LIS 305 - Lesson 1 - Introduction to Digital Library PDF

LESSON 1: Introduction to Digital Library BRIEF INTRODUCTION Library is the heart of any educational institutions According to Bala and Sagar (2014, 369p.) “Library as an instituti...

LESSON 1: Introduction to Digital Library BRIEF INTRODUCTION Library is the heart of any educational institutions According to Bala and Sagar (2014, 369p.) “Library as an institution has played an important role in the progress of civilization. In the modern age, the library users need accurate, current and pinpointed information, and there expectation also high” Rapid advances in Information Technologies have revolutionized the role of libraries. Libraries are redesigning services and information products to add value to their services and to satisfy the changing information needs of the user community. Traditional libraries are still handling largely printed materials that are expensive and bulky. Information seekers are no longer satisfied with only printed materials. They want to supplement the printed information with more dynamic electronic resources. Demands for digital information are increasing. Libraries are the systematized collection of books, newsletters, periodicals and consist of various recorded data or information. They provide factual information which helps the users to get the information they require for different purposes. In today’s world, the traditional form of libraries has been changed replacing the traditional methods of storing the information with digital information i.e. online databases, CDs etc. Time is the major constraint for today’s users of information. Hence, the users need information within the time frame. Due to lack of time no body have time to visit a library and search catalogue cards. Nowadays, access to information can be done in a fraction of seconds. There are many reasons for the transformation of libraries such as timely information, improved technology and technological skills, fast and quick retrieval of data etc. Most of the users prefer the digital resources because these can be used anytime and by everyone over the Internet. WHAT IS DIGITAL LIBRARY? Carrying out of the functions of libraries in a new way (Library Science) Simply a distributed text-based information system, a collection of distributed information services, a distributed space of interlinked information or a networked multimedia information system (Computer Science) Support for learning (Education) More of the same as WWW with improvements in performance, organization, functionality and usability (Modern User) According to Arms, a digital library is: A managed collection of information, with associated services, where the information is stored in digital formats and accessible over a network. For the Digital Library Federation in USA: Digital library are organizations that provides the resources, including the specialized staff, to select structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collection of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities. R. R. Larson defined digital library as a global virtual library – the libraries of thousands of “networked electronic libraries”. A digital library is a library which has all the information in electronic form and having electronic devices to have access to the digitized information. A Digital Library is a collection of digital objects, such as books, magazines, audio recordings, video recordings and other documents that are accessible electronically.  HISTORY OF DIGITAL LIBRARY? As We May Think In July 1945, Vannevar Bush, the then Director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development published an article. It was titled "As We May Think". Published in the journal The Atlantic Monthly. The article proposed the potential that technology offers the scientists to gather, store, find and retrieve information. He called this system Memex. The Library of the Future In 1960s, J.C.R. Licklider studied digital computing at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In his book “The Library of the Future”, he described the research and development needed to build a truly digital library. ARPANET In late 1960s, the Department of Defence Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) initiated a computer network for sharing confidential defense information. This network was called the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). Similar projects were being initiated in the United Kingdom and France. ARPANET is the first internet in the history. TCP/IP In 1981, access to the ARPANET was expanded when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite (TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn They contribute to global policy development and continued spread of the Internet. Widely known as one of the "Fathers of the Internet," They are the creators of the TCP/IP protocols. It is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. Originally developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to support the construction of the internet. In late 1980s, Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge. WWW In the 1980s, research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee resulted in the World Wide Web (WWW). In the mid-1990s, communication services such as electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls started. NSF Grants for DL Research In 1994, US government announced funding of $24.4 million to six universities for research in "digital libraries". The funding was a joint initiative of National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) This was called "Digital Library Initiative-1" (DLI Phase 1) The 6 universities who received funding from NSF for research in digital libraries - Carnegie Mellon University - University of California-Berkeley - University of Michigan - University of Illinois  - University of California-Santa Barbara - Stanford University DLI – 2 In March 1997, NSF sponsored a workshop Planning Workshop on Distributed Knowledge work environments. It was held at Santa Fe, New Mexico. This workshop provided directions for Digital Library Initiative Phase 2. NSF announced DLI-2 in February 1998. $8-10 million for 4-5 years Sponsoring Institutions were: - Library of Congress - DARPA - National Library of Medicine (NLM) - NASA - National Endowment for the Humanities - National Archives - Smithsonian Institute for Museum and Library Services GSDL Greenstone Digital Library Software Released in 1999 Developed by University of Waikato as part of New Zealand Digital Library Project Present stable versions: - Greenstone 2 : 2.86 - Greenstone 3 : 3.07 EPrints Created in 2000 as a result of 1999 Santa Fe meeting. Developed by University of Southampton First OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative – Protocol Metadata Harvesting) compliant software Latest stable release 3.3.15 (December 2015) DSpace First public version released in November 2002 Joint effort of MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and HP (Hewlett-Packard) Labs Consistent development Latest Stable version 5.5 (March 2016) FEDORA Commons FEDORA (Flexible Extensible Digital Object Repository Architecture) was launched in 2003. Developed by Cornell University. Latest stable release 4.1.0 (February 2015) Invenio CERN (“Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire” or European Council for Nuclear Research) Document Server Software Prior to 2006, it was called CDSware Later renamed CDS Invenio Now, simply called "Invenio"  WHAT ARE DIGITAL LIBRARY USED FOR? Digital libraries provide users with online access to a wide range of resources. They are often used by students for research or by professionals seeking to stay current on the latest developments in their field. Digital libraries can provide users with access to rare and out-of-print materials that might be difficult or impossible to locate in physical libraries. Digital libraries also offer a variety of search and sorting features, as well as social media-like features that can connect users with others to discuss topics CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL LIBRARY Digital Library is a collection of services; It is a collection of information objects DL is a supporting user with information objects It is an organization and presentation of those objects l available directly or indirectly DL is electronic/digital availability DEVELOPMENTS OF DIGITAL LIBRARY Developments for Digital Collections Digital Collection Conversion of existing print into digital format: options for conversion Creating Portals or Gateway to the electronic collection available on the web. Integrated Access Interface. DIGITAL COLLECTIONS One of the important issues in the creation of a digital library is the building up of a digital collection. Obviously, for any digital library to be viable, it must eventually have a digital collection with the critical mass to make it truly useful. Three Methods of building up a digital collection: 1. Digitization converting paper and other media in existing collection to digital form. 2. Acquisition of original digital works created by publishers, institutions and other scholars like electronic books, electronic journals and data set. 3. Access to external materials not held in house by providing pointers to web sites, other library collections or publishers’ services. CONVERSION OF HARD COPY OF THE DOCUMENTS INTO DIGITAL FORMAT Now-a-days, the existing selected conventional collection of a library is being converted into digital form. This process of conversion of paper documents into digital format is mainly with the help of scanners. Printed texts, pictures and figures are transformed into computer accessible forms using a digital scanner or a digital camera. TOOLS: Scanners & use of OCR (Optical Character Recognition) Programmes TOOLS OF DIGITIZATION Computers Storage System, Network, and display system Printer Scanners or Scanners and scanning software  ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL LIBRARY No physical boundary The user of a digital library need not to go to the library physically, people from all over the world could gain access to the same information, as long as an Internet connection is available. Round the clock availability Digital libraries can be accessed at any time, 24 hours a day and 365 days of the year. Digital library brings information in our hands Nowadays, people don’t have time to go to the traditional library for using the information. Because people are too much busy in different works. Digital library is one of library the information in the user’s hands. Users can easily access the digital libraries in their home, and work place with the help of Internet and computer. DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL LIBRARY Protection the intellectual property rights A major administrative challenge is in complying with copyright and intellectual property rights issues. The library authority has to discuss seriously with publishers on this aspect in order to evolve some mechanism profitable to both users, publishers as well as authors, users may be charged for each access, downloading from, services and/or each kind of digital library collection. This would provide revenue for publishers, authors and libraries. Speed of access As more and more computer are connected to the Internet its speed of access reasonably decreasing. If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then in near future Internet will be full of error messages. Preservation Due to technological developments, a digital library can rapidly become out-of-date and its data may become inaccessible.