LIT313D Lesson 1 (Part 3) PDF

LIT313D LESSON 1 (part 3) Prepared by: Ms. Maybhel C. Hernandez, LPT Literary Devices  Literary Device A literary device is any specific aspect of literature, or a particular work, which we can recognize, identify, i...

LIT313D LESSON 1 (part 3) Prepared by: Ms. Maybhel C. Hernandez, LPT Literary Devices  Literary Device A literary device is any specific aspect of literature, or a particular work, which we can recognize, identify, interpret and/or analyze. Both literary elements and literary techniques can rightly be called literary devices.  Alliteration The repetition of consonant sounds within close proximity, usually in consecutive words within the same sentence or line.  "Beauty o'er-snowed and bareness every where: Then were not summer's distillation left, Sonnet 5 A liquid prisoner pent in walls of glass, Beauty's effect with beauty were by William Shakespeare bereft, Nor it, nor no remembrance what it was: But flowers distilled, though they with winter meet, Leese but their show; their substance still lives sweet."  “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and The Raven curious volume of by Edgar Allan Poe forgotten lore— While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,”  Anthropomorphism Where animals or inanimate objects are portrayed in a story as people, such as by walking, talking, or being given arms, legs and/or facial features. (This technique is often incorrectly called personification.)  Take a look at these lines from the story: Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished Animal Farm forever. Man is the only creature that consumes without by George Orwell producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits.  Blank verse Non-rhyming poetry, usually written in iambic pentameter.  Iambic Pentameter a line of verse with five metrical feet, each consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable.  Something there is that doesn’t love a wall. Mending Walls That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it, by Robert Frost And spills the upper boulders in the sun; What is a Stressed Syllable?  What is syllable? A syllable is essentially a single unit of speech and that unit of speech tends to contain a vowel sound and that may have a consonant after it or before it, it may even have what is called a cluster of consonants, which means more than one consonant before it or after it.  single syllable words are mono-syllabic words more than one syllable is sometimes Syllable referred to as a poly-syllabic word or some people say multi-syllable word. a.head - contains two syllables a.men.ded - contains three syllables  What is stress in English?’, the way in which we stress the syllable is by changing the pitch of our voice and to keep things simple for now the most common way that we do that is by increasing the pitch of our voice, not the loudness of our voice but changing the pitch to a slightly higher note so for instance: ‘a.HEAD’, ‘a.MEN.ded’. What is a stressed syllable’ in British English? it’s the syllable that is emphasized by way of changing the pitch.  Example: RA.di.a.tor a.BBRE.vi.a.ted au.tho.ri.TA.ri.an a.MEN.ded WON.der.ful  Creative License Exaggeration or alteration of objective facts or reality for the purpose of enhancing meaning in a fictional context.  Dialogue Where characters speak to one another; may often be used to substitute for exposition.  Example: Casablanca: “But what about us?” “We’ll always have Paris.” 2. The Wizard of Oz: “Lions? And Tigers? And Bears?” “Oh my!”  Dramatic Irony Where the audience or reader is aware of something important, of which the characters in the story are not aware.  Where an author interrupts a story in order to explain something, usually to provide important background Exposition information. The first chapter consists mostly of exposition, running down the family’s history and describing their living conditions. Example: In the story of "Cinderella," the exposition goes something like this: "Once upon a time, in a land far away, a young girl was born to very loving parents. The happy parents named the child Ella. Sadly, Ella's mother died when the child was very young. Over the years, Ella's father became convinced that the young and beautiful Ella needed a mother figure in her life. One day, Ella's father introduced a new woman into her life, and Ella's father explained that this strange woman was to become her stepmother. To Ella, the Any use of language where the intended meaning differs from the actual literal meaning of the words themselves. There are many techniques that can rightly be called figurative language, including metaphor, simile, hyperbole, personification, onomatopoeia, verbal irony, and oxymoron. (Related: figure of speech) Figurative The poet makes extensive use of figurative language, presenting the Language speaker’s feelings as colors, sounds and flavors  Foreshadowing Where future events in a story, or perhaps the outcome, are suggested by the author before they happen. Foreshadowing can take many forms and be accomplished in many ways, with varying degrees of subtlety. However, if the outcome is deliberately and explicitly revealed early in a story (such as by the use of a narrator or flashback structure), such information does not constitute foreshadowing. Here are some common Weather motifs, such as examples of elements storm clouds, wind, rain, used as foreshadowing: clearing skies. Character reactions, such as Dialogue, such as “I have a apprehension, curiosity, bad feeling about this” secrecy Symbols, such as blood, Settings, such as graveyard, certain colors, types of battlefield, isolated path, birds, weapons river.  A description which exaggerates. Hyperbole In rhetoric and literature, hyperbole is often used for serious, comic, or ironic effects.  For example, lyrics to The Ballad of Davy Crockett by Thomas W. Blackburn contain hyperbole: Born on a mountain top in Tennessee Greenest state in the land of the free Raised in the woods so he knew ev’ry tree Kilt him a be ‘are [bear] when he was only three Davy, Davy Crockett, king of the wild frontier  Iambic Pentameter Poetry written with each line containing ten syllables, in five repetitions of a two-syllable pattern wherein the pronunciation emphasis is on the second syllable.  Unstressed and stressed syllables Iambic Each line contains five Pentameter pairs, ten total Definition syllables Characteristics Can create a seamless verbal flow  Imagery Language describes something in detail, using words to substitute for and create sensory stimulation, including visual imagery and sound imagery. Also refers to specific and recurring types of images, such as food imagery and nature imagery.  For example, the novel Love, whether newly The Scarlet Letter, by born or aroused from a Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes imagery as a deathlike slumber, must literary device to create a always create sunshine, sensation for the reader filling the heart so full as a means of of radiance, that it understanding the love overflows upon the felt by the protagonist, outward world. Hester Prynne.  Irony Where an event occurs which is unexpected, and which is in absurd or mocking opposition to what is expected or appropriate.  Metaphor A direct relationship where one thing or idea substitutes for another. Shakespeare often uses light as a metaphor for Juliet; Romeo refers to her as the sun, as “a rich jewel in an Ethiop’s ear,” and as a solitary dove among crows Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeic words come in combinations, as they reflect Where sounds are different sounds of a single spelled out as words; object. For example, a group of or, when words words reflecting different describing sounds sounds of water are: plop, actually sound like splash, gush, sprinkle, drizzle, the sounds they and drip. describe.  Common Examples of Onomatopoeia The buzzing bee flew away. The sack fell into the river with a splash. The books fell on the table with a loud thump. He looked at the roaring. The rustling leaves kept me awake.  Examples of oxymoron: Oxymoron My sister and I had a friendly fight over the lipstick. A contradiction I think the professor stated his unbiased opinion in terms. regarding the student response. You look awfully pretty in that coat.  Paradox Where a situation is created which cannot possibly exist, because different elements of it cancel each other out. For example, playwright George Bernard Shaw famously stated the paradox that “youth is wasted on the young.” At first, it is contradictory in the sense that the “young” are the ones that embody “youth,” so therefore it cannot be “wasted” on them.  less is more do the thing you think you cannot do Common you’re damned if you do and damned if you Examples of don’t Paradox the enemy of my enemy is my friend the beginning of the end  Parallelism Use of similar or identical language, structures, events, or ideas in different parts of a text. One of the most well-known examples of parallelism is featured in Neil Armstrong’s statement, made as he stepped on the moon: “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” Common Examples of Parallelism he that will cheat at play, will cheat you any way stupid is as stupid does cousins by chance; friends by choice luck is the idol of the idle no pain, no gain in for a penny, in for a pound you get what you get  Where inanimate objects or Personification abstract concepts are seemingly Where an abstract endowed with concept, such as human self-awareness; where particular human human thoughts, actions and behavior or a force perceptions are directly of nature, is attributed to inanimate objects represented as a or abstract ideas. (Not to be person. confused with anthropomorphism.) Here are some examples of personification that may be found in everyday expression: My alarm yelled at me this morning. I like onions, but they don’t like me. The sign on the door insulted my intelligence. My phone is not cooperating with me today. That bus is driving too fast.  Repetition Where a specific word, phrase, or structure is repeated several times, to emphasize a particular idea. For example, in the statement “What you own ends up owning you,” own is repeated in two different ways. Common Examples of Repetition Time after time Heart to heart Boys will be boys Hand in hand Get ready; get set; go Hour to hour  Simile An indirect relationship where one thing or idea is described as being similar to another. Similes usually contain the words “like” or “as,” but not always. For example, the statement “this poem is like a punch in the gut” features a simile.  Sparkle like diamonds Cheeks like roses Common Flat as a pancake Examples of Eyes like glass Sweet as sugar Simile Dull as a doorknob Bright as the sun  Symbolism The use of specific objects or images to represent abstract ideas. This term is commonly misused, describing any and all representational relationships, which in fact are more often metaphorical than symbolic. A symbol must be something tangible or visible, while the idea it symbolizes must be something abstract or universal.  Common Examples of Symbolism in Everyday Life rainbow–symbolizes hope and promise red rose–symbolizes love and romance four-leaf clover–symbolizes good luck or fortune wedding ring–symbolizes commitment and matrimony red, white, blue–symbolizes American patriotism  Where the meaning is intended to be the exact opposite of what the words actually mean. Verbal Irony (Sarcasm is a tone of voice that often accompanies verbal irony, but they are not the same thing.)  There are four major types of verbal ironies as follows. Sarcasm - It intends to mock or ridicule or express contempt. Stable and Unstable Irony - Stable ironic remarks are clear, while unstable is, somewhat, ambiguous  There are four major types of verbal ironies as follows. 3. Hyperbolic statement or Exaggeration and Understatement - Overstatement is an exaggeration, while understatement is belittling of something or the quality of some person. 4. Socratic type of Ironic Remarks - It means to pretend ignorance to retrieve more knowledge from others.