Battery Inverter UPS PDF

Matoshri College of Engineering and Research Centre, Nashik Department of Engineering Sciences Course Name: Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Course Code: An Autonomous 24U0104 Institute Teaching and Marking Scheme Exam...

Matoshri College of Engineering and Research Centre, Nashik Department of Engineering Sciences Course Name: Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Course Code: An Autonomous 24U0104 Institute Teaching and Marking Scheme Examination Head: TH Teaching Credit Scheme Examination Scheme & Marks ISE ▪CAT_1: 20 Marks TH: 03 03 ▪CAT_2: 20 Marks Hours/Week ESE : 60 Marks  Course Outcomes CO Blooms CO Statement Taxonomy No. Level Understand the use of wires, cables, protective CO1 devices, electrical safety measures and concept of 2 batteries, inverter and UPS. Understand and Demonstrate the digital circuit using CO2 1,2,3 gates, Flip-Flop, Shift Registers and Counters. Recognize and Understand the efficiency and CO3 regulation of a single-phase Transformers, select 1,2,3 motors for particular applications. Understand various communication systems, cellular CO4 1,2 concepts and GSM systems. Remember and Understand working of various  Matoshri College of Engineering and Research Centre, Nashik Course Name: Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Course Code: 24U0104 Class: FE (Engineering Sciences) (Common for all branches) Unit No. 1: Electrical Wiring and Safety  Contents Electrical Wiring: Difference between wires and cables, Parts of cable, Types of cables, conductor sizes and current rating of cable, Types of wires, conductor sizes and current rating of wires. Electrical safety: Electrical safety measures, Earthing and its importance, Types of earthing. Fuses: Types, Selection, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications, Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB), Difference between Fuse and MCB, Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB), Lightning protection. Batteries: Construction, Working principle, Applications, Charging and discharging of Lithium ion and Lead acid batteries, Concept of depth of discharging, Series Parallel  Matoshri College of Engineering and Research Centre, Nashik Course Name: Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Course Code: 24U0104 Class: FE (Engineering Sciences) (Common for all branches) Part A: Electrical Wiring  WIRES Any conductor which is composed of a conducting material and is uniform in diameter and circular in cross section is called a wire. Wire is one type of electrical conductor generally used to carry electricity. It allowing the current to flow from one end to another end. There are two types of wires 1) Solid wires and 2) Stranded wires Commonly used in household electrical system, simple connections or within small electronic devices.  CABLES A length of single insulated conductor or two or more such conductors each provided with its own insulation which laid up together is called as cable. They are designed to transmit power, data or signals more efficiently over longer distances or in the complex system. It consist of multiple wires or conductors bundled together each potentially having its own insulation layer and are often covered with with an additional outer protective layer. It also include shielding to protect against electromagnetic interference (EMI) or to contain signals. Used in more complex or demanding situations like power distribution, data transmission and for networking. Parts of the Cables: A cable consists of the following three main parts, Conductors Insulation Covering Protective Covering ❖Metallic Sheath ❖Bedding ❖Armouring ❖Serving Core(Conductor): The Core is a conducting parts of a cable. This core may be one or more than one depending upon the type of service. A three core cable is shown in fig. The conductors are made of tinned copper or aluminum. The thickness of the core depends upon the rating of current and voltage rating. Insulation: Insulation of cable is a layer of insulating materials which is provided over the conductor. The thickness of insulation depends upon the voltage to be withstood by the cable. The insulation of cable must be strong enough to because of leakage current will start giving electrical shocks and can cause fire. Metallic sheath: A metallic sheath of lead or aluminum is provided over the insulation of cable for protecting the cable from moisture, gases or other liquids (like) acids or alkalis in the soil and atmosphere. Bedding : Bedding is a layer in between metallic sheath and armoring. It consists of fibrous materials like jute or hessian tape. It protects the metallic sheath against corrosion and from mechanical injury due to armoring. Armouring: Armoring is provided over the bedding which consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wire or steel tape. It protects the core from mechanical injury which laying and during the handling. Serving: A layer of fibrous materials is provided over the armouring to protect the armouring from atmospheric conditions. This layer is known as serving of the cable.  Types of Cables The following cables are used for different types of wiring installation 1.Vulcanized Insulation Rubber (VIR) cable 2.Cab Tyre Sheathed (CTS) Cable 3.Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Cable 4.Lead Sheathed Cable 5.Weather Proof Cables 6.Tropodure Cable 7.Flexible Cable Vulcanized Insulation Rubber (VIR) Cable: This cable is also known as V.I.R. cable. In this cable tinned copper or aluminium conductors are used. The conductor is insulated with vulcanized rubber. It is then covered with cotton tape and finally finished with compounded braiding. This cable is available in single core only. It is used in casing capping, conduits are temporary light wirings. Cab Tyre Sheathed (C.T.S.) Cable: This cable is also known as T.R.S. (tough rubber sheathed) cable. The conductors are insulated with vulcanized rubber insulation but the protective covering used on the cable is a sheath of tough rubber compound. The cables are resistant to Polyvinyl Chloride (P.V.C.) Cable: The conductor of this cable is covered with polyvinyl chloride insulation and serves both the purposes of insulation covering and mechanical protective covering. It is a very hard and tough synthetic chemical substance and resists the action of acid alkali and atmospheric variations in temperature. Its use is restricted where there is a possibility of the temperature being very high as it softens (being thermoplastic) and at low temperatures where it becomes brittle. This cable has now replaced the C.T.S. cable. These cables are manufactured in 1, 2, 3 and 2 core with earth continuity conductors. As these cables are very costly, they are not used for house wiring. However, they are used in open places for short-distance overhead lines, service lines and also for indoor wiring in chemical plants. Weather-proof Cable: The conductors of weather-proof cables are also insulated with vulcanised rubber which is covered with empire tape to make it non-absorptive of moisture. It is then again covered with a braiding of cotton Tropodure Cable: Tropodure is the trademark for thermoplastic compounds on a polyvinyl chloride basis. This insulation is harder than the P.V.C. insulation. It is employed on conductors both as an insulation and as a sheathing. These cables are suitable for lighting, power installation as well as railway signalling. They can also be laid in water and used as submarine cables or buried directly in the ground. They are also available in aluminium and copper conductors of 1, 2, 3, 31/2 and 4 cores. Flexible Cord: These flexible cords consists of two separately insulated flexible stranded conductors of a thin covering used is either silk or cotton. These cords are used for domestic, portable appliances, such as table fans, table lamps, electric irons, heaters, refrigerators, etc. They must be durable and very flexible. Flexibility is required because of the handling of portable equipment and to prevent the wires from breaking. Conductor Sizes and Current Rating of Cable: Cables Cross Typical Recommended Sectional Area Current rating Circuit Breaker (mm2) (Amp) rating (Amp) 1.5 7.9-15.9 8 2.5 15.9-22 15 4 22-30 20 6 30-39 30  Selection of Cable for Wiring Installation The following points should be considered while selecting a cable for installation 1)Effect of atmosphere: The insulation of cable should not be affected by surrounding atmosphere condition for ex. a weather proof cable is used for open places, a tropodure cable should be used for oil mills & lead covered cable is used in chemical plants as acid fumes can destoy the insulation of other cable. 2)Maximum Voltage of the Circuit: The grading of the cable should be equal to the maximum working voltage of 3) Effect of atmosphere: The current rating of the cable must be such that should pass the rated current.  Types of Wires The wires used for general electrical purposes can be divided into the following: 1.Rubber covered, taped, braided and compounded wire 2.Lead alloy sheathed 3.Tough rubber sheathed (Cab wire sheathed) 4.PVC Wire 5.Weatherproof wires 6.Flexible wires 1) Rubber covered, taped, braided and compounded wire: It is also called as VIR wires. It consists of a tinned copper or aluminium conductor covered with a layer of rubber insulation. (Tinning of conductor prevents sticking of rubber to conductor.) Over this rubber insulation is put up a cotton protective braid which is usually saturated with flame retarding and moisture-resistant compound. Finally it is finished with a wax for cleanliness and for helping the pulling action of it into the conduits. 2) Lead alloy sheathed wire: Such types are recommended where the climatic condition is not dry, but has a little bit of the moisture. These wires provides little mechanical protection to the wires. The more stronger and mechanically strong wires are used for laying uder the ground. 3) Tough rubber sheathed Wire: This type of wire is modification of VIR wire. It consist of ordinary rubber coated conductors with an additional sheath of tough rubber. This layer provides better protection against moisture and 4) Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Wires: This is most commonly used wire for wiring purpose. Conductor is insulated by poly vinyl chlorides. PVC has some properties such as Moisture proof, tough, durable and chemically inert, but it softens at high temperatures therefore not suitable for connection to heating appliances. 5) Weatherproof Wires: These types of wires are used outdoor i.e. providing a service connection from overhead line to building etc. In this type of wire the conductor is not tinned and conductor is covered with three braids of fibrous yam and 6) Flexible Wires :- These wires consists of number of strands instead of a single conductor (Strand is a very thin conductor) The conductor is insulated with P.V.C material. These wires are very useful for household portable appliances where flexibility of wire is more important. Typical specifications 55/0.1mm (55 stands of 0.1mm diameter), maximum current, 6 A, used for household purposes. The wires used for household appliances such as heaters, irons, refrigerators, lamps ete must be durable and very flexible Conductor Sizes and Current Rating of Wires: The smallest wire gauge is of no 40 having a diameter of 0.0048 inch while the larges no. of wire is 0,000,000 (named as seven zero) or written as 7/0 having a diameter of 0.5. Higher the no. of wire gauge, the smallest is the diameter. Diameter Gauge No. Inch mm 7/0 0.500 12.7000 4/0 0.400 10.1600 0 0.324 8.2276 1 0.300 7.6200 39 0.0052 0.1321 40 0.0048 0.1219  Matoshri College of Engineering and Research Centre, Nashik Course Name: Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Course Code: 24U0104 Class: FE (Engineering Sciences) (Common for all branches) Part B: Electrical Safety  Electrical Safety Recognizing hazards associated with use of electrical energy and taking precautions so that hazards do not cause injury or death. While working on electrical installation it is necessary to observe and follow safety guidelines and use of appropriate personnel protective equipments (PPE). following safety guidelines should always be observed while working on electrical installation: ❖ Do not forget to put off main switch in case of person is electrocuted. ❖ Do not attempt to disengage a person in contact with live apparatus, which you you cannot switch off immediately. Insulate yourself from the earth by Standing on a rubber clear with piece of dry wood. ❖ Do not forget to put off main switch and take away the fuse carrier along while working on Electrical installation. Put a Caution noticed (Tag) on or near the main switch inscribing "danger, men at work.” ❖ Do not discontinue artificial respiration until recovery or death is Certified by doctor. ❖ Do not forget to put on your safety belt before starting working on pole. If used, it must a ladder is used, it must be held is used by another man to avoid Slipping. ❖ Do not have any sharp tool protruding from the pocket when working on a high Voltage overhead line. Always keep one hand in pocket. Causes of Electrical Safety Five Golden Rules for Electrical Safety at Workplace 1.Disconnect: Unplug the equipment before doing any work on it, or turn off the circuit breaker 2.Prevent Reconnection: Fully lockout the equipment and notify all surrounding personnel to ensure that no one will plug it back in, flip the circuit breaker back on, or otherwise reactivate it. 3.Check for Voltage: Check the equipment to make sure that there is no voltage remaining 4.Ground the Equipment: Ensure that the equipment is properly grounded to prevent an accidental discharge of electricity 5.Mark Off the Area: Post signs or demarcate the area to  EARTHING WHAT IS EARTHING? The process of connecting metallic bodies of all the electrical apparatus and equipments to earth by wire having negligible resistance is called earthing. OR Earthing means connecting neutral point of supply system or non-current carrying parts of electrical apparatus to the general mass of earth in such a manner that all times an immediate discharge of electrical energy takes place without danger. Importance of Earthing  FUSES A fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent/overload current protection of an electrical circuit. They are used to protect the electrical equipments/appliances from the overcurrent or overload damage. If we don’t use fuses, electrical faults occur in the wiring and it burns the wire and electric appliances and may starts fire at home..  The connection of fuse is always in series with electrical circuit When too much current is produced due to flow of current in electrical circuit, fuse gets soften and it opens the circuit. The extreme flow of current may directly burnt the wire and prevent the supply. The fuse can be changed with new fuse or fuse wire can be changed. It can be designed with elements like Copper (Cu), Zinc (zn), Aluminium (Al) and Silver (Ag). They also perform like a circuit breaking the circuit while Working Principle: The fuses work on the principle of the heating effect of the current. It’s made up of thin strip or strand of metallic wire with noncombustible material. This is connected between the ends of the terminals. Fuse is always When the excessive currentconnected or heatinis generated series with duethe to heavy current flows in theelectrical circuit, circuit. the fuse melts down due to the low melting point of the element and it opens the circuit. The excessive flow may lead to the breakdown of wire and stops the flow of current. The fuse can be replaced or changed with the new one with suitable ratings.  Selection of Fuses: The fuse wire depends on the following ratings: 1) Voltage Rating: The rated voltage of fuse should be equal to or more than a) voltage of the circuit in single phase AC or two wire circuit b) line voltage in case of three phase AC circuit 2) Frequency: A fuse link suitable for 50 may not have same rating for other frequencies of DC circuits. 3) Current Rating: It is rms value of current which fuse can carry continuously without deterioration and with temperature rise within specified limit. 4) Minimum fusing current: The minimum current at which will met. 5) Fusing Factor: The ratio of minimum fusing current to the current rating i.e. The fusing factor is more than one. 6) Breaking Capacity: Highest prospective peak current under prescribed conditions of voltage, power factor etc which fuse is capable of breaking. Types of Fuses: Rewirable Fuse: It is a simple and cheapest form of a fuse. The most commonly used fuse in house wiring and a small current circuits is semi enclosed or rewirable fuse. it is also known as kit kat type of fuse.It consists of a fuse base and a fuse The construction of fuse element in the fuse carrier. carrier uses tinned copper, lead or aluminium and porcelain for the base.The base has two terminals for incoming and outgoing supply. When a fault occurs, the fuse element blows out and interrupt the circuit. The blown-out type of fuse is, it iscan fuse rewireable but by be replaced theadisadvantage new one. Theis main less Cartridge Type Fuse (Totally Enclosed Type): Cartridge fuse consists of the heat-resisting ceramic body enclosed by a metal cap at both ends. The filling material such as chalk, plaster of Paris, quartz or marble dust surrounds the body space which acts as an arc quenching and cooling medium. Often, they are widely used in industries, agricultural areas and residential purposes such These types of pumps, as fuse panels, air conditioning, fuses are and classified home into 1)D-type fuse appliances. 2)Link-type fuse D-type Fuse: It consists of an adapter ring, cartridge, base, and cap. The fuse base is connected to the fuse cap and the cartridge is kept inside the fuse cap through the adapter ring. The circuit gets completed when the tip of the cartridge makes contact with the conductor. Link-type Fuse (HRC Fuse): Link-type cartridge fuses are also known as High Rupturing Capacity fuses (HRC). HRC fuse has a high breaking capacity. It has two metal ends on both sides. The Filling of the fuse with powdered pure quartz acts as an arc extinguishing agent. The fuse element uses silver or copper for its construction. The fuse element carries the short circuit current for a long period of time. During this time, an uncertain fault will melt and open the circuit. The chemical reaction between a silver vapor and the filling powder forms a high resistance which helps in quenching the arc. The breaking capacity of the fuse is increased by using two or more silver wire in parallel. This type of fuse is very reliable.  What is a MCB? MCB full form is Miniature Circuit Breakers. MCB is an automatically operated electrical switch. Miniature circuit breakers are intended to prevent damage to an electrical circuit as a result of excess current. They are designed to trip during an overload or short circuit to protect against electrical faults and equipment failure.  What is an ELCB? Full form of ELCB is Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers. It is a protection device that protects against earth leakage. The main purpose of ELCBs is to avoid harm to human beings as well as animals because of electric shock. An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical installations (both residential and commercial) with high Earth impedance to prevent electric shocks. It detects small stray voltages on the metal  Difference Between Fuse and MCB? Categor MCB Fuse y Definition A circuit protection device that Protective device that self-destructs trips when there is excess current when the current surpasses a preset flow value in the circuit Working Dual mechanism based on both Operates by utilizing the thermal mechanis electromagnetic and thermal properties of conducting materials m principles Speed Slower Faster Tripping Electromagnetic core with a Metallic wires element plunger arrangement Reusabilit Usually, can be reused Usually, cannot be reused y Voltage Low voltage circuit protection Suitable for varying voltages from very Suitability low to very high Applicatio Lighting circuits, residential Wide range of applications from small  Matoshri College of Engineering and Research Centre, Nashik Course Name: Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Course Code: 24U0104 Class: FE (Engineering Sciences) (Common for all branches) Part C: Batteries  BATTERIES A battery is a storage device used for the storage of chemical energy which later transforms into electrical energy. Battery consists of group of two or more electrochemical cells are connected together electrically in series. That can be used as a source of electric current at constant voltage. Battery acts as a portable source of electrical energy.  Type of Cells Primary cell: Primary cells are those cells in which irreversible chemical reaction takes place. The cells can be used once and after use they become dead and cannot be recharged, e.g. zinc chlorine cell, alkaline manganese cell, metal air cells etc. Secondary cell: Secondary cells are those cells in which reversible chemical reaction takes place. They can be recharged and use again and again, e.g., lead acid battery, Lead Acid Battery Following figure shows the cross sectional view of Lead acid battery Chemical changes in the lead acid battery occur during charging and discharging. The chemical reaction is reversible. Chemical Reaction for PbO2 is positive plate (anode) and Pb is negative plate Discharging: (cathode) as shown in fig.1. When the cell discharges it sends current through the load. H2SO4 is dissociated in positive H2 and negative SO4 ions. As current flows from cathode to anode H2 ions move towards anode and SOAt anode, H combines with oxygen 4 ions move 2towards cathode. of PbO2 and H2SO4 attacks lead to form PbSO4 PbO2 + H2 + H2SO4 PbSO4+ 2 H2O At cathode, SO4 combines with it to form PbSO4. Chemical Reaction for When cell is recharged, H2 ions move to cathode and SO4 Charging: ions go to anode and the following changes take place. At cathode, PbSO4 + H2 Pb + H2SO4 At anode, PbSO4 + 2H2O PbO2+ 2H2SO4 Applications of Lead Acid Battery: In central station, acts as supply for load when load is high Uninterruptible power supply Emergency lighting Fire and security alarm backup batteries Marine applications Medical device Renewable energy storage (Solar station) Petrol cars for starting and ignition  Lithium Ion Battery Lithium ion batteries can be also classified as secondary batteries. The chemical reactions that occur in secondary cells are reversible. Parts of Lithium ion battery, ❑ Electrodes ❑ Separators ❑ Electrolyte The positive electrode is made up of metal oxide while the negative electrode is made up of graphite. Separators are thin sheets of porous polymer film between positive and negative plates. The electrolyte used is Lithium Salt.  It works by moving lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes during charging and discharging. This movement of ions allows the battery to store and release electrical energy. Electrical energy flows out from or in the battery during discharge or charge respectively. Both electrodes make lithium ions move in and out of their structure using a process called insertion (intercalation) or extraction (de intercalation) respectively. The electrolyte carries the positively charged Lithium ion from the cathode to the anode and vice versa through a separator. Discharging: During discharging, the positive lithium ions move from anode (negative electrode) to cathode (positive electrode) to form a Lithium compound through the electrode. Charging: During charging, the positive lithium ions move from cathode (positive electrode) to anode (negative electrode) and combines with carbon to form a Lithiated carbon. Concept of Depth of Discharge Applications of Lithium Ion Battery: Laptop, mobile batteries Cordless power tools Electric cars & most e-bikes Portable power banks LED flashlights Military applications Aerospace applications  Series-Parallel Connections of Batteries Batteries are combined together to increase the power rating of the battery. There are three basic types of connections of batteries. 1) Series Connection 2) Parallel Connection 3) Series-Parallel Connection 1) Series connection of batteries: A set of batteries is said to be connected in series when the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the succeeding cell. Advantages: Wiring batteries in series provides a higher system voltage resulting in a lower system current. Low current indicates that you can use thinner wiring and suffer less voltage drop in the system. 2) Parallel connection of A setbatteries: of batteries are said to be connected in parallel when the positive terminals are connected together, and similarly, the negative terminals of these cells are connected. These combinations are referred to as parallel batteries. 3) Series-Parallel connection of If batteries: we connect two pairs of two batteries in series and then connect these series connected batteries in parallel, then this configuration of batteries would be called series- parallel connection of batteries. You can do it with any number of batteries i.e. to get different level of voltages as well as increase the battery capacity in ampere hours in series-parallel connection of batteries. For achieving the required load voltage, the desired numbers of batteries are combined in series to achieve the current needed, and these series combinations  Battery Selection The basic rule for selecting the battery is that determined the number of appliances want to use during power outages and how long want the power output. For selecting the battery it is important to find find the Ampere-Hour (Ah) rating. It is depends on the overall system current and how long it is in operation. Let’s say inverter should be connected to only one 25W fan, one 60W TV and two 40W LED bulbs in the house. The total wattage need would be 25+60+40+40 which is 165W and keep another 100W of buffer for adding more plug points or appliances to the inverter in the future. Therefore total wattage along with this buffer amount is 265W. The basic formula for battery capacity calculation is, Battery voltage is usually 12V. Hence, needed battery capacity for keeping appliances up for three hours would be, Battery capacity = (265 x 3)/12 = 66.25 Ah So any battery capacity above 66Ah would be enough.  UPS UPS stands for Uninterruptible Power Supply. UPS are crucial devices that protect electronic equipment (Critical loads) from power disturbances, ensuring uninterrupted power supply during power failure and fluctuations. In addition to supplying emergency electrical power to the loads, a UPS also protects sensitive equipment such as computers, data centers, TV sets, industrial process control and monitoring systems, and many other electronic devices. Main components of a UPS systems are battery, rectifier, inverter and static switch following are the types of UPS Off line UPS: Off-line UPS, sometimes called standby ups is equipment that offers uninterruptible power supply immediately to the connected device through the battery when detects electric supply failure within the circuit.  In an off-line UPS system, the ac power from the supply mains is first converted into DC power using a rectifier circuit and then stored in the battery connected to the output port of the rectifier. When, there is any power failure that occurs in the supply mains, the dc power of the battery is converted into ac power using a power inverter and is then transferred to the load connected to the ups system. The off-line ups systems provide surge protection in addition to the emergency power. On line UPS: The On-Line UPS system uses a double conversion method. In this UPS system, the input AC power is first converted into DC power by a rectifier to charge the UPS battery, and then this DC power is converted back into AC power by a power inverter to power the load equipment.  In the case of supply mains power failure, the rectifier circuit becomes inactive and the DC power stored in the battery is converted into AC by the inverter and supplied to the load. Once the mains power is restored, the rectifier circuit again starts charging the battery. Applications of UPS: UPS systems are used in computer data centers. UPS systems are used in industrial control and monitoring systems. UPS systems are also used in telecommunication systems. They are also used in hospitals, banks, insurance offices,  Inverter The basic function of inverter is to converts the DC power into AC power. Following figure shows the basic block diagram of the inverter. DC Power Source: This source provides the direct current input for the inverter. This could be a battery a solar panel or any DC power supply. DC-AC Converter: It is consists of switching devices such as MOSFET, IGBT. It can be single phase or three phase. Choice of the converter is depend on the load. Output: Provides the final AC power that can be used to drive AC loads or be fed into the grid. Applications: An inverter is mostly used in uninterrupted power supplies (UPS). In industrial and commercial applications for controlling speed of the motors. The inverter is primarily used in solar energy systems and wind turbine systems. In electric aircraft and electric vehicles (EV). it is used in high-voltage DC (HVDC) transmission.