduction to Environmental science and Engineering Discussed the following: Plant system Livestock system Environmental System Controlled Environment Summary 116 End ofTopic Thank you Plant and Livestock Systems and 53 Environmental Control Engineering