Lesson01c-Computer Arch - TEACHER.pdf

Lesson 1 – Computer Architecture - Introduction, handout course outline, collect course fee, check that everyone can login, discuss hardware basics. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDQROzrFD1o...

Lesson 1 – Computer Architecture - Introduction, handout course outline, collect course fee, check that everyone can login, discuss hardware basics. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDQROzrFD1o COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Let's take a look at the main components of a typical desktop computer. CD/ DVD USB SATA PCIe Your typical desktop computer is modular in nature consisting of a series of components that can be removed and replaced or up-graded. The primary components of a computer system are:   Microprocessor (CPU)  Memory  Storage devices  Input devices  Output devices  Buses The main functions of the above six main components are: Input Device:  Used to enter data into the computer (keyboard, mouse, and scanner) Output Device:  Accepts data from the CPU and produces an output (monitor, and printer) Bus:  Physical cable (could be etched into the motherboard, or a cable like IDE, or ATA) Memory:  Chip-based memory is much faster than storage devices,  Stores binary instructions and data,  Stores results of calculations from the CPU, and  Provides instructions for the CPU when requested Storage Device:  Much slower than memory,  Much larger capacity than memory,   Stores data for long term, and  Includes floppy drives, disk drives, CD-RW, DVD, etc. CPU:  Communicates with memory,  Communicates with the input and output (I/O) devices through the buses,  Controls the timing of the flow of information, and  Carries out the computations that a program might require Input (CPU) Output Devices Processing Devices Memory buses The four main processes or parts of a computer (above) Central Processing Unit (CPU)  "brain" of the computer system  speed measured in MHz or GHz Currently as of 2019 Intel i9 8 cores 16 threads Intel Xeon D 18 cores 36 threads AMD RYZEN Threadripper2 32 cores 64 threads 2019 / 2020 v  It controls most of the operations of the computer including the processing of data (just like our brain).  Consists of four main sections 1. Control Unit – responsible for information flow and regulation 2. ALU – arithmetic logic unit – responsible for logic and calculations 3. Registers – small fast data place holder to hold instructions, addresses, other bit data 4. Cache (L1 and lately L2) – L1 is primary cache, L2 is secondary cache https://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/cache-memory Today a CPU is made up of many cores. Each core is an independent processor (meaning it has its own control unit, ALU, and registers. Some cores work together and others may take on more load than others. This allows more power to run multiple programs at the same time. Some computer systems are multi CPU systems. Consider the following image i7 core magnified with an electron-microscopic (From Quora.com) What is Hyper-Threading? Hyper threading was created by Intel to attempt (virtually) parallel computations from a single core. It creates two logical CPU cores seen by the computer system even though it only has one. Therefore, the CPU pretends to have more cores than it really does and the OS is tricked into seeing double the CPU cores for every single core. The two virtual CPU cores share the same physical resources (ie. like a que for operational execution in the OS) One advantage is that if one of the virtual cores is stalled/waiting on a process, the other virtual core can use the execution resources. Speeding up overall processing time. (ie. analogous to a McDonald’s line up. If a person is waiting for their order, the cashier can go on to the next person’s order in the line) However, this benefit decreases when both virtual CPUs each require maximum access to the execution resources at the same time. Hence, actually having more cores is more efficient and powerful compared to virtual ones. Modern CPUs have/use both multiple cores with hyper threading. https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zmb9mp3/revision/2 https://www.howtogeek.com/194756/cpu-basics-multiple-cpus-cores-and-hyper-threading-explained/ CPU SoC – System on Chip Common traditional motherboard-based PC architecture separates components based on function and connects them through a central interfacing or circuit board..SoCs integrate all of these components into a single integrated circuit. ARM CORTEX based Processors (ARM – Advanced RISC Machine / Acorn RISC Machine) Issues with going 5G - putting the 5G and 4G on a giant extra chip means smartphones are going to use way more power, no matter which cell network you're connected to. 2017 2019 - https://www.techcenturion.com/smartphone-processors-ranking#nbspnbspnbspnbspBest_Processors_in_Each_Price_Segment Name Date Transistors Microns Clock  speed Data MIPS width 4004 1971 8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 bits 0.64 16 bits 8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 0.33 8-bit bus 16 80286 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 1 bits 32 80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHz 5 bits 32 80486 1989 1,200,000 1 25 MHz 20 bits 35,000 ARM6 Beginning of (Apple 1992 mobile Newton) computing 32 bits Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHz 100 64-bit bus 32 bits Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 MHz ~300 64-bit bus 32 bits Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 0.25 450 MHz ~510 64-bit bus 32 bits Pentium 4 2000 42,000,000 0.18 1.5 GHz ~1,700 64-bit bus 98% mobile ARM7 2005 phone Dual Core 2007 169,000,000 65 nm APL0098 2007 Original 412 MHz (Apple) iPhone Qualcomm 2007 Android 1GHz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple- Snapdragon designed_processors 128- https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Apple- 2.53 GHz bit have-their-phone-screens-made-by- 0.032- /3.46 GHz Intel Core I7 2010 731,000,000+ 256 – ~147,600 Samsung - latest iphones parts still made 0.045 Turbo bit by Samsung and others Boost bus ARM A9 Apple 2015 26,000,000 45 nm 1.8 GHz iPhone 5s Intel Core i9 2017 14 nm 3.3 GHz Information about this table:  The date is the year that the processor was first introduced. Many processors are re-introduced at higher clock speeds for many years after the original release date.  Transistors is the number of electronic switches on the chip. You can see that the number of transistors on a single chip has risen steadily over the years.  Microns is the width, in microns, of the smallest wire on the chip. For comparison, a human hair is 100 microns thick. As the feature size on the chip goes down, the number of transistors rises. 1 micron is 0.001 mm or 1000 microns = 1 mm.  Clock speed is the maximum rate that the chip can be clocked at.  Data Width is the width of the ALU. An 8-bit ALU can add/subtract/multiply/etc. two 8-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can manipulate 32-bit numbers. An 8-bit ALU would have to execute four instructions to add two 32-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can do it in one instruction. In many cases, the external data bus is the same width as the ALU, but not always. The 8088 had a 16-bit ALU and an 8-bit bus, while the modern Pentiums fetch data 64 bits at a time for their 32-bit ALUs.  MIPS stands for "millions of instructions per second" and is a rough measure of the performance of a CPU. Modern CPUs can do so many different things that MIPS ratings lose a lot of their meaning, but you can get a general sense of the relative power of the CPUs from this column. RISC –Reduced Instruction Set Computing Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) 1983 spins off to Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) in 1990 1980s Apple, VSLI and Acorn begin working on newer versions of ARM core. The new Apple-ARM work would eventually evolve into the ARM6, first released in early 1992. Apple used the ARM6-based ARM610 as the basis for their Apple Newton PDA The Gaming PC Smart Devices RISC –Reduced Instruction Set Computing Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) 1983 spins off to Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) in 1990 1980s Apple, VSLI and Acorn begin working on newer versions of ARM core. The new Apple-ARM work would eventually evolve into the ARM6, first released in early 1992. Apple used the ARM6-based ARM610 as the basis for their Apple Newton PDA  1999 - 2002 BlackBerry 850 This was BlackBerry's first handheld device and it sat within the two-way pager category and was the first to integrate email The BlackBerry 850 was announced in 1999 with a screen resolution of 132 x 65 pixels, a thumb keyboard and a thumbwheel for scrolling. In 2002, the more commonly known convergentsmartphone BlackBerry was released, which supports push email, mobile telephone, text messaging, Internet faxing, Web browsing and other wireless information services.  January 2007 Steve Jobs, chief executive of Apple, unveils the iPhone, which he says is "a revolutionary and magical product that is literally five years ahead of any other mobile phone". Microsoft chief executive Steve Ballmer calls it "the most expensive phone in the world". April 2007 Technology research company Gartner says that in the first three months of 2007 Microsoft's Windows Mobile had an 18% share of the smartphone market (then totalling 17m handsets). November 2007 Google announces it will offer the Android mobile operating system for free. Anyone can use it and change it. By default it uses Google services for search, email and video. Asked if there will be a Google phone, head of Android, Andy Rubin, replies: "There will be thousands of Google phones – some you like, some you don't."Microsoft's Ballmer says "We'll have to see what Google does. Right now they have a press release, we have many, many millions of customers, great software, many hardware devices, and they're welcome in our world!" October 2008 Apple announces it sold 4.7m iPhones in the summer quarter, giving it nearly 13% of the smartphone market. Research in Motion had 15%. November 2008 First Android phone, the G1, launches. It has a slide-out keyboard and limited touchscreen capability. December 2008 Microsoft decides to kill off Windows Mobile because it can't compete with the iPhone and Android, and develop Windows Phone – a completely new mobile operating system. Autumn 2009 RIM has a 20% share of the smartphone market (over 21 million) from July-September, says Gartner. Second only to Nokia's Symbian, which has 44%. By 2012, RIM had over 80 million subscribers  January 2007 Steve Jobs, chief executive of Apple, unveils the iPhone, which he says is "a revolutionary and magical product that is literally five years ahead of any other mobile phone". Microsoft chief executive Steve Ballmer calls it "the most expensive phone in the world". April 2007 Technology research company Gartner says that in the first three months of 2007 Microsoft's Windows Mobile had an 18% share of the smartphone market (then totalling 17m handsets). November 2007 Google announces it will offer the Android mobile operating system for free. Anyone can use it and change it. By default it uses Google services for search, email and video. Asked if there will be a Google phone, head of Android, Andy Rubin, replies: "There will be thousands of Google phones – some you like, some you don't."Microsoft's Ballmer says "We'll have to see what Google does. Right now they have a press release, we have many, many millions of customers, great software, many hardware devices, and they're welcome in our world!" October 2008 Apple announces it sold 4.7m iPhones in the summer quarter, giving it nearly 13% of the smartphone market. Research in Motion had 15%. November 2008 First Android phone, the G1, launches. It has a slide-out keyboard and limited touchscreen capability. December 2008 Microsoft decides to kill off Windows Mobile because it can't compete with the iPhone and Android, and develop Windows Phone – a completely new mobile operating system. Autumn 2009 RIM has a 20% share of the smartphone market from July-September, says Gartner. Second only to Nokia's Symbian, which has 44% The SoC is perhaps the most important component present in a smartphone, and some users might confuse it as being the processor of the device. However, it is far more than that; the SoC not only comprises up of the smartphone’s CPU, but GPU, LTE modem, display processor, video processor, and other bits of silicon that turn it into a functional ‘system’ in a phone Modems Image: Qualcomm Since smartphones are just phones at the end of the day, they need communication components to receive and send text messages and calls. That’s where modems come in, and every SoC manufacturer has their own brand of modems, and this includes Qualcomm, Samsung, Huawei and several others. These manufacturers are also battling it out to release the fastest and efficient category of LTE chips, so if you have come across the term Cat. 9 LTE modem, that is the fastest one out there. However, if your own cellular network does not support those level of speeds, then there’s absolutely no point of having such powerful chips present in smartphones. Still, companies are going to do their best to make sure they produce the latest and greatest chips of their desired category. https://fossbytes.com/whats-inside-smartphone-depth-look-parts-powering-everyday-gadget/ https://news.samsung.com/us/harman-and-samsung-unveil-the-future-of-connectivity-and-autonomous-driving-at-ces-2018/ Internet of Things (IoT) https://www.wareable.com/running/future-of-smart-running-shoes-340 The History of Memory  Punch Cards - series of wholes punched into specific locations - developed by Joseph Jacquard in the 1800’s for textile work - used in 1st generation computers  Vacuum Tube and Magnetic Drum Memory - vacuum tubes are cylindrical and resembled a light bulb - control the flow of electricity - uses a lot of energy and generates a lot of heat - magnetic drum storage used magnetized and demagnetized cylinders - still required a lot of mechanical movement and was therefore slow - both vacuum tube and magnetic drum were use in 1st generation  computers  Transistors and Magnetic Core Memory - transistors replaced vacuum tubes as the logic element - transistors require less energy and are much smaller than vacuum tubes - magnetic core memory replaced magnetic drum memory as the storage media - eliminated mechanical parts therefore was faster and more reliable - laid out in a grid format and had small rings that could be magnetized - much larger storage space allowing the move to high level programming languages - both transistors and magnetic core were used in 2nd generation computers  Semiconductor Memory - based on integrated circuit technology - an integrated circuit is a device that contains many electronic components on a small chip - in part physically composed of silicon or other semiconductor metals that are placed on computer chips in layers - transistors and other electronic components are etched on the individual layers - uses latches and flip-flops to store data   Secondary – consists of storage devices such as disk drives Primary memory is used to hold the data the computer is presently working on, while secondary memory stores data and programs the computer is not presently working on. When the CPU needs data from secondary memory, it reads the required information into primary memory for processing. Memory Size and Speed The two types of digital memory required by computers are:  Primary – consists of electronic memory such as RAM and ROM  Secondary – consists of storage devices such as disk drives Primary memory is used to hold the data the computer is presently working on, while secondary memory stores data and programs the computer is not presently working on. When the CPU needs data from secondary memory, it reads the required information into primary memory for processing. Primary Secondary CPU  Memory There are several specific types of memory in a computer:  Random-access memory (RAM) - Used to temporarily store information that the computer is currently working with (min. typical size 256Mb – 1Gb up to 32Gb)  Like a work area or work desk  Types of RAM – SIMM, DIMM, EDO, SDRAM, DDRAM, DDRAM2, DDRAM3, DDR4 SDRAM (from oldest to newest)  double data rate fourth generation synchronous dynamic random-access memory is the latest RAM - Samsung manufactured the first DDR4 memory console in 2011   Speed of RAM - 80, 70, 50ns (Nanoseconds)  Numbers of Pins – 30, 72, 168  Pins are made of – tin, silver or gold  Read-only memory (ROM) - A permanent type of memory storage used by the computer for important data that does not change  Basic input/output system (BIOS) - A type of ROM that is used by the computer to establish basic communication when the computer is first turned on.  Cache - The storing of frequently used data in extremely fast RAM that connects directly to the CPU  Virtual memory - Space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM as needed Memory size is quoted in bytes (1 byte equals 8 bits). The chart below shows some common terms. Term Abbreviation Approx. Size Actual Size Byte B 8 bits (this is exact) 23 = 8 bits Kilobyte K or KB 103 bytes 210 = 1 024 Megabyt M or MB 106 bytes 220 = 1 048 576 e Gigabyte G or GB 109 bytes 230 = 1 073 741 824 Terabyte T or TB 1012 bytes 240 = 1 099 511 627 776 Petabyte P or PB 1015 bytes 250 = 1 125 899 906 842 624 Exabyte E or EB 1018 bytes 260 = 1 152 921 504 606 846 976 Zettabyte Z or ZB 1021 bytes 270 = 1 180 591 620 717 411 303 424 Yottabyte Y or YB 1024 bytes 280 = 1 208 925 819 614 629 174 706 176 Access time is used to measure the time required to retrieve the bits that have been stored in primary or secondary memory and return them to the CPU. The chart below shows some the common terms associated with access time. Term Size Millisecond 10 seconds -3 Microsecond 10-6 seconds Nanosecond 10-9 seconds Picosecond 10-12 seconds