Lessons 4-9.pdf

Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 445 f. A forecast of the squad’s next lesson on this subject. Rifle Lesson 4. Cleaning and Maintenance Instructors Notes 1-104. Aim. To teach cleaning and maintenance of the rifle. a. The contents and use of the maintenance kit. b. Cleaning a...

Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 445 f. A forecast of the squad’s next lesson on this subject. Rifle Lesson 4. Cleaning and Maintenance Instructors Notes 1-104. Aim. To teach cleaning and maintenance of the rifle. a. The contents and use of the maintenance kit. b. Cleaning and maintenance: (1) On camp and in the detachment. (2) When in a harbour or a patrol base. (3) When firing. 1-105. Timings. Two 40-minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-106. Method. A basic indoor or outdoor lesson. 1-107. Stores. Rifle fitted with iron sight and sling 1 per cadet/CFAV Magazines 2 per cadet/CFAV Maintenance Kit 1 per cadet/CFAV Table optional Pointer 1 Oil and cleaning materials as required Ground Sheets optional 1-108. Preparation. Ensure that: a. Maintenance kits are complete and under chairs (see Fig 1-37). b. There is sufficient oil and prepared flannelette for squad use. 1-109. Miscellaneous. This lesson should be broken into two phases. The first phase should cover cleaning in a detachment environment and in patrol base or harbour location. The second phase deals with cleaning and maintenance for range work and dry training; this should also be repeated after the cadet’s first Live Firing and Exercise. Preliminaries 1-110. Safety Precautions. Normal. Explain that stripping the rifle in any other sequence than taught in Rifle Lesson 2 is only to be carried out when directed by a qualified Adult SAAI. 1-111. Revision. Stripping and assembling. Leave rifles and one magazine stripped at the end. Introduction 1-112. Explain: It is a cadet’s duty to maintain the weapon when issued. The cleaning and maintenance regime will vary depending on the location, be it in detachment or range work and dry training. This lesson deals with how to clean the Cadet GP Rifle. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-46 Conduct of the Lesson The Maintenance Kit 1-113. Contents (see Fig 1-38). Explain and indicate: The maintenance kit consists of the following: a. Oil Bottle c. Two Piece Cleaning Rod e. Cleaning Rod Handle g. Barrel extension Cleaner i. Combination Tool k. Chamber/Barrel Extension Brush b. Muzzle Cover d. GP Wire Brush f. GP Soft Brush h. Pull Through j. Bore Brush l. Gas Block Brush Fig 1-38. The Maintenance Kit 1-114. Lack of lubrication of the weapon is the greatest cause of stoppages. Failure to keep a serviceable maintenance kit compounds the problem. Special attention should be made to keeping oil bottles full. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 447 1-115. Confirm by questions. a b c f a. Gas Cylinder Reamer b. Cleaning Rod Spanner c. Gas Vent Reamer Point d. SUSAT Zeroing Spanner e. Screwdriver (1. Iron Sight Locating Stud 2. SUSAT Direction Zero) f. Gas Plug Reamer g. Gas Regulator Adjustment / Iron Sight Adjustment h. Screwdriver - Iron Sight Fig 1-39. The Combination Tool Cleaning the Component Parts. 1-116. Explain and Demonstrate: AC 71807-C Aug 23 d e g h Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only a. 4-48 The cleaning rod is used only in conjunction with the chamber brush. The sections of rod screw together to form a rigid unit with a handle. If at any time the sections do not form a close, smooth joint they are not to be used. The flat surfaces in the rod fit into the combination tool which can be used to unscrew the rod. b. The bore brush is only to be used to clean the bore; oil is to be app- lied to assist in removing fouling and stains from within the bore. It can only be attached to the pull-through; when used it is only to be drawn from the chamber end of the barrel. c. The chamber/barrel extension brush is not to be used for any other purpose than cleaning the chamber and barrel extension. It is only to be used with the cleaning rod. d. The pull-through can be used to draw a swab or the bore brush thro- ugh the barrel; it must first be unravelled and stretched to remove any kinks. A swab can be fitted, folded in half/lengthways into the eyelet an equal amount of swab should protrude either side. e. Swabs are mainly used to clean and lubricate the bore. They are 45mm x 45mm if they are any larger than they may jam in the barrel. They may also be used for general cleaning. f. The carbon removing pad’s main purpose is to remove any carbon fouling after firing; they can also be used with oil to remove rust. They are not to be used on the black parkerised coated parts of the weapon as they will remove it. g. The general purpose of the soft brush is used to clean dust and dirt from the internal areas of the weapon, in particular the TMH. h. The gas block brush is used to clean carbon deposits from inside the gas block. It may also be used to assist in cleaning the inside of the gas cylinder. It is not to be used for functions fulfilled by the GP wire brush. i. The toothbrush-like general purpose wire brush is used to clean any gas affected parts for which no specific item of the kit is provided. It is most effective on carbon after heavy deposits have first been scraped off using a part of the combination tool. The removal of burn marks around the gas vent areas and final clean are still best achieved by the use of the carbon removal pads. j. The barrel extension cleaner (a disposable foam swab) is used to clean/ lubricate inside the difficult to clean barrel extension, it can also be used to clean/lubricate other difficult to reach areas. 1-117. Confirm by questions. Frequency of Cleaning and Maintenance. 1-118. Explain: The frequency of cleaning and maintenance of a weapon should be decided by its use. For instance, if it has been in an armoury and not fired or used in dry training there will be no need to strip the weapon down. A surface clean and pull-through of the barrel AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 449 followed by re-lubrication would suffice. If the cleanliness of a weapon is in doubt, then it must be stripped, inspected and those parts requiring cleaning, cleaned. Levels of Cleaning and Maintenance 1-119. Explain. The level of cleaning and maintenance to be carried out will depend upon the situation. It is important for commanders and cadets to understand what these are: a. Camp/Detachment. The camp/detachment clean should be used by the cadet between training exercises to bring their weapon back up to the highest standards possible. This is achieved by cleaning and inspection at appropriate intervals as directed by commanders and supported by local armourers. As stores and equipment support are more readily available, replacement parts and maintenance should not be a problem. Excessive cleaning should be avoided as this could lead to excess wear and breakage of parts. b. Harbour or Patrol Base. In a harbour position or patrol base, all cleaning of weapons and magazines should be carried out using the buddy-buddy system. Although there is no time limit, swift and practiced drills are required that ensure all parts including the magazines are cleaned, inspected for serviceability and well lubricated on reassembling. All faults should be reported up the chain straight away so that replacement or repair action can be initiated. This should also be the time to use the resupply chain for refilling oil bottles, replacing worn cleaning equipment and obtaining more flannelette. c. Firing. See paragraph 1-125. Cleaning and Maintenance in Camp or Detachment 1-120. Cleaning. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: To clean, carry out the following: a. Ensure that the weapon is unloaded and stripped as taught. b. Use the GP soft brush to remove any loose fouling or debris from the weapon and its components. c. With a piece of lightly oiled flannelette clean the outside of the weapon then wipe dry. d. Fit the chamber/barrel extension brush to the cleaning rod and insert it into the chamber ensuring that the brass flange at the rear of the brush is up against the rear face of the barrel extension, oil can be applied to the brush to assist in cleaning. Using a clockwise rotating action dislodge any fouling and debris. If the weapon is held muzzle pointing up, the fouling will fall out when the brush is removed. Remove the brush, wrap a flannelette patch around the bristles and reinsert it for a final clean. If necessary, use the barrel extension cleaner to remove any residue left. e. Using the barrel extension cleaner, clean the fouling from inside the barrel extension. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-50 f. Using the GP soft brush and flannelette, clean the inside of the body. g. Wipe clean the piston, the gas cylinder, and the gas plug. Carbon fouling is removed by the GP wire brush, gas block cleaning brush and reamers on the combination tool which will be practiced after the introductory Shoot. h. Pull the barrel through with a well lubricated bore brush. Then pull it through a number of times alternating between dry and oily swabs. i. Examine the barrel for cleanliness. To do this hold it up towards the light about 150mm away from the head, muzzle to the eye; keep both eyes open and follow the lands and grooves throughout their length. j. If needed clean the barrel again. If after a thorough cleaning the barrel does not appear to be clean or there is something unusual apparent show it to an CFAV. k. Gas parts should be cleaned with the issued brushes together with an oily carbon removing pad. In addition, the reamers on the combination tool should be used to clean: (see Fig 1-39) (1) The gas plug ports using the gas port reamer. (2) The gas plug bore using the gas plug reamer. (3) The gas cylinder using the gas cylinder reamer. l. Dry clean the whole of the weapon and examine it for any damage. m. Magazines should be stripped and dry-cleaned. Abrasive materials should not be used, i.e., Scotchbrite, as this will remove the coating on the magazine body. 1-121. Confirm by questions and practice. 1-122. Inspection for Damage. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: Prior to lubricating the weapon inspect, with the assistance of an CFAV, the following for any damage: a. b. Bolt and Carrier. (1) Bolt. Cracks or fractures, especially in the cam stud recess area. (2) Firing Pin. Bent, cracked, blunted. (3) Cam Stud. Cracked or chipped. (4) Firing Pin Retaining Pin. Bent or badly worn. (5) Extractor/Ejector. Check the extractor and ejector for chipped or broken edges in the area of the lip that engages the cartridge rim. (6) Recoil Rod Assembly. Check the springs are not bent or damaged and the recoil rod and control rods are not damaged or loose. (7) Cocking Handle. Check for cracks or fractures and that the pin is not bent or damaged. TMH. Check the TMH for damage or wear. Pay particular attention to the bolt release catch and the safety catch. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 451 c. The Body. Check for damage or wear. d. The Gas System. (1) The Piston and spring. Check for cracks or fractures. Ensure the spring is not bent or damaged. (2) The Gas Plug. Check for cracks or fractures. Check that the plunger operates freely and is not bent. (3) Gas Cylinder. Check for any cracks or fractures particularly around the area of the gas escape holes. e. f. g. Magazines. (1) The magazine lips. Are they distorted or bent? (2) The body of the magazine. Is it dented? (3) The platform. Is it distorted or dented? (4) The spring. Is it loose, distorted or stretched? Ammunition. (1) Is it clean? (2) Is it dry? (3) Are any rounds damaged? If any damage or excess wear is found the weapon should be taken initially to a Cadet Force Adult Volunteer for confirmation and then to the armourer for remedial action. Any faulty/damaged ammunition is to be exchanged. 1-123. Lubrication. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: For normal daily use lubricate the weapon as follows (see Fig 1-40): a. TMH. Lubricate the outside of the TMH. Place a few drops of oil on the safety catch, front locking pin, magazine release catch, and holding opening device. Move them a few times to spread the lubrication. Place a few drops of oil on the springs in the trigger mechanism. b. Body. Lubricate the inside and outside of the body. Using the swab and a drop of oil lubricate the barrel extension. Oil the barrel and chamber, place a few drops of oil on rear locking pin and move it a few times to spread the lubrication. Place some oil on the cocking guide. c. Bolt and Carrier. Lubricate the firing pin and firing pin recess in the bolt, cam stud area and the outside of the bolt body. Place a few drops of oil under the ejector and move it a few times to spread the lubrication. Lubricate the base of the bolt carrier. Lightly lubricate the cocking handle. Lubricate the recoil rod assembly. d. The Gas System. Lubricate the gas piston spring, gas plug and gas cylinder. e. Magazines. Lubricate the inside spring. Wipe down the outside with a slightly oily cloth. 1-124. Confirm by practice. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-52 Fig 1-40. Lubrication Chart Cleaning and Maintenance in a Harbour or Patrol Base. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 453 1-125. General. Explain: Whilst in the field, the priority is to ensure that the rifle functions correctly and not that every speck of dirt or carbon is removed. 1-126. Sequence. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad Imitating: Whilst in a harbour or patrol base, commanders will decide on the number of weapons to be cleaned at any one time. The following is the regime in order of priority: a. Unload, then cock the weapon, and engage the holding opening catch. b. Using the barrel extension cleaner and oil, clean and liberally lubricate the barrel extension, the face of the bolt, the locking splines and the chamber. c. Remove the muzzle cover or if fitted BFA; pull the barrel through with a lubricated swab, then a dry one. Replace the muzzle cover or BFA ensuring that it is correctly fitted. Allow the working parts to go forward. Do not operate the trigger. d. Remove the TMH, dust the TMH with the brush GP and a piece of flannelette. Liberally lubricate the safety catch, holding opening device and trigger mechanism. e. Inside the upper receiver liberally lubricate the recoil rods, return spring guide rail, and bolt carrier. f. Replace the TMH, conduct the function test then reload. g. Open the top cover; remove the piston, cylinder, and gas plug. Remove any large carbon deposits then re-lubricate and assemble. 1-127. Confirm by questions and practice. Range Work, Dry Training and Blank Firing 1-128. Explain: For range work and blank firing the procedures below are to be followed: a. Before Firing. The weapon should already be clean from being previously cleaned in the detachment/camp or the harbour area/patrol base. Inspect the rifle to determine if it requires additional lubrication, if so, re-lubricate as previously taught. b. During Firing. Whilst firing, if any opportunity exists, lubricate as for cleaning and maintenance regime in a harbour or patrol base. c. After Firing. As soon as possible after any firing, a light film of oil should be applied to all gas affected parts. If possible, the oil should be allowed to work on the rifle for a minimum of 30 minutes after which daily cleaning should be carried out. 1-129. Confirm by questions. Adverse Conditions 1-130. The Effect on Small Arms. Explain: The types of weather conditions encountered and their effects on the rifle must be understood so they can be effectively dealt with. a. Heat. This might take the form of a number of differing effects: (1) Overheating can occur quicker if the temperature rises. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only b. (2) 4-54 Weapon accuracy may alter during the day due to temperature variations. (3) Metal parts may become extremely hot and uncomfortable to hold. Heavy Rain. Rust may form quickly. 1-131. Cleaning in Adverse Conditions. Explain: a. Heavy Rain and Damp Conditions. Inspect frequently for rust and remove it as normal. Liberally lubricate the weapon with oil. b. Dry, Sandy, or Dusty Conditions. In such conditions the rifle must be kept dry; this will be best achieved by sweating it in the sun and wiping off any exuding oil. If rust appears remove it as normal but take care to remove any oil that may have been used. Occasionally empty magazines and tip out any grit. Do the same with the TMH, firstly removing it from the rifle, but only when ordered to do so. c. Immersion in Water. If the rifle should become immersed in water, the following should be carried out prior to attempting to fire: (1) Unload the weapon. (2) Remove the muzzle cap or BFA if fitted. (3) Cock the weapon, engage the holding opening catch. (4) With the rifle held vertically it should be shaken vigorously several times up and down. 1-132. Confirm by questions and practice. Conclusion 1-133. End of Lesson Drill. a. Questions from the squad on the entire lesson. b. Confirm by questions and practice as time permits and replenish the lubricants and cleaning materials as necessary. c. Safety Precautions. Normal. d. Pack kit. e. Summary. To include the following: (1) The importance of carrying out thorough maintenance and reporting the fact if anything unusual is suspected. (2) The need to use the cleaning equipment correctly and, in particular to use the correct size of flannelette. (3) A reminder that stripping must only be carried out for a purpose, such as cleaning and maintenance. The rifle must never be stripped further than taught; to do so is dangerous. f. A forecast of the squad’s next lesson on this subject. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 455 Rifle Lesson 5. Holding and Aiming in the Prone Position (1st, 2nd, and 3rd Marksmanship Principles) Instructors Notes 1-134. Aim. To teach the cadet to hold the rifle correctly in the prone position and aim correctly. a. Adopting the prone position. b. Holding and breathing. c. Adjusting for eye relief and aiming. 1-135. Timings. Two 40-minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-136. Method. A basic instructional lesson, preferably outdoors. 1-137. Stores. Rifle fitted with iron sight and sling 1 per cadet/CFAV Magazines 2 per cadet/CFAV Magazine platform depressors 1 per magazine Figure Targets/Representative Figure Targets as required Aiming Aids 1 per cadet/CFAV Screwdriver/combination tool 1 per instructor Landscape Target optional Ground Sheets optional 1-138. Preparation. a. Instructors should have a thorough knowledge of the Marksmanship Principles. Such knowledge will allow instructors to correct faults effectively and to offer sound advice to improve cadets’ marksmanship skills. b. If the lesson is to be taken outdoors put targets at 100 metres or position representative targets. c. If the lesson has to be taken indoors, sufficient floor space must be provided so that cadets can build up their positions correctly with representative targets positioned. d. Until correct eye relief has been established ensure that all Iron Sights are moved fully forward on the sight mount. e. Position, or issue, all the stores required by each cadet. 1-139. Miscellaneous. a. The rifle is designed to be fired from the right shoulder only. Even if a cadet has their left eye as their master eye, the cadet is to be trained to aim using their right eye. To determine if the right eye is the master eye focus on an object with both eyes open and then point at that object with the index finger. Close the left eye and if the index finger remains pointing at the object the right eye is the master eye. Repeat this process with the right eye and if the index finger remains pointing at the object the left eye is the master eye. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-56 b. Firing from the prone position with the magazine rested is taught and practiced during this lesson and referred to as the prone supported position. Firing in the prone position without resting the magazine is referred to as the prone unsupported position. Firing from the prone supported position is to be encouraged, especially when firing from longer ranges. However, instructors/coaches should ensure that the prone unsupported position is mastered and practiced prior to adopting the prone supported position. c. Eye Relief. Rifles are of a standard length. The Iron Sight is adjusted so the optimum eye relief can be achieved. 1-140. Cadets are to be closely supervised when carrying out adjustments for eye relief. Preliminaries 1-141. Safety Precautions. Normal. 1-142. Fit platform depressors to all magazines. Identify the master eye. 1-143. Revision. a. Loading, ready, make safe and unload. Leave the weapons loaded. b. Question cadets on the marksmanship principles if previously taught. Introduction 1-144. Explain: It is essential that cadets are capable of firing their rifle accurately under all conditions. This can best be achieved if the cadet understands and applies the marksmanship principles: a. The position and hold must be firm enough to support the weapon. b. The weapon must point naturally at the target without undue physical effort. c. Sight alignment and the sight picture must be correct. d. The shot must be released and followed through without undue disturbance to the position. 1-145. The application of these principles demands concentration, combined with a determination to shoot well. This lesson covers the first three of these principles. The fourth is covered in the next lesson. Conduct of the Lesson The Prone Unsupported Position 1-146. Explain. The basic shooting position is the prone unsupported position since it gives the firer best support, presents a small target to the enemy and is the least tiring. The firer may adopt variations of this position depending on their height and build however the chosen position must provide maximum support. 1-147. Explain and Demonstrate: On the command “Prone Position Down” AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 457 a. Maintain a firm grip with the right hand, ensure the weapon does not come into contact with the ground, and keep the weapon pointing in a safe direction and lie down. b. Hold the rifle with the left hand on the handguard and the right hand on the pistol grip, forefinger outside the trigger guard. Tilt the weapon to the left, this is known as the ‘Rest’ position. c. To aid with target alignment, place the feet together, heels uppermost, move position until the body and rifle are roughly aligned onto the target. Then adopt either of the leg positions. (1) Cadets are to be encouraged to try both positions to find which best suits them. (2) Whichever position is chosen the body must be relaxed to avoid muscle tremors. d. Leg Position 1 (see Fig 1-41). Maintaining the alignment onto the target, open the legs until the feet are approximately shoulder’s width apart and feel comfortable. The feet should now be positioned with the toes pointing outwards and the inside of the heels flat on the ground. This position will ensure that the right side of the body, including the whole of the right leg is immediately behind the rifle, ensuring maximum support and reducing the effect of recoil. Fig 1-41. Leg Position 1 e. Leg Position 2 (see Fig 1-42). Adjust the body so that it is slightly angled to the left of the line of fire. Open the legs so that the left leg is on the same line as the body, the leg muscles relaxed, and the toes turned inwards. Bend the right leg, drawing it up to form a continuation of the line of fire, the right foot pointing outwards with the heel on the ground. This position will lift the chest higher off the ground, taking the pressure off the diaphragm. 1-148. On the word of command “stand up”, maintain a firm Fig 1-42. Leg Position 2 grip with the right hand on the pistol grip. Ensure that no part of the rifle comes into contact with the ground, stand up and adopt the loaded position. 1-149. Confirm by practice. Holding in the Prone Unsupported Position (9 key point check list) 1-150. In order to achieve a firm position that will support the rifle it is recommended that instructors teach cadets to run through a checklist of the 9 key points that form the shooting position and firing the shot. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-58 a. Leg position. b. Butt position. c. Left hand grip. d. Left elbow position. e. Right hand grip. f. Right elbow position. g. Head position. h. Relaxation in position. i. Breathing. 1-151. Explain and Demonstrate: (see Fig 1-41). Order “Down” then “Ready”: a. Legs. Adopt the preferred prone unsupported position. b. Butt. Position the butt into the shoulder and hold the rifle with both hands using a relaxed grip. Align along the barrel axis and adjust the body line until the weapon is pointing naturally towards the target. Look along the line of the barrel to check for obstructions forward of the muzzle. (1) Checking for muzzle clearance is necessary because it is possible to achieve a clear line of sight to the target and at the same time have an obstruction in front of the barrel. (2) The correct placement of the butt in the shoulder reduces the effect of recoil, helps to steady the rifle and prevents the butt from slipping during firing. The butt must not be in contact with the collar bone. c. Left Hand. The left hand is positioned under the hand guard, as far forward as comfort allows. Open the left hand fully, fingers together and rest the hand guard across the palm. Allow the fingers to close around the hand guard and without strain. The left hand should remain relaxed, with the fingers together; no attempt should be made to grip the hand guard tightly or to pull backwards. d. Left Elbow. Place the left elbow as close as possible to a central point below the weapon. This will provide maximum bone support. The hold with the left arm should be sufficiently firm enough to form a stable platform to support the weight of the weapon and maintain steadiness. e. Right Hand Grip. The right hand is the controlling hand and must grip the pistol grip firmly. To achieve this, raise the right elbow clear of the ground and open the hand. Position the web of the forefinger and thumb as high as comfortably possible on the pistol grip and directly behind it, then wrap the fingers around the grip with the forefinger outside the trigger guard. f. Right Elbow. Without disturbing the hold and without tilting the rifle, lower the right elbow to a natural position to provide support. A firm, consistent, rearward pressure must be exerted to keep the butt in its proper position in the shoulder. g. Head Position. Lower the head to place the cheek lightly onto the cheek AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 459 piece. It is important to place the cheek at the same spot each time the position is taken. This allows the firer to achieve consistent and correct eye relief. With the head in this position the right eyebrow should be 25 mm or more from the aperture to give correct eye relief (see Fig 1-45). h. Relaxation. The cadet must learn to relax in the firing position, failure to do so will result in muscle strain and subsequent movement of the rifle and aim picture. This will be achieved with practice; however, a conscious effort must be made to relax but without disturbing the alignment of the rifle to the target area. i. Breathing. Breathing is covered in detail during Rifle Lesson 6. 1-152. Confirm by practice. (Remind cadets to run through the ‘9 key point checklist’ as they build up their position), break squad into pairs to use Master Pupil. Prone Supported Position (Magazine Rested) 1-153. Explain and demonstrate (see Fig 1-44). Firing from the prone supported position involves resting the magazine on the ground or cover. This offers excellent, sustainable support with little effort on the part of the firer. It eliminates the need for strict breath control, especially when firing quickly. It also aids accurate rapid fire as the sight barely moves from the POA. Firing from this position will also reduce the size of the target that the firer presents to the enemy. Care must be taken to ensure that the position affords adequate muzzle clearance. 1-154. Explain and Demonstrate: a. b. Either: (1) Adopt the prone unsupported position already taught. (2) Once the position and hold are correct, move the elbows outwards until the magazine is in contact with the ground. (3) Care must be taken to ensure that there are no loose stones beneath the magazine. Or: (1) Rest the magazine on the ground first ensuring that there are no loose stones beneath it. (2) Move the body up to the rifle to ensure good contact with the butt and build up the position following the key point checklist. 1-155. Confirm by practice (Remind to use 9 point check list) AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-60 Fig 1-43. The Prone Unsupported Position Fig 1-44. The Prone Supported Position (Magazine Rested) Eye Relief Adjustment - Iron Sight. 1-156. Explain and Demonstrate: To adjust the Iron Sights to obtain correct eye relief: a. Loosen the retaining screws. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 461 b. Unscrew the locating stud and slide the sight unit forward or back- ward. c. Adjust so that the locating stud is located in the hole in the sight rail that gives the best possible eye relief of 25mm (see Fig 1-45). If wearing glasses this is from the end of lens. d. It is important that the locating stud is always located in one of the holes in the sight rail, as damage can occur if the stud is tightened on to the sight rail. e. Tighten the retaining screws. f. Fine adjustment to obtain optimum eye relief can be achieved by moving the position of the head on the check piece. This will ensure a consistent position is achieved. g. The individual setting of the locating stud should be noted by each cadet and recorded by the SAAI. 1-157. Confirm by practice after adjustment (if necessary), leaving the sights correctly positioned. (Instructors are to check each cadet’s eye relief before moving on). 25mm Fig 1-45. Correct Eye Relief Aiming 1-158. Where to Aim. Explain and Demonstrate using diagrams, landscape and figure targets (see Fig 1-46): a. In the early stages of shooting training a white patch is superimposed on the target. Always aim at the bottom centre of the patch. Initially it serves as a defined Point of Aim (POA) for grouping practices. Later, the patch will be used as a datum point for zeroing. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-62 b. When engaging targets without a patch, select a POA that will apply fire to the target centre. c. A target may be located by muzzle flash, smoke, or movement. When engaging a large target such as a hedgerow, the section commander may indicate an enemy position or positions. In every case select the POA that will apply fire to the target. d. The influence of wind and other factors can affect the fall of shot. It may be necessary to aim away from the centre of the target to attain a central hit. Covered in more detail in Rifle Lesson 10. 1-159. How to Aim - Iron Sight. Explain and Demonstrate using sight picture diagrams (see Fig 1-46): Aiming with the iron sights can never become instinctive, though practice can induce speed. Above all it requires concentration to achieve sight alignment together with the correct aim picture, this is a four-point-relationship between the eye, the centre of the aperture, tip of the foresight and the POA on the target (Remembered by the mnemonic EA-S-T). a. Align the body and rifle onto the target area as taught. b. Position the head to gain correct eye relief. c. Close the left eye. Then look through the centre of the aperture and centralise the tip of the foresight on the POA and in the aperture. Ensure the foresight is upright and clearly in focus. d. It may be necessary to move the head slightly in order to achieve the correct sight alignment; once it is achieved the position of the head must remain unchanged. e. Maintaining this alignment, focus the tip of the foresight blade onto the selected POA to complete the aim picture. It should be noted the POA on the target will become blurred. f. During aiming it is necessary to switch focus between the foresight and POA to maintain the correct aim picture; however, focus must be on the foresight immediately before firing. 1-160. Confirm by question and practice. Allow the squad to use aim diagrams to illustrate their answers. Give practice in central aiming and aiming up/down, left/right on figure and natural targets. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 463 Fig 1-46. Correct Aim Pictures Testing and Adjusting in the Prone Position 1-161. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: Order “Down” then “Ready”. a. On adopting a firing position, the cadet must align the body and rifle onto the target as previously taught and practiced. (1) Before the first or subsequent shots are fired it is essential that fine adjustments are made to the body position to ensure that the rifle points naturally along the intended line of fire. (2) Natural alignment can be checked by obtaining the correct aim picture, closing both eyes, taking several deep breaths and then reopening the firing eye. The aim picture will now reflect where the weapon is naturally pointing. (3) Adjustments must be made by moving the lower part of the body. Apart from holding and supporting the rifle correctly the hands and arms remain passive. There must be no pushing, pulling, or lifting of the arms to force the rifle onto the POA. b. To finalise the position: AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-64 (1) It is essential that the weapon is held correctly, and the head and body are correctly positioned. (2) Keep the arms passive and adjust the body position until the aim is correct. Numerous small movements may be necessary to achieve this, including slight movement of the legs or feet. (3) Adjustments for elevation are made by moving the body forwards or back. Do not move the elbows. (4) For lateral adjustments move the lower body left or right. Remember to keep the arms passive and avoid moving the left elbow. (5) Confirmation of correct alignment can be gained by watching the vertical movement of the foresight whilst breathing, which should be directly through the POA. Errors will be shown by diagonal movement across the POA. 1-162. Confirm by practice. Conclusion 1-163. End of Lesson Drill. a. Questions from the squad on the entire lesson. b. Confirm by questions and practice as time permits. c. Safety Precautions. Normal. d. Pack kit. e. Summary. To include the following: (1) The importance of accurate, consistent aiming, together with firm and correct holding. (2) The need to achieve correct eye relief by moving the position of the head or by correct positioning of the sight. (3) Every attempt must be made to relax and achieve consistency when firing; to that end always run through the ‘‘9 key point checklist’ when building up a firing position. f. A forecast of the squad’s next lesson on this subject. Rifle Lesson 6. Firing in the Prone Position (4th Marksmanship Principle) Instructors Notes 1-164. Aim. To teach how to fire the weapon in the prone position by combining the four marksmanship principles. a. Breathing control. b. Deliberate trigger operation. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 465 c. Follow through and declaration. d. Continuous trigger operation. 1-165. Timings. Two 40-minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-166. Method. A basic instructional lesson suitable for indoors or outdoors. 1-167. Stores. Rifle fitted with iron sight and sling 1 per cadet/CFAV Magazines 2 per cadet/CFAV Magazine platform depressors 1 per magazine Figure Targets/Representative Figure Targets as required Aiming Aids 1 per cadet/CFAV (optional) Ground Sheets optional 1-168. Preparation. a. Instructors should have a thorough knowledge of the Marksmanship Principles. Such knowledge will allow instructors to correct faults effectively and to offer sound advice to improve cadets’ marksmanship skills. b. If the lesson is to be taken outdoors a suitable area should be selected that offers a clear line of sight of not less than 30 metres. c. Position targets at 100 metres or representative targets at a shorter distance. d. If the lesson has to be taken indoors, sufficient floor space must be provided so that cadets can build up their positions correctly. e. Position or issue all the stores required by each cadet. f. Divide the squad into groups of two. When practising, one fires, the other cocks the rifle by hand. This simulates weapon recoil and enables the firer to operate the trigger of a cocked weapon each time they fire. 1-169. Miscellaneous. a. The cadet can only be taught to shoot properly on a range. However, in this lesson the techniques and procedures required to achieve correct shot release can be covered without the cadet worrying about the effect of firing a round. b. The initial teaching and practice of breath control and trigger operation is best done seated using a talk through of the process, followed by practice in the prone position. The sequential method of practice adds another element of firing the shot until all are confirmed together. c. Correct eye relief is essential; the instructor is to ensure during revision that the sights are correctly positioned on the sight rail prior to carrying out any practical aiming confirmation. d. When demonstrating the instructor should always use one of the squad to assist them by re-cocking the rifle. e. During the drills where a live round would normally be ejected, the cadets are to simulate picking up the ejected round. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-66 f. This lesson should be revised before any live firing. Preliminaries 1-170. Safety Precautions. Normal, fit magazine platform depressors. 1-171. Check correct eye relief. 1-172. Demonstrate the use of an assistant to re-cock the rifle. 1-173. Revision. Revise the practical application of the first three marksmanship principles, using the prone unsupported and prone rested positions. Weapons are to be unloaded on completion of revision. a. Check the cadets have the sight positioned for the correct eye relief. b. Check the cadets are using the ‘9 key point checklist’. Introduction 1-174. Explain: This lesson combines the first three marksmanship principles with the fourth: ‘The shot must be released and followed through without undue disturbance to the position’ If this is not carried out correctly, accuracy will be affected. This lesson deals with the technique that the cadet is required to apply in order to put into effect that principle; it also combines the four marksmanship principles so that they will achieve correct shot release and hit the target. A. Conduct of the Lesson Firing a Shot 1-175. Explain: The shot should be fired without disturbing the aim. In order to do this the position and hold must be stable, and the weapon must point naturally at the target. Providing the rhythm of breathing is controlled and the trigger is operated smoothly, the shot will be released, and the bullet will leave the muzzle without any undue movement of the weapon. Breath Control 1-176. Explain and demonstrate, squad imitating: It is important to regulate and control the breathing during the time of shot release and to do it without strain. a. The three aspects of the breathing cycle that are important are: (1) During the normal cycle the lungs are not completely full or empty. (2) After breathing out there is a natural pause. (3) The whole cycle takes approximately five seconds. b. As a natural pause occurs after breathing out, it is logical to extend that pause to six or seven seconds to enable the shot to be released (see Fig 1-47). c. Before breath control, breathe in and out deeply to oxygenate the body. The pause must be no longer than two seconds as the natural impulse to resume breathing will affect firer concentration. If this happens resume normal breathing again and repeat the breath control. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 467 1-177. Confirm by practice, initially seated and then in the prone position to demonstrate the effect of breath control on aiming. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-68 AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 469 Trigger Operation and Follow Through 1-178. Explain and Demonstrate, the squad imitating: During the period of breath restraint the aim must be perfected, and the trigger operated smoothly to allow the shot to be fired without any alteration to the aim or to the grip of the rifle. The method of trigger operation used should be the one best suited to the situation. The following points are to be explained: a. First Pressure. Put the safety catch to Fire (F) and place the forefinger on the trigger, ensuring that the finger is not in contact with the side of the pistol grip. Take up the slack until resistance is met. It is important that this action is smooth, and the trigger is not snatched. b. Second Pressure. Continue to apply steadily increasing pressure, as long as the aim picture is correct, until the shot is fired. Pressure must be applied directly to the rear to avoid disturbing natural alignment. c. Follow Through. When the shot is fired, the trigger is held to the rear for a second or two. This should prevent any movement of the barrel caused by the firer relaxing or raising their head. 1-179. Confirm by practice. Deliberate Trigger Operation 1-180. Explain and Demonstrate: There are occasions when the cadet will have time to deliver accurate, deliberate fire. Deliberate trigger operation is used when grouping, zeroing, or applying the deliberate rate of fire: a. Put the safety catch to Fire (F). b. Place the forefinger on the trigger, ensuring that the finger is not in contact with side of the pistol grip. c. Take a few slow deep breaths and at the same time take up the first trigger pressure, perfect the aim and steadily apply increasing pressure to the trigger. d. During the extended breathing pause, apply the second pressure, as long as the aim picture is correct, until the shot is fired. If the aim picture is lost, hold the pressure, and only continue if the picture improves. e. Maintain pressure on the trigger as a part of the follow through and concentrate on the aim picture until the weapon has settled. f. Release the trigger and continue to breathe normally or repeat this deliberate process of breathing control and trigger operation. 1-181. Confirm by practice, initially seated and then in the prone position combining breath control, aiming, trigger operation and follow through, ensuring rifle is loaded and made ready, and use of assistant cockers to provide realistic trigger operation. Declaration 1-182. Explain: The process of ‘follow through’ during deliberate trigger operation, allows the firer to observe the sight picture at the moment of firing, showing any errors in shot release. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-70 As the shot is fired the recoil action causes the rifle to move slightly away from the POA and the direction of movement should be consistent. a. In training, the firer is to declare that the aim picture at the moment of firing was “correct” or “incorrect”, to their coach. Concentrating on the foresight and POA will assist in accurate declaration. If possible, the direction of error should be noted and stated, e.g., “High right” or “Low left”. b. With experience the firer will be able to note the direction of movement of the foresight and if it is not consistent with previous shots, they should inform their coach. 1-183. Confirm by questions. Continuous Trigger Operation 1-184. Explain and Demonstrate: There will be occasions when little time will be available to deliver accurate, deliberate fire. On such occasions the shots must be fired quickly and as accurately as they can under such conditions. Continuous trigger operation is used for snap shooting at opportunity targets or when firing at the rapid rate of fire. a. Put the safety catch to Fire (F). b. Place the finger on the trigger, ensuring that the finger is not in contact with the side of the pistol grip. c. On the appearance of the target quickly exhale to the point of the natural pause and take up the trigger slack. d. Extend the natural breathing pause, perfect the aim picture the best you can and apply increasing pressure on the trigger until the shot is fired. It is important not to snatch the trigger. e. Momentarily hold the pressure on the trigger as part of the follow through. Release the trigger and be ready to fire again immediately. 1-185. Confirm by practice initially seated and then in the prone position combining breath control, aiming, trigger operation, follow through and declaration (Ensure Rifle is loaded and made ready). Conclusion 1-186. End of Lesson Drill. a. Questions from the squad on the entire lesson. b. Confirm by practice as time permits. c. Safety Precautions. Normal. d. Pack kit. e. Summary. To include the following: (1) The importance of correct breath restraint when a shot is fired. (2) Correct use of the deliberate and continuous methods of trigger operation. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 471 f. (3) The need to follow through. (4) The importance of correct declaration, particularly in training. A forecast of the squad’s next lesson on this subject. Rifle Lesson 7. Firing Drills Instructors Notes 1-187. Aim. To teach types of fire and firing drills required from a cadet. a. Deliberate Fire. b. Snap shooting. c. Rapid Fire. 1-188. Timings. Two 40-minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-189. Method. A basic instructional lesson, preferably outdoors, but can be taught indoors. 1-190. Stores. Rifle fitted with iron sight and sling 1 per cadet/CFAV Magazines 2 per cadet/CFAV Magazine platform depressors 1 per magazine Figure Targets/Representative Figure Targets as required Aiming Aids 1 per cadet/CFAV (optional) Landscape Target optional Ground Sheets optional 1-191. Preparation. a. Instructors must have a thorough knowledge of the Marksmanship Principles. Such knowledge will allow instructors to correct faults effectively and to offer sound advice to improve cadets’ marksmanship skills. b. Select a suitable piece of ground if the lesson is to be taken outdoors and position targets not less than 30 metres away. 1-192. Miscellaneous. a. This Rifle Lesson deals solely with the firing drills for the different types of fire that a cadet is expected to produce. b. Magazines are to be empty and platform depressors fitted. c. Practice can be made more realistic by dividing the squad into groups of two; one is to fire while the other re-cocks the action. d. When demonstrating any firing drills, the instructor should always use one of the squad to assist them in re-cocking the rifle. e. During confirmation of snap shooting, give the commands “Up” and “Down” to signify target exposures and start off with a time limit of four seconds per shot reducing the limit according to progress. f. During confirmation of the rapid fire, start off at a rate of five rounds in 30 seconds. Increase the number of rounds or vary the time according to progress. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only g. 4-72 During final practice, divide the squad into groups and practice them in all types of firing h. At suitable stages throughout this Rifle Lesson take the opportunity and emphasise the value of good fire control and the need for effective fire, not wasteful ammunition expenditure. i. New words of command are introduced in this Rifle Lesson that will be used when the cadet fires their rifle on the range or on an exercise. It is important that these are explained to the cadet and the action that the cadet is to take on each, practice, i.e.: (1) “At the targets to your front” (2) “Go on”. (3) “Watch and Shoot”. (4) “Fire”. (5) “Rapid Fire”. (6) “Rest”. (7) “Stop”. j. For instructional purposes during the teaching of snap shooting the instructor may have to use the following commands: (1) “Targets Up” (2) “Targets Down” Preliminaries 1-193. Safety Precautions. Normal. 1-194. Fit platform depressors to all magazines. 1-195. Remind on the use of the assistant to re-cock the rifle. 1-196. Revision. Holding, aiming, and firing in the prone unsupported and prone supported positions. Leave the weapons loaded. Introduction 1-197. Explain: A cadet should be able to shoot accurately and quickly, when necessary, at a variety of targets and is required to produce different types of fire on orders from their section commander, or on their own initiative. They must be familiar with these types of fire and how to use them quickly and to best effect. Conduct of the Lesson Types of Fire 1-198. Explain: The types of fire which the cadet must be capable of producing are: AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 473 a. Deliberate. A slow rate of fire, not normally more than 10 rounds per minute. It is generally ordered after the fire fight has been won and have been suppressed in order to prevent the enemy returning aimed fire, observing, or moving. b. Snap shooting. Intermittent, opportunity shooting at targets that appear for short periods whilst moving from cover to cover. c. Rapid Fire. Rapid fire is used to win the fire fight or when the enemy is assaulting our position. Its use must be carefully controlled to conserve ammunition. With practice up to 30 aimed shots per minute at different targets can be achieved. 1-199. Confirm by questions. Deliberate Fire 1-200. Explain and Demonstrate: Order “Down” then “Ready” or give a range, then indicate a target or use “At the targets to your front” a. When the target has been indicated aim, test and adjust as previously taught. b. On the command “Fire”, put the safety catch to ‘F’, control the breathing, perfect the aim and using the deliberate trigger operation, fire and follow through. In training declare each shot. c. Raise the head and observe the target area. d. Continue firing at the deliberate rate, ensuring you keep a count of the number of rounds fired. e. On the command “Stop”, put the safety catch to Safe (S), observe the target area, and await further orders. f. On the command “Go on”, put the safety catch to Fire (F) and continue to fire at the rate ordered. 1-201. Confirm by practice. Order “Stop - Make Safe” at the end of practice. Snap Shooting 1-202. Explain: Firing at targets that show themselves for short periods only is called snap shooting. It is similar to deliberate shooting except that the cadet speeds up the sequence of firing and reduces the interval between each shot, usually firing one or two shots during each breath restraint. Instead of “Fire” the command “Watch and Shoot” is given. 1-203. Explain and Demonstrate: Order “Down” then “Ready” or give a range. Indicate a target or use “At the targets to your front” and order “Watch and Shoot”. a. Put the safety catch to Fire (F). when the target appears, using continuous trigger operation, fire quickly but with accuracy. b. Continue to fire until the target falls or goes to cover; stop firing, continue to observe the target area over the sights and be ready to fire again. c. Actions on the command “Stop”, “Go on” and the need to count rounds are as for deliberate shooting. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-74 1-204. Confirm by practice. Order “Stop - Make Safe” at the end of practice. Rapid Fire 1-205. Explain: Firing a number of shots in quick succession is called rapid fire. It is similar to snap shooting, except that the cadet may fire more rounds so that a large volume of fire will be applied to a specific target or area. When rapid fire is required, the order “Fire” is preceded by the indication “Rapid”. 1-206. Explain: It is important in rapid fire to try and fire with rhythm. This will enable breath restraint, aim perfection, trigger operation, and follow through to be performed in their correct sequence. The continuous method of trigger operation is ideally suited to rapid fire. Alternatives to breath restraint as previously taught are: a. Very shallow breathing between shots for the periods of rapid fire. b. Breath restraint covering the release of two or three shots provided that it does not cause strain. 1-207. Explain and Demonstrate: Order “Down” then “Ready” or give a range. Indicate a target or use “At the targets to your front” give the command “Rapid”. a. Put the safety catch to Fire (F) and aim at the target indicated. b. On the command “Fire”, using continuous trigger operation, fire as quickly as possible with accuracy. Change and adjust to a fresh target as each one falls. c. When covering a number of different targets within a wider arc make sure that the body is quickly realigned for each target. Keep firing until there are no more targets to engage. With experience up to 30 rounds per minute can be fired. d. Actions on hearing the command “Stop”, or “Go on”, the need to count rounds and change magazines are the same as for deliberate shooting. 1-208. Confirm by practice. Order “Stop - Make Safe” at the end of practice. Overheating 1-209. To allow the weapon to cool down during lulls in rapid or prolonged firing, cock the weapon, engage the holding open catch and check that the chamber is clear. These actions will clear a round from the chamber and allow air to circulate and help cool the chamber and barrel. The ejected round is either replaced into the magazine or put into the pouch. 1-210. If having carried out these actions the command “Go on” is given; operate the bolt release, tap forward on the cocking handle, and continue firing. 1-211. Confirm by practice. Order “Stop - Make Safe” at the end of practice. Conclusion 1-212. End of Lesson Drill. a. Questions from the squad on the entire lesson. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 475 b. Confirm by questions and practice as time permits. c. Safety Precautions. Normal. d. Pack kit. e. Summary. To include the following: f. (1) The importance of applying the sequence of firing a shot to all types of shooting. (2) Correct use of the deliberate and continuous trigger operation. A forecast of the squad’s next lesson on this subject. AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 4-76 Rifle Lesson 8. Firing from Other Positions and Use of Cover Instructors Notes 1-213. Aim. To teach the cadet how to fire from the kneeling, sitting, and standing positions, and use of cover. a. Area aiming. b. Firing from other positions. c. Firing from cover. 1-214. Timings. Two 40-minute periods (to be covered in one training session). 1-215. Method. A basic instructional lesson, preferably outdoors. 1-216. Stores. Rifle fitted with iron sight and sling 1 per cadet/CFAV Magazines 2 per cadet/CFAV Magazine platform depressors 1 per magazine Figure Targets/Representative Figure Targets as required Aiming Aids 1 per cadet/CFAV (optional) 1-217. Preparation. a. Instructors must have a thorough knowledge of the marksmanship principles. Such knowledge will allow instructors to correct faults effectively and to offer sound advice to improve cadet marksmanship skills. b. Select an area that will allow the squad to adopt the ideal kneeling, sitting and standing positions. c. Site the targets in relation to the instructional position; a clear line of sight of at least 100 metres is desirable. 1-218. Miscellaneous. a. As the positions to be taught are less stable than the prone position, it is extremely difficult to keep the weapon absolutely steady when aiming. An area aim instead of a specific point on the target has to be accepted. Instructors should however insist that this area be as small as possible. The area will decrease or increase in size in direct relation to the stability of the position, the time available to achieve shot release and the strength of the firer. b. Student must fire in each position to achieve the aim of the lesson. c. All of the magazines are to be fitted with platform depressors after the NSPs have been carried out. d. It is to be noted when live firing, that the weapon is always to be held horizontal to the ground pointing towards the target area. e. Rifles should be cocked manually by assistants during practice. Preliminaries AC 71807-C Aug 23 Handling Instructions: For MOD Cadet Forces Use Only 477 1-219. Safety Precautions. Normal, magazine platform depressors are to be fitted. 1-220. Revision. Firing in the prone unsupported and prone rested positions. Remind upon the importance of following the ‘keys points - check list’ taught in Rifle Lesson 5 and emphasise deliberate and continuous trigger operation techniques. Leave weapons loaded. Introduction 1-221. Explain: It is often impossible to engage targets from the prone position because of undergrowth, crops or cover in streets and buildings. Cadets must therefore learn to adopt and fire from other firing positions such as kneeling, sitting, and standing. Whatever position is decided upon, it must be adopted quickly, and the maximum stability and comfort achieved. Conduct of the Lesson Area Aiming 1-222. Explain using a target: As the positions to be taught are less stable than the prone position, it is difficult to keep the weapon absolutely steady when aiming. An area aim instead of a specific point on the target has to be accepted. With practice you will be able to make the area as small as possible. The size of the area will decrease or increase in direct relation to the stability of the position, the time available for shot release and the strength of the firer. 1-223. Confirm during the practice of firing from each firing position. Kneeling Position 1-224. Explain and Demonstrate, (see Fig 1-48): The kneeling position can be quickly and easily adopted particularly when advancing. It is convenient when using low cover. It provides reasonable stability and providing the knee can be suitably positioned it can be maintained for fairly lengthy periods without undue discomfort. 1-225. On the word of command “Kneeling Position, Down” a. Face half right to the line of fire. Kneeling on the right knee, keeping it well out to the right and sit on the heel or side of the foot. The boot may be positioned toecap downwards or with the forward part of the sole flat on the ground. Alternatively, the right knee may be positioned adjacent to the left foot rather than keeping it well out to the right. b. The left foot must be positioned flat on the ground with the