Rise of Modern Science and Technology (1895-1945) PDF

RISE OF MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LESSON 6 Learning Objectives At the end of this topic, students should be able to: 1. Understand key contributors and their impact 2. Grasp major scientific and technological breakthroughs 3. Appreciate the interdisciplinary nature of progress 4. A...

RISE OF MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LESSON 6 Learning Objectives At the end of this topic, students should be able to: 1. Understand key contributors and their impact 2. Grasp major scientific and technological breakthroughs 3. Appreciate the interdisciplinary nature of progress 4. Analyze paradigm shifts and their implications Lesson 1: 1895 - 1945 Key Scientific and Technological Advancements Era Overview: A period of revolutionary scientific discoveries and technological innovations. Key Discoveries: 1895: Discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (transformed medical diagnostics). Rise of quantum mechanics and validation of theory of relativity. Discovery of antibiotics (penicillin). Development of digital computers.  Significant Contributors Marie Curie Albert Einstein Sir Alexander Fleming Groundbreaking work in radioactivity Theory of relativity Discovery of penicillin End of Era: 1945, marked by WWII’s conclusion and the beginning of the Atomic Age. MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS AND INNOVATIONS (1895-1945) New Philosophies: Logical Positivism - Emphasizes that a theory is only meaningful if it can be verified or falsified through observation or experiment. Pragmatism - Stresses practical consequences and real-world effects as essential components of meaning and truth. Discovery of Radioactivity Discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896, showing atoms could emit energy and change form Foundation for nuclear physics and the concept of half- life. Enabled advancements in nuclear medicine and medical imaging with significant applications in industry and medicine. Invention of the Airplane (1903) Wright brothers revolutionized transportation with the first successful airplane. Made long-distance travel faster and more feasible, connecting the world. Significant military applications in WWI and WWII (reconnaissance, bombing, transport). Laid the foundation for modern commercial aviation and air freight industries. Development of the Automobile Duryea brothers designed the first successful American gasoline car (1893). Henry Ford’s Model T (1908) and mass production revolutionized the automobile industry, making cars affordable and accessible. WWII: Automakers like Willys produced military vehicles (Jeeps), setting the stage for post-war automotive industry growth. Impact: Transformed urban development, travel, and global economy. Quantum Mechanics Explains atomic and subatomic phenomena. Concepts like superposition and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle revolutionized physics. Foundation for modern technology (computers, medical imaging). Antibiotics Paul Ehrlich coined "Magic Bullets" (targeting bacteria without harming the host). 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, significantly reducing bacterial disease mortality. Development of Radar and Sonar Radar - Remote sensing system using electromagnetic waves to detect objects and obstacles. Originated from Heinrich Hertz's experiments on electromagnetic radiation in the late 1880s. Developmental work began in earnest in the 1930s, And the significant breakthrough in 1939 with the invention of the cavity magnetron by John Randall and Harry Boot. Sonar - Remote sensing system using acoustic waves to detect objects underwater, Particularly for icebergs and submarines.And it is developed as a "hydrophone" by Paul Langevin and Constantin Chilowsky after the Titanic disaster. Developments in Energy Production and Distribution Electricity Pioneers Benjamin Franklin: Conducted experiments with electricity, contributing to our understanding of its nature. Alessandro Volta: Invented the voltaic pile, a precursor to modern batteries, providing a reliable source of electricity. Michael Faraday: Discovered electromagnetic induction, the principle behind the generation of electricity. Developments in Energy Production and Distribution Nuclear Power Discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn in 1939. First nuclear fission reactor by Enrico Fermi in 1942. First nuclear electrical power in Idaho,USA, in 1951. Geothermal Power First geothermal power plant in New Zealand in 1958. Developments in Energy Production and Distribution Revolutionized Energy Sector New methods for energy generation and distribution. Foundation for future advancements in renewable and non-renewable sources. Modern Computer Science Alan Turing is often considered the Father of Modern Computer Science. His pioneering work shaped the field of computer science. His significant contributions spanned from 1895 to 1945. He invented Universal Turing Machine, an abstract computing machine, which serves as a fundamental model for digital computers. Alan Turing's research on powerful computers and problems like the halting problem remains influential. And his work influence on modern AI reaserch. The Manhattan Project To harness nuclear energy in a controlled way, leading to the development of the atomic bomb. Involved some of the world's leading scientists. The atomic bombs developed were used in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending World War II. The Size of the Universe The discovery of the universe's expansion marked a significant shift in cosmological understanding.Before this discovery, the prevailing view was that the universe was static and unchanging. The expansion of the universe has profound implications for understanding its past, present, and future.Leading to the development of the Big Bang theory and ongoing research into dark matter and dark energy The Size of the Universe KEY DEVELOPMENTS General Relativity -Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity predicted the expansion of the universe. Extragalactic Redshift - Vesto Slipher detected redshift in the light from distant galaxies. Hubble's Law - Edwin Hubble correlated redshift with distance, confirming the universe's expansion.  PIONEERS OF MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS MARIE SKLODOWSKA CURIE A polish-born french scientist She discovered two radioactive elements, Radium and Polonium Her work laid the foundation for the development of X-rays for medical diagnostics ALBERT EINSTEIN A german- born physicist, best known for his theory of relativity and his equation E=mc. His work solved the problem of reconciling mechanics with electromagnetism and provided a new understanding of the concepts of space, time, mass, and energy. SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING A Scottish bacteriologist, he discovered penicillin. His discovery solved the problem of finding a potent antibacterial agent that started the antibiotic revolution. WERNER KARL HEISENBERG A German physicist made significant contributions to quantum mechanics. Solved the problem of how to reconcile quantum mechanics with classical physics. LINUS PAULING An American theoretical physical chemist. made significant contributions to the fields of chemistry, biochemistry, and peace studies. He is best known for chemical bonding. He also introduced the concept of electronegativity, a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond. ALAN MATHISON TURING An English mathematician and computer scientist, he is often considered the father of modern computer science. He developed the Turing Machine. OSWALD THEODORE AVERY Canadian – born American bacteriologist He helped ascertain that DNA is the substance responsible for heredity His discovery solved the problem of identifying the molecular basis of genetics NIELS BOHR Danish physicist, made contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory First to apply the quantum concept to the problem of atomic and molecular structure His work solved the problem of understanding the structure of atoms and how electrons inhabit energy levels ERNEST O. LAWRENCE American physicist, is known for his work on nuclear physics and his invention of the cyclotron His work solved the problem of accelerating particles to high energies and use in many applications, including medical diagnostic and treatment ENRICO FERMI Italian Physicist, created the world’s first nuclear reactor. He made significant contributions to the development of statistical mechanics, quantum theory, and nuclear and particle physics. ROBERT H. GODDARD American Engineer, professor, physicist, and inventor, is credited with creating and building the worlds first liquid- fueled rocket. His work solved the problem of how to propel objects into space ARTHUR KORN German – born inventor Korn made significant contribution to the development of fax technology. His work solved the problem of transmitting images over long distances. Which advanced the communication technology during that time. THANK YOU