Lesson 3: Sociological, Anthropological, and Psychological View of Self (PDF)

Lesson 3 SOCIOLOGICAL, ANTHROPOLOGICAL, and PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF G.H MEAD and CHARLES COOLEY Sociological Approach There is a reciprocal relationship between the self and the society. The sociological approach t...

Lesson 3 SOCIOLOGICAL, ANTHROPOLOGICAL, and PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF G.H MEAD and CHARLES COOLEY Sociological Approach There is a reciprocal relationship between the self and the society. The sociological approach to understanding the self means that we must also understand the society in which the self is acting, and keep in mind that the self is always acting in a social context in which other selves exist. -Stryker, 1980 G.H. MEAD The Social Self Theory The self is created and develop through human interaction. 3 Reasons: We do not create ourselves out of nothing. We need others to affirm and reinforce who we think we are. What we think is important to us may also have been influenced by what is important to our social and historical context. Integration QUESTION #1! G.H Mead introduced the “Social Self Theory”. The main point of this theory is the following EXCEPT A. Self is formed by our interaction with others. B. Our identity is established through connection with other people. C. We can form ourselves on our own. D. Both A and C. The Social Self Theory (Levels of Socialization) 1. Primary socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. 2. Secondary socialization refers to the process of learning the appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. 3. Group socialization is the theory that an individual’s peer groups, rather than parental figures, influences his or her personality and behavior in adulthood. 4. Organizational socialization is the process whereby an employee learns the knowledge and skills necessary to assume his or her organizational role. Integration QUESTION #2! What level of socialization is when a child learns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to his or her family. A. Tertiary socialization B. Secondary socialization C. Organizational socialization D. None of the above Integration QUESTION #3! What level of socialization is when a person learns the knowledge and skills necessary to assume in his or her company. A. Tertiary socialization B. Secondary socialization C. Organizational socialization D. Primary socialization  Language. Language conveys others' attitudes and opinions toward a subject or the person. Emotions, such as anger, How the happiness, and confusion, are conveyed through language. Play/Act develops self by allowing Self individuals to take on different roles, pretend, and express expectation of Develops others. Games develop self by allowing individuals to understand and adhere to the rules of the activity. Integration QUESTION #4! This way of developing self involves acting on different roles and express expectation of other people. A. Play B. Games C. Language D. None of the above Two Sides of Self (“Me” and “I” Self) The “ME” Is considered the socialized aspect of the individual. The “me” represent learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and of society. According to Mead’s The “I” can be considered the present theory, the self has and future phase of the self. The “I” two sides or phases: represents the individual’s identity based on the response to “me”. The “ME” and “I”. The “ME” and “I” have a didactic relationship Think, Pair, and Share! What expectation of other people now became a part of you which you now accept and enjoy? Or do not enjoy? Charles Cooley Looking Glass Self Theory “I am not what I think I am, I am not what you think I am; I am what I think you think I am”. Theory of the Looking-Glass Self Self-perception is influenced by an individual’s: Beliefs about how he or she is perceived by others. Observations of how others react. Interpretations of how others react. Integration QUESTION #5! The “Looking Glass Self Theory” of Charles Cooley states that our self- perception is influence by other people. In what way does Charles Cooley and G.H. Mead relate with each other. A. We don’t need other people to help us to form our self. B. Interaction with other people hinders us from forming our identity. C. Mingling with other people is important for us to develop a sense of self. D. None of the above  SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW Connection of Self & Others G.H MEAD Human interaction Social Self Theory How the Self Develop Two Sides of Self Theory of the Looking-Glass Self Primary Secondary Language Group Socialization Play “Me” Organizational Games “I” Socialization ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF Katherin Ewing, Joseph Ledoux Anthropos – humans; Logos – study Sub disciplines of Anthropology Cultural – explores the diversity of past and present Ethnography –is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study.  Ethnology – based on cross- cultural comparison Archeological – interprets human behavior through material remains. Biological (Physical) – scientific study concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings and other non- human primates. Linguistic – language in its social and cultural context across time and space. Integration QUESTION #6! This sub discipline of Anthropology is about interpreting human behavior through material remains. A. Ethnology B. Linguistics C. Cultural D. Archeological Integration QUESTION #7! This sub discipline of Anthropology is about studying language in social and cultural context across time and space. A. Ethnology B. Linguistics C. Cultural D. Archeological PERSPECTIVE - SELF - a particular way of viewing “Physical organism, possessing things that depends on one’s psychological functioning and social experience and personality. attributes” – Katherine Ewing (1990) “The self is not static; it is added to and subtracted from by genetic maturation, learning, forgetting, stress, aging and disease.” – Joseph Ledoux (2002) SELF-REPRESENTATION TWO ASPECTS OF SELF Explicit – aspect of the self that you are consciously aware Implicit – not immediately available to the consciousness CULTURE – Customary behavior and beliefs that are passed on through enculturation. - Kottak (2008) Integration QUESTION #7! Which aspect of the self explains that there are things that is not readily available for us A. Ethnology B. Linguistics C. Cultural D. Archeological MARCEL MAUSS – Author Of “A Category Of The Human Mind: The Notion Of Person; The Notion Of Self MOI – the idea of ‘self’ or basic identity of who the person is. PERSONNE – the idea of ‘person’ or the social concepts that creates what it means to be who he or she is. CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGIST CONSTRUAL – interpretation of the meaning of something independent construct – characteristic of individualistic culture interdependent construct – collectivist culture in South-East Asia Ways in which Culture can influence you (Levels of Socialization) 1. Relationships: Culture influences how you enter into and maintain relationships. For example, relationships may be seen as voluntary or as duty- based. This influences how adults encourage children to form relationships. 2. Personality traits: Culture influences whether and how you value traits like humility, self-esteem, politeness, and assertiveness. Culture also influences how you perceive hardship and how you feel about relying on other children to form relationships. 3. Achievement: Culture influences how you define success and whether you value certain types of individual and group achievements. 4. Expressing emotions: Culture influences how and whether you consider feelings public or private.  “It is not wise to give children special notice or to repeat their clever sayings before them. Vanity should not be encouraged by praising their looks, their words, or their actions. Nor should they be dressed in an expensive and showy manner. This encourages pride in them & awakens envy into the hearts of their companions. Teach the children that the true adorning is not outward”. -Adventist home “… By speaking kindly to their children and praising them when they try to do right, parents may encourage their efforts and make them very happy.” -Adventist home  PERSPECTIVE Steven 1966 SELF EXPLICIT Joseph Ledoux, 2022 IMPLICIT ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW Cultural Kottak, 2008 SELF IN CULTURE Ethnography Ethnology MOI Archeological Marcel Mauss PERSONNE Biological Linguistic Independent & Cultural Psychologist Construct Interdependent Catherine Raeff Relationships Personality Traits Achievement Expressing Emotion PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Carl Rogers, and William James Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory – a personality theory based on the notion that an individual gets motivated by unseen forces, controlled by the conscious and the rational thought. 3 structures of the self/mind Id – operates on the pleasure principle Ego – operates on the reality principle Superego – incorporates the values and morals of society Integration QUESTION #1! This structure or province of Mind operates in reality principle and should be the one to settle the dispute when there is a conflict A. Id B. Superego C. Ego D. Reason  Theory of cognitive development – development of human Jean Piaget intelligence Children construct an understanding of the world around them, experience inconsistencies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment, and then adjust their ideas accordingly. (McLeod, 2009) Integration QUESTION #2! This stage of cognitive development start when a child learns “object permanence” and to control object intentionally. A. Preoperation B. Operational C. Sensorimotor D. Concrete Operational Integration QUESTION #3! This stage of cognitive development is when a child starts to think logically and abstractly that creates hypothesis and test them. A. Preoperation B. Operational C. Concrete Operational D. None of the above William James “Me” and “I” I-self - aware of its own actions; the thinking, acting, and feeling self Me-self - the physical characteristics and psychological capabilities “I-self” four features: A sense of being the agent or initiator of behavior A sense of being unique A sense of continuity A sense of awareness of being aware “Me-self” dimensions: Material – physical appearance and extensions Social – social skills and significant interpersonal relationships Spiritual – personality, character, defining values Integration QUESTION #3! This part of self is aware of its own action and is able to reason, think, and feel. A. Me-Self B. I-Self C. You-Self D. Both B and C Integration QUESTION #4! This dimension of “Me-Self” talks about the personality, character, and values of a person. A. Material B. Social C. Mental D. None of the above  Carl rogers Real and Ideal self- concepts Self-concept – an organized, fluid, conceptual pattern of concepts and values related to the self Ideal self The person that you would like yourself to be The concept of the “best me” who is worthy of admiration Ideal self could include: Notions influenced by your parents What you admire in others What the society sees as acceptable What you think is in your best interest Real self The person you actually are How you behave right at the moment of a situation Who you are in reality – how you think, feel, or act at present Integration QUESTION #5! This part of self-concept is who you actually are and how you act, feel, and think at the present. A. Present-Self B. Real-Self C. Formal-Self D. I-Self Self- Assessment Test for Congruence  Incongruent Congruent Self-Image Ideal-Self Self-Image Ideal-Self The self-image is different to the ideal self. The self-image is somehow like the ideal self. There is only a little overlap. There is a more overlap. Here is self-actualization will be difficult. This person can self-actualize.  “If the way that I am (the real self) is aligned with the way that I want to be (ideal self), then I will feel a sense of mental well- being or peace of mind. High congruence leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life.” -Carl Rogers “Each person is an island unto himself, in a very real sense; and he can only build bridges to other islands if he is first of all willing to be himself and permitted to be himself.” Self-awareness When we are aware of our self- concepts Can either be positive or negative depending on our circumstances and our next course of action Can keep you doing from doing something dangerous Self-consciousness – too much self awareness Self-esteem Our own positive and negative perception or evaluation of ourselves. Influenced by group- identity and self- awareness. Social comparison theory We learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors, as well as our social status by comparing aspects of ourselves with other people. The downward social comparison is comparing ourselves with those who are worse off than us. The upward social comparison is comparing ourselves with those who are better off than us.  Self-evaluation maintenance theory We can feel threatened when someone out- performs us, especially when that person is close to us. Narcissism - “trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self- admiration, and self- centeredness.” “… By speaking kindly to their children and praising them when they try to do right, parents may encourage their efforts and make them very happy.” -Adventist home  SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW Connection of Self & Others G.H MEAD Human interaction Social Self Theory How the Self Develop Two Sides of Self Theory of the Looking-Glass Self Primary Secondary Language Group Socialization Play “Me” Organizational Games “I” Socialization  PERSPECTIVE Steven 1966 SELF EXPLICIT Joseph Ledoux, 2022 IMPLICIT ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW Cultural Kottak, 2008 SELF IN CULTURE Ethnography Ethnology MOI Archeological Marcel Mauss PERSONNE Biological Linguistic Independent & Cultural Psychologist Construct Interdependent Catherine Raeff Relationships Personality Traits Achievement Expressing Emotion In summary ID Ego Sigmund Freud Super Ego Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Jean Piaget Pre-operational PSYCHOLOGICAL Concrete Operational VIEW Formal William James ME I Karl Rogers Ideal Self Real Self