LIN155 Component Identification & Safety PDF

Component Identification LIN155 – Electronic Lab & Instrumentation Techniques School of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering Technology (SEMET) Agenda Switch Voltage Source Ground Resistor Capacitor Inductor Diode Light Emitting Diode (LED) Transistor Integrated Circuit (IC)...

Component Identification LIN155 – Electronic Lab & Instrumentation Techniques School of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering Technology (SEMET) Agenda Switch Voltage Source Ground Resistor Capacitor Inductor Diode Light Emitting Diode (LED) Transistor Integrated Circuit (IC) 2 Switches Examples of Switches: Schematic symbols: Image source: http://www.electronicshub.org/switches/ Image source: https://www.phidgets.com/docs/images/thumb/1/15/Switch_types.jpg/400px-Switch_types.jpg 3 Voltage Sources Examples of Voltage Sources: Schematic symbols: Image source: https://www.engineersgarage.com/what-are-the-different-battery-types-for-specific-applications/ Image source: http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/images/DC-power-supply.png Image Source: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_1.html 4 DC Voltage Source (E) DC Voltage Source (battery) in a simple circuit Pictorial Diagram Schematic diagram Image source: https://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/sketches_fall_14_key3.jpg Image created using OrCAD 5 AC Voltage Source AC Voltage Source (generator) in a simple circuit Pictorial Diagram Schematic diagram Image source: http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/Q&A/KS4/magnetism/EMI/diagram3.png Image created using OrCAD 6  Ground (GND) Grounding Schematic symbols Image source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4hm2szkgDiY/Vac5t6h5hmI/AAAAAAAAAyY/2kbEMMT_qBc/s1600/grounding-rod.jpg Image source: https://i.stack.imgur.com/owJIM.jpg 7 Grounding Can Save Lives This appliance has a fault from the Live wire to the enclosure. If the man touches the enclosure, current should take the path of least resistance (Ground) rather than go through his body. Image Source: https://dengarden.com/home-improvement/Waht-is-The-Ground-Wire-For 8  Resistor (R) Examples of Resistors Schematic symbols Fixed Variable Unit: Ohm Unit symbol: Ω Image source: https://engineeringlearn.com/what-are-resistors-types-of-resistors-and-their-uses-complete-details-with-pictures/ 9 Resistor Colour Code Common Pairs Note: Table 5-1 in the textbook incorrectly states the Tolerances for resistors. The image pictured above has the correct values for resistors. Source image: https://suntsu.com/engineering-services/converters-and-calculators/resistor-color-code-5-band/ 10  Resistor - Example 4-Band Axial Resistor – 1st & 2nd bands are sig figs: Red Violet = 2 7 – 3rd band is multiplier: Green = × 105 – 4th band is tolerance: Gold = ± 5% – TOGETHER: 2 7 x 105 = 27 00000 = 2.7 MΩ ± 5% Image Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/4-Band_Resistor.svg/200px-4-Band_Resistor.svg.png 11 RCC Reference Sheet You are encouraged to memorize the Resistor Colour Code. Keep a reference sheet handy to help practice using the code. Note: A reference sheet will not be permitted during tests. Image source: Screenshot of the sample RCC Reference Sheet available for ETY155 and LIN155. 12 Capacitor (C) Examples of Capacitors Schematic symbols Unit: Farad How to read the values? Unit symbol: F Image source: https://www.gadgetronicx.com/capacitor-working-tutorial-applications-circuits/ Image source: https://it.farnell.com/capacitor-types-and-performance 13 Capacitor The amount of charge (symbol Q) stored by a capacitor is given by: Q = CV (in Coulombs) When they store charge, capacitors are also storing energy: E = ½ QV (in Joules) Note: capacitors return their stored energy to the circuit. They do not 'use up' electrical energy by converting it to heat as a resistor does. Energy stored by a capacitor is much smaller than energy stored by a battery – not yet a practical source of energy Block DC signals, pass AC easily (opposite to inductors) 14 Capacitor Uses Capacitors have many uses in different electrical circuits. Timing – eg. with a 555 timer IC controlling the charging and discharging rate of LEDs or buzzers. Smoothing – eg. rectifying AC signals from a power supply. Image source: https://i.stack.imgur.com/BLGnf.gif 15 Capacitor - Other Uses Coupling – eg. to reduce distortion between stages of an audio system; to connect a loudspeaker (i.e. to pass on the AC audio signal without any steady DC voltage). Filtering – eg. in the tone control of an audio system. Tuning – eg. in a radio system. Storing energy – eg. in a camera flash circuit. 16 Inductor (L) Examples of Inductors Schematic symbols Fixed Variable Unit: Henry Image source: http://www.mech-tronics.net/products-capabilities/ Unit symbol: H Image source: https://www.lifewire.com/types-of-capacitors-818846 17 Inductor Electric current through a coil causes magnetism Inductance: an electromotive force (EMF) is created by a change or variation in current Iron and ferrite cores increase the inductance. Ferrite cores are brittle so treat them like glass, not iron Block AC signals, pass DC easily (opposite to capacitors) – Uses: mainly used in tuned circuits Example: tuning coil of a radio receiver Also called: – solenoid – when wire is wound around a ferrite core – choke – when it is used for blocking high frequency AC signals 18  Diode (D) Examples of Diodes Schematic symbols Image source: http://binaryupdates.com/wp-content/uploads/Circuit-symbol-and-examples-of-standard-diode.png Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#/media/File:Verschiedene_LEDs.jpg Image source: https://reviseomatic.org/help/e-diodes/Diode_Symbols.gif 19 Diode A very simple semiconductor device – Semiconductor: a material with a varying ability to conduct electrical current – Made of a poor conductor with impurities added (atoms of another material, called “doping”) to make it more conductive N-Type material: extra electrons ( n egatively charged ) P-Type material: extra holes ( p ositively charged ) A diode has N-Type and P-Type materials bonded together with electrodes at each end This means a diode conducts electricity in only one direction 20 Light Emitting Diode (LED) Examples of LEDs Schematic symbols Image source : https://e31wiki.org/mediawiki/images/4/4f/LEDs_and_ruler.jpg Image source: https://www.circuitsarena.com/2017/01/diodes-and-leds-light-emitting-diode.html Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#/media/File:LED,_5mm,_green_(en).svg 21 Light Emitting Diode How does a diode produce light? Light is a form of energy released by an atom Energy releases in packets called photons (basic unit of light) Photons are released because of moving electrons Can only see the photons when the diode is a certain material Conductor material: Aluminum-Gallium-Arsenide (AlGaAs) Standard Silicon (Si) diode – emits infrared light (IR) which is not visible to the human eye quite useful for remote control though LED colour is determined by the conductor/doping materials 22 Light Emitting Diode Advantages What advantages do LEDs have compared to incandescent bulbs? Run cooler – generate very little heat More efficient – higher luminous efficacy (brighter per watt) means: more power is put to use in generating light More durable – hard plastic casing, no delicate filament Smaller – fit more easily into modern electronic circuits Longer lifetime – 50,000 hours or more More cost-effective – lower power needs, fewer replacements 23  Transistors (Q) Examples of transistors Schematic symbols Image source: https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2021/08/transistor-types-of-transistors.html?tie-ajax-post=1 Image source: https://sub.allaboutcircuits.com/images/01057.png https://oscarliang.com/ctt/uploads/2013/10/MOSFETS-1.png 24 Transistor A more complicated semiconductor device than a diode Word comes from: transfer of resistance Uses – Switch – high-power applications (switched-mode power supply) and low-power applications (logic gates) – Amplifier – small change in input V makes big change in output V Types – BJT – Bipolar Junction Transistor – FET – Field Effect Transistor (or “unipolar transistor”) – JFET – Junction FET – IGFET – Insulated Gate FET – MOSFET – Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET 25  Transistor – How it works A BJT is like two diodes back-to-back: B = Base, C = Collector, E = Emitter NPN has two N-charged layers around a thin P-Type. PNP has two P-charged layers around a thin N-Type. Normally OFF. If Base has ample current, turns ON. A JFET is like a hose with a belt clamp: G = Gate, S = Source, D = Drain Drain to Source is the “hose” part, where current flows. Gate is the “belt” around the unit, clamping the current. Normally ON. If Gate has ample voltage, turns OFF. Image source: https://www.circuitbread.com/tutorials/bipolar-junction-transistor-bjt-basic-structure-and-operation Image source: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_5.html 26 Integrated IC Examples of ICs Schematic symbols Image source: https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/c/7/a/1/9/51e0633cce395f867b000000.jpg Image source: https://www.circuitstoday.com/integrated-circuits Image source: https://www.mikroe.com/ebooks/components-of-electronic-devices/introduction-integrated-circuits 27 Integrated Circuit Sensitivities Extremely sensitive devices! Heat – use a socket instead, or heat quickly with soldering iron Movement – do not bend leads or put pressure on them Voltage spikes – ground yourself first, avoid too much handling Image source: http://engineering.nyu.edu/mechatronics/smart/project_websites/proj2003/Project1/Website/pictures/stamp.jpg Image source: https://electricalacademia.com/electronics/integrated-circuit-ic-construction-history-types/ 28 Anymore components? Many, many more! Can classify them: passive or active, analog or digital What are some examples of other commonly used components?  Connector  Bell/Buzzer  Phototransistor or photodiode  Microphone  Fuse  Loudspeaker  Varistor  Amplifier  Thermistor  Antenna  Transformer  Gates  Motor  Meters... and more! 29 Component Safety LIN155 – Electronic Lab & Instrumentation Techniques School of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering Technology (SEMET) Static Electricity Most electronics are sensitive to effects of static electricity Static Electricity: Electricity charge at rest which builds up on surfaces Too much build-up leads to ESD (“Electrostatic Discharge”) – Charge transfers to components! – In contact or in close proximity 31 Ways to Make Static Electricity Surfaces build up electric charge in one of 3 ways: 1) Triboelectricity - Electrical charge generated by friction between surfaces 2) Electrostatic Field Induction - Electrically charged surface attracts/repels nearby charges 3) Capacitance Effects - Two conducting surfaces separated by an insulator can store electric charge 32 Triboelectricity 1) Triboelectricity Electrical charge generated by friction between surfaces As moisture in the air increases (RH), less charge builds up Triboelectric Source 10-25% RH 65-90% RH Rubbing surfaces 5 kV 1 kV Walking on carpet 35 kV 1.5 kV Walking on tiles 12 kV 250 V Working at workbench 6 kV 100 V Picked-up poly bag 18 kV 1.5 kV 33 Electrostatic Field Induction 2) Electrostatic Field Induction (EFI) - Electrically charged surface attracts/repels nearby charges Example: Container holding electronic components may be charged by the human carrying them (triboelectric charged!) but the proximity of the components in the container will cause them to become electrostatically charged by means of EFI 34 Capacitance Effects 3) Capacitance Effects - Two conducting surfaces separated by an insulator can store electric charge Surfaces must be separated by an insulating medium As charged surfaces are separated, the voltage increases Increased voltage can cause more damage if the surfaces are discharged 35 Examples of ESD Sensitivity ESD Sensitivity ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS (Unprotected) MOSFETs, VMOSFETs, MESFETs, High and JFETs CMOS, NMOS, & PMOS Devices (with protection Moderate networks), OpAmps, Schottky Diodes, Film Resistors, ECL and Schottky TTL Ics Small-signal Diodes, Power Diodes, BJTs, crystals, Low TTL, DTL and H-TTL ICs 36 Questions 37 Works Cited “Circuitbuilding for Dummies” by H. Ward Silver, 2008 p. 15, 253-254, 265-268, 365-367 “Electronics for Dummies, 3rd Ed.” by Cathleen Shamieh, 2015 Chapter 3 p. 35-48 Chapter 4 p. 55-56 Chapter 5 p. 67-80 (Table 5-1 contains Tolerance errors) Chapter 7 p. 105-108, 112-121 Chapter 8 p. 132-133, 139-140 Chapter 9 p. 147-151, 154, 157-159, 162 Chapter 10 p. 163-170, 112-121 Chapter 11 p. 183-185, 195-197, 213 Chapter 12 p. 226-235 Chapter 14 p. 263-280 38