Information Processing and Handling in Libraries and Information Centers PDF

**INFORMATION PROCESSING AND HANDLING IN LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION CENTERS** **Lesson 1: Introduction to Information Processing** **Information Processing** -- the acquisition, **recording**, organizing, retrieval, display, and dissemination of **information**. - Changing or converting informat...

**INFORMATION PROCESSING AND HANDLING IN LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION CENTERS** **Lesson 1: Introduction to Information Processing** **Information Processing** -- the acquisition, **recording**, organizing, retrieval, display, and dissemination of **information**. - Changing or converting information into a meaningful information. **Characteristics of Information** - **Timely** - sshould be available when required, a delay in obtaining information renders it useless. - **Accuracy** - possibilities of even slightest errors should be minimized - **Completeness** - incomplete information causes incorrect and unintended results. - **Comprehensiveness** - information which is incomprehensible is useless for the receiver.  **Information Processing Cycle** **Input -** computer receives data and instructions **Processing / Processor** - applying instructions to data takes place  **Storage** - saving information on a computer **Output** -- result [Information Processing Cycle (with diagram) \| Computer Application (planningtank.com)](https://planningtank.com/computer-applications/information-processing-cycle) **Elements of Information Processing** **Multi-Store Memory Model** - was proposed by [Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968)] and is a structural model. They proposed that memory consisted of **three stores:** a sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). This means it is a single system (or store) without any subsystems.  [Multi-Store Memory Model: Atkinson and Shiffrin (simplypsychology.org)](https://www.simplypsychology.org/multi-store.html#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20Multi-Store%20Model%3F%201%20The%20multi-store,memory%20%28STM%29%20and%20long-term%20memory%20%28LTM%29.%20More%20items) **Sensory Memory** -- holds the information that the mind perceives through various senses. (5 Senses) **Short term Memory** -- information only lasts around 30 seconds - Cognitive abilities affect how individual process information in **working memory.** - [Working Memory Model In Psychology (Baddeley & Hitch) (simplypsychology.org)](https://www.simplypsychology.org/working-memory.html)  **TWO TYPES OF STM:** **Iconic Memory --** lasts half a second and is absorb through visual information **Echoic Memory --** lasts for 3 to 4 seconds through auditory information **Long Term Memory** -- unlimited amount of space - Can store memories from a long time ago to be retrieved later - Methods used are repetition, connecting information, and breaking up information into smaller chunks. **TWO TYPES OF LTM:** **Explicit --** declarative knowledge "knowing that" - **Holds semantic memory, storing of information** **Implicit --** procedural knowledge "knowing how" **Information processing in libraries** a. **On-line databases** b. **Circulation** c. **Library Reports and Statistics** **LESSON 2: THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION** It is the shift from analog and mechanical electronic technology to digital technology. **Impacts on Libraries:** **Advantages:** 1. Traditional cataloging to Digital Cataloging (like MARC) 2. Open Access Initiatives 3. Learning Formats 4. Collection and Storage 5. Staff Jobs and Roles **Disadvantages:** 1. Loss of content 2. Dependence of technology 3. Digital divide 4. Credibility 5. Decrease of fund and Support for Libraries **DIGITAL CONVERGENCE** convergence refers to the process of merging or collaborating media and technological features and making them into a unified single device. **EXAMPLES** **Technological Convergence**: mobile phones, smart TVs, iPads Media Convergence (Print media, Broadcast media, new media) - books, TV, radio, TikTok **Network Convergence:** Facetime, Skype **Relevance to Libraries:** 1.Accessibility 2.Dissemination of Information 3.Preservation of Information 4.Less of Expenses 5.Wider Range of Stakeholders **DIGITAL DEVICES** an electronic device that can receive, process, and send digital information, like mobile phones, tables, laptops, etc. **DIGITAL REPRESENTATION** encoding information to be read, stored and delivered by a digital device, and transforms different types of data (text, images, music, video) into binary code (1s and 0s) for easy access and transfer. **DIGITAL PROCESSING** process of gathering raw data and transforming it into usable information. **LESSON 3: COMPUTER HARDWARE** **Personal computer system-** a digital computer designed for use by only one person at a time. A personal computer system is composed of several key components working together. RAM -- Random Access Memory - is the main memory, and it\'s one of the most fundamental elements of computing - was developed in 1952 - Core memory was the principal form of main memory until the late 1960s. - **LESSON 4: INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES** **Basic Input Devices** **Input Devices** - hardware components that allow users to feed data or instructions into a computer system. 1. **Keyboard** - an input device used to enter letters, numbers, and symbols into a computer or electronic device. 2. **Mouse** - a hand-held input device that controls the cursor on a computer screen. 3. **Joystick** - an input device with a pivoting stick that controls the movement of a cursor or object on a screen. 4. **Light Pen** - shaped like a pen that allows users to interact directly with a computer\'s display, typically a cathode-ray tube (CRT). 5. **Biometrics (Fingerprint Scanner)** - shaped like a pen that allows users to interact directly with a computer\'s display, typically a cathode-ray tube (CRT). 6. **Scanner** - device that captures images or data from physical documents, photographs, or other sources and converts them into a digital format for processing or storage. 7. **Graphic Tablet** - a graphics tablet is a natural input device that converts information from a handheld stylus. 8. **Microphone** - is an input device that was developed by Emile Berliner in 1877. It is used to convert sound waves into electric waves or input the audio into computers.\\ 9. **Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)** - e is generally used in banks as there are large number of cheques to be processed every day. 10. **Optical Character Reader (OCR)** - an input device used to read a printed text. 11. **Bar Code Reader** - is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light and dark lines).\\ 12. **Optical Mark Reader (OMR)** - is a technology that enables a machine to recognize marks made on a paper form, such as ticks, bubbles, or checkmarks. **Display Devices** - is an output device used to display information in visual form. 1. **CATHODE RAY TUBES (CRT) MONITORS** - a type of analog computer monitors and televisions commonly used up through the mid-2000s. A CRT display operates by firing electrons from the back of the vacuum tube towards an array of phosphor dots that coat the inside of the glass screen. 2. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) -is a flat panel display technology commonly used in TVs and computer monitors. It is also used in screens for mobile devices, such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones. 3. LED/OLED (Light Emitting Diode Display) - Is a screen display technology that uses LED (a semiconductor device that emits light when electric current flows through it) panels as a light source. 4. ULTRAWIDE MONITOR - These displays are beneficial for multitasking and video editing, allowing users to view multiple windows simultaneously. 5. TOUCHSCREEN MONITORS - is an electronic display device that works when a direct pressure is applied on the screen, it is also used as an input device without the traditional keyboard and mouse. This kind of device is used with fingers or stylus pens. 5. **[Types of Touchscreens]** - **CAPACITIVE TOUCHSCREEN TECHNOLOGY** - is the most commonly used type of touchscreen. It can be seen in smartphones, tablets, and many more devices. - **RESISTIVE TOUCHSCREEN TECHNOLOGY** - is the cheapest kind of touchscreen and has the lowest capacity level compared to the other three. - **SURFACE WAVE TOUCHSCREEN TECHNOLOGY** - is one of the most advanced and most expensive touchscreens displays but is likely to cause environmental damage. - **INFRA-RED TOUCHSCREEN TECHNOLOGY** - is an interactive touch screen. - **PROJECTED CAPACITIVE TOUCHSCREEN TECHNOLOGY** - is the most advanced touchscreen technology in the market. 6. **CURVED MONITORS** - is a monitor or display that has a concave screen surface that helps its viewer to a more immerse and comfortable visual experience. 7. **PRINTER** - a device that transfers text and graphic output from a computer into paper in the standard size of 8.5\" by 11.\" **[4 Types of Printers]** -  **INKJET PRINTERS** are the most common personal printers that recreate a digital image by spraying ink onto paper. - **LASER PRINTERS** create high-quality prints by passing a laser beam at a high speed over a negatively charged drum to define an image. - **LED PRINTERS** use light-emitting technology instead of ink or toner cartridges to print files. - **DOT MATRIX PRINTERS** place dots to draw out your image or text for printing. **INSTALLING PERIPHERAL DEVICES ** - refers to the process of connecting and setting up any hardware devices including printers, scanners, cameras and other external storage devices to the computer system **-Types of Peripheral Devices- ** - Monitor  - Keyboard  - Mouse  - Printer  - Microphone  - Scanner  - Joystick  - Modem  - Flash Drive  **Three General Categories: ** ** Input device/s:** attached to computers are utilized to transmit data within the computers. **Output device/s:** The devices known as output devices are those that the computer communicates with the user by sending the data into the computer itself. It also offers a way for information or processed data. ** Storage device/s:** A storage device is a hardware component used to store digital information, including documents, files, photos, and videos. Media that record and store digital information for use in current or future operations, such as magnetic, optical, or mechanical media.  **LESSON 5: COMPUTER SOFTWARE** **COMPUTER SOFTWARE -** refers to programming code that is executed on the computer hardware that facilitates the completion of tasks by a computer. - set of instructions and data that enables a computer to perform specific tasks A list of some of the most well-known computer software examples includes: 1. **Microsoft Windows -** This is a widely used operating system for personal computers. 2. **Microsoft Office -** This is a suite of productivity applications that includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, and more. 3. **Google Chrome -** This web browser allows users to access the internet and browse websites. 4. **Adobe Photoshop -** This design software allows users to create and edit images. 5. **VLC Media Player -** This is a media player that can play various types of audio and video files. 6. **Skype -** This communication software allows users to make voice and video calls and send instant messages. 7. **Zoom -** This video conferencing software allows users to have virtual meetings and webinars. **Software Basics** **A.System Software - r**equired to run the hardware parts of the computer and other application software is called system software. - acts as an interface between hardware and user applications. These are the types of system software and their examples: **1. Operating System -** System software that is responsible for the functioning of all hardware parts and their interoperability to carry out tasks successfully is called operating system (OS). **2. Device Driver -** A device driver is a computer program that enables communication between the operating system and a hardware device. **3. Firmware -** Firmware is a type of systems software that operates a hardware device by telling it how to perform. **4. Utilities -** Utilities help the operating system perform tasks, such as data security, to keep the computer running effectively. **B.Application Software -** a type of computer program that performs a specific personal, educational, and business function. **Common Application Software** 1. **Word Processor Software --** Word processors are common software applications that can make, save, and print text documents, as well as allow users to write, edit, and electronically store them. 2. **Graphic Software -** refers to applications or programs that enable users to create, edit, and modify images (Coursera, 2023). 3. **Spreadsheet Software -** is a program that allows users to store, modify, and analyze data. It is one of the widely used and popular applications on computers (Hanna, 2021). 4. **Presentation Software -** also known as "graphics presentation applications" or "presentation graphic programs," is a type of computer software that is used to create visual or digital content in which information is presented in a series of slides (Awati, n.d.). 5. **Web Browser -** software application that enables users to access and view information on the internet. 6. **Productivity Software -** refers to applications or programs that enable users to create and edit documents, presentations, spreadsheets, as well as audio and visual content. 7. **Educational Software -** enhance the learning process for students. 8. **Open-Source Software -** refers to the set of steps required to set up software on a computer system. 9. **Closed Source Software -** also known as "proprietary software," is a program that is owned and distributed by a specific company or organization. **Software Acquisition** 1. Needs Assessment 1. Market Research 1. Request for Proposal (RFP) 1. Proposal Evaluation 1. Vendor Selection 1. Contract Negotiation 1. Implementation 1. Deployment 1. Training and Support 2. Monitoring and Evaluation 3. Determining Needs **Installation Process** The installation process refers to the set of steps required to set up software on a computer system.  1. **Download** - Obtaining the software package from an official website or distribution platform. 1. **Execution -** Running the installer executable file (e.g.,.exe,.msi,.dmg). 1. **Configuration -** Following on-screen prompts to accept terms, choose installation directories, and select components. 1. **Installation -** The software is copied to the designated location, and necessary configurations (like setting registry entries) are made. 1. **Verification** - Ensuring the software is functioning correctly post-installation, often involving updates or initial setup configurations.